Modern Civil Engineering(ISSN 2470-4180)

January 2021, Volume 1, No. 1, pp.

Doi:10.15341/mese(2470-4180)/01.01.2021/001
Academic Star Publishing Company, 2021
www.academicstar.us

Paper title
Author A and Author B
Author’s affiliation, Country

Abstract:

Key words:

1. Introduction1 technology to the long-term energy consumption- and

2. Material and Methods
The basis for the development toward energy
saving under economic points of view are the
classification and the comparison of the energy
demand of the agricultural operation and the single
aggregates with the certain specific operating
reference values of the plant. To establish an exact
and differentiated database to the analysis of the
single production processes energy consumption
values dependent on procedure of single consumers
(devices and machines which are fused in the electric
distribution separately, e.g., vacuum pump and
cooling aggregate in dairy farms)and consumer
groups(summary of several single consumption
components to a consumption group, e.g., airing
control, engines for regulating flaps, fans in the
consumption range ventilation or all luminous units of
the stable in the consumption area lighting) are
evaluated and measured.
In a several years construction- and development-
work in the Institute for Agricultural Engineering and
Animal Husbandry a pilot’s farm net was built up by
26 agricultural farms in 7 governmental districts in
Bavaria, Germany and was equipped with measuring
1Corresponding author:,.
partly also regenerative energy production-
measurement. To represent a wide spectrum of the
agricultural production situation experimental farms
with the main focuses piglet production, pig fattening
and dairy farming were selected for the
implementation of the measurements.
On 11 piglet production farms the measuring
technology is installed since 2011 and on 8 dairy
farms since 2013. Data of at least one year are
available therefore for the evaluation. All together 6
pig fattening farms are also equipped with measuring
technology. The installation was started in 2014 and
will be finished till the end of 2015.
Beside the assessment of the production systems,
the aim is to derive energy saving concepts for
individual farms. Therefore, it is necessary in addition
to consider the electric energy consumption also to
include the thermal energy consumption and the
operational performance data.
The energy input is measured with permanently
installed sensor head adjustments, this are optical
devices for scanning of electric consumption meters,
and directly measuring three- and single-phase
alternating current counter, by the measurement of the
active energy on the basis of between the input and
output ofelectrical current flow.
The thermal energy consumption is determined with
impeller heat meter or by ultrasonic heat meter about
the regulation of the heat flow volume which supplied
a heating device about the heating circulation. The
heat quantity is calculated from the measured volume
flow rate of the heating water and the temperature
difference between preliminary heat and return of the
heating circulation.
A data logger (COMBILOG LT 1021) with 16
digital inputs for the current measurement and 6
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Using Solid Wastes of Tikrit City to Produce Electric Energy
analogous inputs for temperature and quantity
measurements stores the measuring-technical
recordings and supports automatic transmission of
messages with a GSM modem (Global System for
Mobile Communications) to a central processing unit
at ourInstitute.The transmitted data sets are stored
there in a data bank (COMGRAPH32) and afterwards
they are evaluated with spreadsheet programmes
(EXCEL). For the building of comparative
identification numbers the power consumption values
of the farms about a year are reported depending on
Fig. 1 Energy Data Determination and Evaluation of Agricultural Farms
3. Results and Discussion
3.1 Energy Consumption Values and Possibilities for
the Energy Saving in the Piglet Production
The energy consumption in the piglet’s production
is determined on average approx. 200 kWh per sow
and year (min. 96, max. 260 kWh per sow and year).
Former calculations put 400 kWh per sow and year
[3]. The analysis of the measuring values shows that
considerable energy consumption differences at
company level as well as in the single consumption
sectors are. In the field of ventilation this is
explainable by the fact that on the farms different
installation systems (central or decentralized
ventilation and under-floor or upper-floor suction) are
Fig. 2 Variance and Percentage Distribution of the Electric Power Demand in the Piglet’s Production
By the installation of heat meters it is possible to
value the heating power demand of the production
system independent of the efficiency of the boiler and
independent of the used energy source [4]. In the
experimental farms with heat exchangers the heating
agricultural production process in kWh per breeding
sow, per produced piglet, per dairy cow, per 100 kg of
milk and per fattening place as an arithmetic average
and as a median (Fig. 1).
The exact and temporally defined measurement (¼-
h – measuring intervals) allow beside the evaluation of
absolute consumption values also the detection of load
profiles of the single agricultural production
processes, the identification of performance peaks and
the derivation of the possible use of own generated
energy from, e.g., photovoltaic solar power plant.
installed. Also by the feeding equipment the energy
consumption is strongly depending on the feeding
system (dry feeding/liquid feeding). At the heating
lamps in the farrowing zone the power consumption
varies between 16 kWh per sow and year and 66 kWh
per sow and year. This is founded by differently long
switch-on times. Among “Others” are the energy
consumers who could not be integrated into the
preceding consumption sectors, e.g., the power
consumption for office devices, deep freezers,
refrigerators, heating fans and more are specified.
From the percentage distribution of the electric power
demand in the piglet’s production results that the
ventilation with a share of 43% requires most energy,
followed by the infrared emitters with 20%. The
otherconsumersarebetween 5% and 9% (Fig. 2).
power demand are by the input of fossil energy
sources between 210 kWh and 280 kWh thermal per
sow and year and by the input of regenerative energy
sources between 320 kWh and 340 kWh thermal per
sow and year. The farm without heat exchanger has a
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Using Solid Wastes of Tikrit City to Produce Electric Energy
clearly higher thermal power demand. It is approx.
630 kWh thermal per sow and year (Fig. 3).However,
the electric energy consumption for the ventilation is
clearly lower, due to lower pressure losses and less
installed fans than in farms with heat exchange
systems.
Therefore, the main point for energy saving in pig
farms is in ventilation and climate control [5].
Promising architectural-technical measures are on the
one hand in improvement of the air flow and the
dimensioning of the ventilation system, on the other
hand in the insulation and sealing of the stables [6].
With the ventilation system huge savings can be
achieved by the decrease of pressure losses in the
fresh air supply duct, the avoidance of current
resistance in the formation of the exhaust air duct and
by modern control engineering. With central
ventilating, fans with bigger diameters and according
Fig. 3 Heating Energy Demand in Piglet’s Production Farms
3.2 Energy Consumption Values and Possibilities for
the Energy Saving in the Dairy Farming
The whole power consumption at the
experimentaldairy farms is on average with 500 kWh
percow and year.As at the pig-holding farms large
consumption differences on operation as well as on
single consumer level are also to be ascertained here.
In Fig. 4 the energy input is represented for the milk
production in 6 farms with automatic milking system
(AMS) and 4 farms with conventional milking
installations (parlor milking). The average power
consumption at farms with AMS are with 354 kWh
Fig. 4 Variance and Percentage Distribution of the Electric Power Demand in Milk Production with Different Milking
Systems
On average the power consumption is in the stable
sector with 164 kWh per cow and year. Main
consumers are the lighting with 29%, the frost
protection of the water supply with 19% and the
facilities for the dung removal with 18%. In Fig. 5 is
to higher efficiency can be installed. These enable
relatively high volume streams with lower pressure
differences than smaller axial ventilating fans [7]. The
efficiencies are very different according to size and
construction. The power demand can be optimized by
group control of fans. However, in particular cases the
advantages of central ventilation are to be weighed
against the structurally conditioned possible increases
of the current resistance. The type of the control
engineering has a direct influence on the power
demand. Especially in the regulated power range
frequency-steered and ventilating fans with electronic
commutated direct current motor in comparison to
conventional fans with phase control have clearly
lower specific power consumption [8].
per cow and year or with 4.1 kWh per 100 kg of milk,
at the farms with conventional milking installations
with 364 kWh per cow and year or 4.3 kWh per 100
kg of milk and therefore roughly equally high. While
with the milking in Parallel- or Herringbone stalls the
main consumption fields vacuum system with a share
of 36%, cooling with 44% and the power consumption
for the cleaning of tank and milking installations with
20% which were measured, the power consumption of
automatic milking systems on the consumption
sectors, compressor for air pressure systems and the
power demand for the robot unit is extended.
visible that just in these consumption sectors the
variance within the farms is very high. For the height
of the power consumption with the lighting the used
technics, the illumination level and period are
important [9]. The high consumption differences by
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Using Solid Wastes of Tikrit City to Produce Electric Energy

the frost protection are in the fact that at some farms
the water pipes were moved not certainly about frost.
Therefore the pipes must be also equipped with
heating tapes beside the frost protection of the
drinking troughs. The divergences with the energy
consumption in the dung removal can be explained
largely by the fact that on account of the topographic
location, liquid manure must pumped up in the slurry
dumps.

Fig. 5 Variance and Percentage Distribution of the Electric Power Demand in Dairy Barns

3.3 Energy Management and Use of Own Generated
Regenerative Energy from Photovoltaic Plants in the
Agriculture
In 2012 a total of 426.522 photovoltaic plants with
a performance of 9.324 MWp were installed in
Bavaria [11]. These PV plants generated a total of
8.212 million kWh of electricity. The use of own
generated regenerative energy makes sense from
economic view, the reference price of the electricity is
higher than the price for inducted electric power into
the grid, but also from ecological motives for the
discharge of the grid.By the increasing automation in
animal husbandryfarms (automatic milking systems,
automatic feedingsystems,robot scraper) the electric
energy consumption becomes more and more
important, accordingly also the own electric current
use. Integrating in-plant generated energy assumes by
new installations as well as by existing installations an
exact planning with suitable analysis of the load
profiles of single consumption sectors.
Determining factors on the operational load profile
are beside the weather changes during the year also
the work routine as well as the technical equipment. A
possibility for the optimization of the own power
consumption is in the displacement of operation
procedures. In this connection, performance peaks can
be shifted to reach a concerted load management one
between energy production and energy demand. In
Fig. 6 are shown the load profile of the single
consumption sectors and the possible transfer of the
feed processing from after 22:00 o’clock to during the
midday hours with high solar irradiation of a pig-
breeding company with 300 breeding sows. The
consumption of own generated energy can be
increased by this procedure.

Fig. 6 Load Profile of A Piglet Production Farm with 300 Breeding Sows in Connection with the Load Profile of a 70 kWp
Photovoltaic Plant and the Possible Shifting of the Feed Processing in the Midday

In dairy farms with ice water cooling system for the
milk the ice water production can be a practicable
solution for the intermediate storage of solar
electricity. In a separate ice depot a cold stock is built
up regardless of the milking times. Then this cold
stock is available when required after the milking for
cooling the milk. In Fig. 7 the load profile of a dairy
farm with two milking times and the solar energy
production of a photovoltaic plant in February and
May are diagramed. The cooling of the milk begins
during the milking process and needs between 6 and 7
hours. The energy demand for the milk cooling in the
morning can be covered almost by photovoltaics
electricity, the energy demand in the evening must be
covered from the national grid. With an ice water
depot this energy demand could be shifted in times in
those the photovoltaic plant electricity supplies.
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Using Solid Wastes of Tikrit City to Produce Electric Energy
Fig. 7 Load Profile of A Dairy Farm with 55 Dairy Cows in Connection with the Load Profile of a 30 kWp Photovoltaic Plant
and the Possible Shifting of Ice Water Production in Periods with Solar Irradiation
In Table 1 the power consumption of Bavarian
agricultural farms with average sizes of the production
processes dairy farming, piglet's production and pig
fattening, to solar electricity production of a 30
kWpand a 70 kWp photovoltaic plant is opposed. The
absolute internal consumption values increase by
rising size of the solar plant. By a solar plant with 30
kWp a dairy farm with 32 dairy cows can use itself
approx. 6.480 kWh, by a solar generator with 70 kWp
there are 7.103 kWh. Contrary to it the percentage of
the solar power which can be used itself, lies with a 30
kWp plant by 22.3% and with a 70 kWp plant only by
10.5%.
In dairy farming has beside the plant capacity the
geographic direction of the photovoltaic modules also
an effect on the internal consumption share. The
power generation of photovoltaic plants oriented to
the south are absolutely higher than the output of
plants oriented in east-west direction. Higher self-
consumption shares can be achieved especially at
Table 1 Internal Power Consumption and Internal Power Consumption Shares of Farms with Average Sizes in Bavaria
4. Conclusion
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dairy farms because of the milking times in the
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