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46 Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering
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Proceedings of the European Computing Conference: Volume 2
50 Mastorakis, Nikos, Mladenov, Valeri (Eds.)
51 978-0-387-84818-1, Vol. 28
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Proceedings of the European Computing Conference: Volume 1
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Mastorakis, Nikos, Mladenov, Valeri (Eds.)
54 978-0-387-84813-6, Vol. 27
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Electronics System Design Techniques for Safety Critical Applications
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Sterpone, Luca
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978-1-4020-8978-7, Vol. 26
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Data Mining and Applications in Genomics
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Ao, Sio-Iong
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978-1-4020-8974-9, Vol. 25
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Informatics in Control, Automation and Robotics: Selected Papers from the
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International Conference on Informatics in Control, Automation and Robotics 2007
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Filipe, J.B.; Ferrier, Jean-Louis; Andrade-Cetto, Juan (Eds.)
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978-3-540-85639-9, Vol. 24
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Digital Terrestrial Broadcasting Networks
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Beutler, Roland
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ISBN 978-0-387-09634-6, Vol. 23
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Logic Synthesis for Compositional Microprogram Control Units
Barkalov, Alexander, Titarenko, Larysa
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ISBN: 978-3-540-69283-6, Vol. 22
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72 Sensors: Advancements in Modeling, Design Issues, Fabrication and Practical Applications

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Mukhopadhyay, Subhas Chandra; Huang, Yueh-Min (Eds.)
ISBN: 978-3-540-69030-6, Vol. 21
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75 Smart Sensors and Sensing Technology

76 Mukhopadhyay, Subhas Chandra; Sen Gupta, Gourab (Eds.)
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ISBN: 978-3-540-79589-6 , Vol. 20
78 Basic Principles of Fresnel Antenna Arrays
79 Minin, Igor V., Minin, Oleg V.
80 ISBN: 978-3-540-79558-2, Vol. 19
81 Fundamental Numerical Methods for Electrical Engineering
82 Rosloniec, Stanislaw
83 ISBN: 978-3-540-79518-6 , Vol. 18
84 RFID Security and Privacy: Concepts, Protocols, and Architectures
85 Henrici, Dirk
86 ISBN: 978-3-540-79075-4, Vol. 17
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88 (Continued after index)

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Nikos Mastorakis Valeri Mladenov
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93 Vassiliki T. Kontargyri
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136 Editors
137 Nikos Mastorakis Valeri Mladenov
138 Hellenic Naval Academy Technical University of Sofia
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Military Institutes of University Sofia, Bulgaria
Education valerim@tu-sofia.bg
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Piraeus, Greece
141 mastor@hna.gr
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Vassiliki T. Kontargyri
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National Technical
146 University of Athens
147 Athens, Greece
148 vkont@central.ntua.gr
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ISSN 1876-1100 e-ISSN 1876-1119
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ISBN 978-0-387-84813-6 e-ISBN 978-0-387-84814-3
165 DOI 10.1007/978-0-387-84814-3
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Library of Congress Control Number: 2008937179
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168 # Springer ScienceþBusiness Media, LLC 2009

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All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written
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Printed on acid-free paper
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180 springer.com
181

182
Contents
183

184

185

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191

192

193 Part I Neural Networks and Applications

194

195 1 Handwriting Knowledge Based on Parameterization for Writer

196 Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
197 Carlos F. Romero, Carlos M. Travieso, Miguel A. Ferrer,
198 and Jesús B. Alonso
199

200 2 Identification Surfaces Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

201 Virgil Teodor, Alexandru Epureanu, and Ciprian Cuzmin
202

203 3 Neuro-Fuzzy Models and Tobacco Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

204 Sonja Petrovic-Lazarevic and Jian Ying Zhang
205

206 4 PNN for Molecular Level Selection Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

207 Krzysztof A. Cyran
208

209 5 Fine-Tune Artificial Neural Networks Automatically. . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

210 Francisco Reinaldo, Rui Camacho, Luı́s P. Reis,
211 and Demétrio Renó Magalhães
212

213 6 A Neurofuzzy Network for Supporting Detection of Diabetic

214 Symptoms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
215 Leonarda Carnimeo
216

217 7 Empirical Assessment of LR- and ANN-Based Fault Prediction

218 Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
219 Bindu Goel and Yogesh Singh
220

221 Part II Advances in Image Processing

222

223 8 A New Scheme of Image Watermarking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

224 Chokri Chemak, Jean Christophe Lapayre, and Mohamed
225 Salim Bouhlel

v
 vi Contents

226 9 Diffusing Vector Field of Gray-Scale Images for Image

227 Segmentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
228 X.D. Zhuang and N.E. Mastorakis
229

230 10 Image Processing via Synchronization in a Self-Organizing

231 Oscillatory Network. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
232 Eugene Grichuk, Margarita Kuzmina, and Eduard Manykin
233

234 11 Feature Based Color Stereo Matching Algorithm Using Restricted

235 Search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
236 Hajar Sadeghi, Payman Moallem, and S. Amirhassan Monadjemi
237

AQ1 238 12 A Novel Edge-Preserving Lossy Image Coder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

239 Osslan Osiris Vergara Villegas, Manuel de Jesús Nandayapa Alfaro,
240 and Vianey Guadalupe Cruz Sánchez
241

242 Part III Modeling and Simulation

243

244 13 Equivalent Circuit Extraction for Passive Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

245 Yi-Ting Kuo, Hsueh-Yung (Robert) Chao, and Yiming Li
246

247 14 Sleep Quality Differences According to a Statistical Continuous

248 Sleep Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
249 A. G. Ravelo-Garcı́a, F.D. Lorenzo-Garcı́a, and J.L. Navarro-Mesa
250

251 15 Simulation Modeling in Support of a European Airspace Study . . . . . 143

252 John Morris, John James, James DeArmon, Kelly Connolly,
253 and Paula Mahoney
254

255 16 3D Measurement System for Car Deformation Analysis . . . . . . . . . . 153

256 András Rövid, Takeshi Hashimoto, and Péter Várlaki
257

258 17 Adaptive MV ARMA Identification Under the Presence of Noise . . . 165

259 Stylianos Sp. Pappas, Vassilios C. Moussas, and Sokratis K. Katsikas
260

261 18 Planck’s Law Simulation Using Particle Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

262 Douglas Farias Cordeiro, Marcos Aurélio Batista,
263 and Celia A. Zorzo Barcelos
264

265 19 Simulation Results Using Shock Absorbers with Primary

266 Intelligence—VZN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
267 Adrian-Ioan Niculescu, Tudor Sireteanu, and Daniel Dumitriu
268

269 20 Pattern Generation via Computer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199

270 Tatsuo Suzuki and Yasumichi Hasegawa
 Contents vii

271 21 3D Reconstruction: Estimating Depth of Hole from 2D Camera

272 Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
273 Muhammad Abuzar Fahiem, Shaiq A. Haq, Farhat Saleemi,
274 and Huma Tauseef
275

276 22 Modeling Diversity in Recovery Computer Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223

277 George Popov and Valeri Mladenov
278

279 23 Cell Automata Models for a Reaction-Diffusion System . . . . . . . . . . 235

280 Costin-Radu Boldea and Afrodita Balasa Boldea
281

282 24 3D Reconstruction of Solid Models from 2D Camera Perspectives . . 241

283 Muhammad Abuzar Fahiem
284

285 25 DiProNN: VM-Based Distributed Programmable Network Node

286 Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
287 Tomáš Rebok
288

289 26 A Semantics of Behavioural Concepts for Open Virtual

290 Enterprises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
291 Mohamed Bouhdadi and Youssef Balouki
292

293 27 A Semantics of Community Related Concepts in ODP Enterprise

294 Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
295 Mohamed Bouhdadi and Youssef Balouki
296

297 28 Modeling of the Speech Process Including Anatomical Structure

298 of the Vocal Tract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
299 Zygmunt Ciota
300

301 29 Carbon Nanotube FET with Asymmetrical Contacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291

302 Alireza Kargar, Zoheir Kordrostami, and Mohammad
303 Hossein Sheikhi
304

305 30 Optimizing Prosthesis Design by Using Virtual Environments . . . . . . 297

306 Adrian Zafiu, Monica Dascălu, Eduard Franti,
307 and Annely-Mihaela Zafiu
308

309 Part IV Multi-Agent Systems

310

311 31 A Maude-Based Tool for Simulating DIMA Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305

312 Noura Boudiaf and Lakhdar Sahbi
313

314 32 Using Two-Level Morphology to Recognize Derived Agentive Nouns 319

315 Arbana Kadriu
 viii Contents

316 33 Towards an Agent Framework to Support Distributed

317 Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
318 G. A. Mallah, Z.A. Shaikh, and N.A. Shaikh
319

320
34 Building Moderately Open Multi-Agent Systems:
321
The HABA Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
322
A. Garcés, R. Quirós, M. Chover, J. Huerta, and E. Camahort
323

324

325
Part V Educational Software and E-Learning Systems
326

327
35 Using Mathematics for Data Traffic Modeling Within
328
an E-Learning Platform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
329
Marian Cristian Mihăescu
330

331 36 Developing Statistics Learning at a Distance Using Formal

332 Discussions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
333 Jamie D. Mills
334

335
37 Distance Teaching in the Technology Course in Senior
336
High School . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
337
Shi-Jer Lou, Tzai-Hung Huang, Chia-Hung Yen, Mei-Huang
338
Huang, and Yi-Hui Lui
339

340
38 Electronic Exams for the 21st Century. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
341
Antonios S. Andreatos
342

343

344
39 Effects of the Orff Music Teaching Method on Creative
345
Thinking Abilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
346
Rong - Jyue Fang, Hung-Jen Yang, C. Ray Diez,
347
Hua-Lin Tsai, Chi-Jen Lee, and Tien-Sheng Tsai
348

349 40 Knowledge Application for Preparing Engineering High School

350 Teachers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
351 Kuo - Hung Tseng, Ming-Chang Wu, and See-Chien Hou
352

353
41 Collaborative Online Network and Cultural Exchange Project . . . . . 409
354
Rong - Jyue Fang, Hung-Jen Yang, C. Ray Diez, Hua-Lin Tsai,
355
Chi-Jen Lee, and Tien-Sheng Tsai
356

357
42 A Study of the Project on Mobile Devices in Education . . . . . . . . . . . 421
358
Rong - Jyue Fang, Hung-Jen Yang, Hua-Lin Tsai, Chi-Jen Lee,
359
Chung-Ping Lee, and Pofen Wang
360
 Contents ix

361 43 The Solutions of Mobile Technology for Primary School. . . . . . . . . . 431

362 Rong - Jyue Fang, Hung-Jen Yang, C. Ray Diez, Hua-Lin Tsai,
363 Chi-Jen Lee, and Tien-Sheng Tsai
364

365 44 A Study of Verifying Knowledge Reuse Path Using SEM . . . . . . . . . 443

366 Hung-Jen Yang, Hsieh-Hua Yang, and Jui-Chen Yu
367

368 45 A Web-Based System for Distance Learning of Programming . . . . . . 453

369 V. N. Kasyanov and E. V. Kasyanova
370

371 46 New Software for the Study of the Classic Surfaces from
372 Differential Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463
373 Anca Iordan, George Savii, Manuela Pănoiu, and Caius Pănoiu
374

375 47 Data Requirements for Detecting Student Learning Style

376 in an AEHS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
AQ2 377 Elvira Popescu, Philippe Trigano, and Mircea Preda
378

379 48 Ontology-Based Feedback E-Learning System

380 for Mobile Computing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479
381 Ahmed Sameh
382

383 Part VI Information Communication Technologies

384

385 49 Potentiality of Information Technology Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491

386 Emmanouil Zoulias, Stavroula Kourtesi, Lambros Ekonomou,
387 Angelos Nakulas, and Georgios P. Fotis
388

389 50 A Review of Techniques to Counter Spam and Spit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501

390 Angelos Nakulas, Lambros Ekonomou, Stavroula Kourtesi,
391 Georgios P. Fotis, and Emmanouil Zoulias
392

393 51 Sequential Algorithms for Max-Min Fair Bandwidth Allocation . . . . 511

394 Wodzimierz Ogryczak and Tomasz Śliwiński
395

396 52 A Temporal Variation in Indoor Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523

397 A. Jraifi, E. H Saidi, A. El Khafaji, and J. El Abbadi
398

399 53 Workflow Management for Cross-Media Publishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533

400 Andreas Veglis and Andreas Pomportsis
401

402 54 A Bayesian Approach to Improve the Performance of P2P Networks 543

403 Bertalan Forstner and Hassan Charaf
404

405
 x Contents

406 55 Deploying BitTorrent in Mobile Environments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555

407 Imre Kelényi and Bertalan Forstner
408

409 56 Numerical Simulation for the Hopf Bifurcation in TCP Systems . . . . 567
410 Gabriela Mircea and Mihaela Muntean
411

412 57 Communications by Vector Manifolds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575

413 Guennadi Kouzaev
414

415 58 A Computation Study in Mesh Networks by Scheduling

416 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583
417 G. E. Rizos, D.C. Vasiliadis, E. Stergiou, and E. Glavas
418

419 59 Serially Concatenated RS Codes with ST Turbo Codes

420 Over Ring. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591
421 P. Remlein and R. Orzechowski
422

423 60 Network Performance Monitoring and Utilization Measurement. . . . 601

424 Goran Martinovic, Drago Zagar, and Drazen Tomic
425

426 61 Blind Adaptive Multiuser Detection Based on Affine Projection

427 Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607
428 Amin Khansefid and Ali Olfat
429

430 62 Multiple Base Station Positioning for Sensor Applications . . . . . . . . 619

431 M. Amac Guvensan, Z. Cihan Taysi, and A. Gokhan Yavuz
432

433 63 Considerations for the Design of a General Purpose Wireless Sensor

434 Node. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631
435 Z. Cihan Taysi and A. Gokhan Yavuz
436

437 64 Performance Comparison and Improvement of Wireless Network

438 Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643
439 G. E. Rizos, D.C. Vasiliadis, and E. Stergiou
440

441 65 Modeling the Erroneous Behaviour of a Sequential Memory

442 Component with Streams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 651
443 Walter Dosch
444

445 66 FPGA Implementation of PPM I-UWB Baseband Transceiver . . . . . 663

446 K. S. Mohammed
447

448 67 WSN-Based Audio Surveillance Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675

449 R. Alesii, G. Gargano, F. Graziosi, L. Pomante, and C. Rinaldi
450
 Contents xi

451 68 Smart Antenna Design Using Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithms . . 683

452 I. O. Vardiambasis, N. Tzioumakis, and T. Melesanaki
453

454 Part VII Computer Applications in Modern Medicine

455

456 69 Intention to Adopt the E-Health Services System

457 in a Bureau of Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 691
458 Hsieh-Hua Yang, Jui-Chen Yu, Hung-Jen Yang,
459 and Wen-Hui Han
460

461 70 Visualization and Clustering of DNA Sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 701

462 Krista Rizman Žalik
463

464 71 E-Health Service in Taiwan—The Role of Organizational

465 Innovativeness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711
466 Hsieh-Hua Yang, Jui-Chen Yu, and Hung-Jen Yang
467

468 72 Analysis of Heart Sounds with Wavelet Entropy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 721

469 S. Bunluechokchai and P. Tosaranon
470

471 73 Detection of Mitral Regurgitation and Normal Heart Sounds . . . . . . 729

472 S. Bunluechokchai and W. Ussawawongaraya
473

474 74 Wavelet Entropy Detection of Heart Sounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 737

475 T. Leeudomwong and P. Woraratsoontorn
476

477 75 Continuous Wavelet Transform Analysis of Heart Sounds . . . . . . . . . 745

478 P. Woraratsoontorn and T. Leeudomwong
479

480 76 Limitations of Lung Segmentation Techniques. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 753

481 Nisar Ahmed Memon, Anwar Majid Mirza, and S.A.M. Gilani
482

483 77 Segmentation of Anatomical Structures Using Volume Definition

484 Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 767
485 S. Zimeras and G. Karangelis
486

487 78 Shape Analysis of Heart Rate Lorenz Plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 779

488 France Sevšek
489

490 79 Human Readable Rule Induction in Medical Data Mining. . . . . . . . . 787

491 Nor Ridzuan Daud and David Wolfe Corne
492

493 Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 799

494

495 Subject Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 803

AQ3
541

542
Contributors
543

544

545

546

547

548

549

550

551

552

AQ4 553 J. El Abbadi Lab d’Electronique et de Télécommunication, EMI, Rabat,

554 Morocco
555
R. Alesii Università degli Studi dell’Aquila, Centro di Eccellenza DEWS,
556
67100 Poggio di Roio (AQ), Italy, alesii@ing.univaq.it
557

558 Manuel de Jesús Nandayapa Alfaro Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez

559 (UACJ), Avenida del Charro 450 Norte Ciudad Juárez Chihuahua México,
560 mnandaya@uacj.mx
561
Jesús B. Alonso Centro Tecnológico para la Innovación en Comunicaciones
562
(CETIC), Dpto. de Señales y Comunicaciones, Universidad de Las Palmas de
563
Gran Canaria, Campus de Tafira, E35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain,
564
jalonso@dsc.ulpgc.es
565

566 Antonios S. Andreatos Division of Computer Engineering and Information

567 Science, Hellenic Air Force Academy, Dekeleia, Attica, TGA-1010, Greece,
568 aandreatos@hafa.gr, aandreatos@gmail.com
569
Youssef Balouki Department of Mathematics and Computer Science,
570
Mohammed V University, B.P 1014, Av. Ibn Bettouta, Rabat Morocco,
571
balouki@fsr.ac.ma
572

573 Celia A. Zorzo Barcelos Federal University of Uberlândia 38.400-902,

574 Uberlândia, MG, Brasil, celiazb@ufu.br
575
Marcos Aurélio Batista Federal University of Goiás 75.701-970, Catalão, GO,
576
Brasil, marcos@catalao.ufg.br
577

578 Afrodita Balasa Boldea Department of Computer Science, West University

579 of Timisoara, 4,Vasile Parvan, Timisoara1900, Romania,
580 alinusha_b@yahoo.com
581
Costin-Radu Boldea Department of Computer Science, West University
582
of Timisoara, 4,Vasile Parvan, Timisoara1900, Romania, cboldea@info.uvt.ro
583

584 Noura Boudiaf Computer Science Department, University of Oum El Bouaghi

585 04000 Oum El Bouaghi, Algeria, boudiafn@yahoo.com

xiii
 xiv Contributors

586 Mohamed Bouhdadi Department of Mathematics and Computer Science,

587 Mohammed V University, B.P 1014, Av. Ibn Bettouta, Rabat, Morocco,
588 bouhdadi@fsr.ac.ma
589

590
Mohamed Salim Bouhlel Research Unit, Sciences and Technologies of Image
591
and Telecommunications (SETIT), Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Sfax,
592
Tunisia, medsalim.bouhlel@enis.rnu.tn
593
S. Bunluechokchai Department of Industrial Physics and Medical
594
Instrumentation, Faculty of Applied Science, King Mongkut’s Institute
595
of Technology, North Bangkok, 1518 Pibulsongkram Road, Bangsue,
596
Bangkok 10800 Thailand
597

598 Rui Camacho DEEC & LIACC, Universidade do Porto, R. Dr Roberto Frias,
599 s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal, rcamacho@fe.up.pt
600

601
E. Camahort Department of Computer Systems, Polytechnic University
602
of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
603
Leonarda Carnimeo Dipartimento di Elettrotecnica ed Elettronica, Politecnico
604
di Bari, Via Orabona, 4 70125 BARI – Italy, carnimeo@deemail.poliba.it
605

606 Hsueh-Yung (Robert) Chao Department of Communication Engineering,

607 National Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta-Hsueh Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
608

609
Hassan Charaf Department of Automation and Applied Informatics,
610
Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111 Budapest,
611 Goldmann György tér 3., Hungary
612
Chokri Chemak Research Unit, Sciences and Technologies of Image and
613
Telecommunications (SETIT), Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Sfax,
614
Tunisia, cchemak@univ-fcomte.fr
615

616 M. Chover Department of Computer Systems, Jaume I University, Castellón,

617 Spain
618

619 Zygmunt Ciota Department of Microelectronics and Computer Science,

620 Technical University of Lodz, Poland
621
Kelly Connolly The MITRE Corporation, 202 Burlington Road, Bedford, MA
622
01730-1420, USA
623

624 Douglas Farias Cordeiro Federal University of Uberlândia 38.400-902,

625 Uberlândia, MG, Brasil, douglasf@pos.facom.ufu.br
626
David Wolfe Corne School of Mathematical and Computer Sciences,
627
Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
628

629 Ciprian Cuzmin Department of Manufacturing Engineering, ‘‘Dunărea de Jos’’

630 University of Galat° i, Galat° i, 111 Domnească Street, zip code 800201, Romania
 Contributors xv

631 Krzysztof A. Cyran Institute of Informatics, Silesian University

632 of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
633

634
Monica Dascălu IMT Bucharest, Erou Iancu Nicolae 32B Street, Romania
635
Nor Ridzuan Daud Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology,
636
University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
637

638 James DeArmon The MITRE Corporation, 202 Burlington Road, Bedford,
639 MA 01730-1420, USA
640
C. Ray Diez Department of Technology, The University of North Dakota,
641
Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA, Clayton.Diez@mail.business.und.edu
642

643 Walter Dosch Institute of Software Technology and Programming Languages,

644 University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
645

646
Daniel Dumitriu Institute of Solid Mechanics, Romanian Academy, Bucures° ti,
647
Romania, dumitri04@yahoo.com
648
Lambros Ekonomou Hellenic American University, 12 Kaplanon Str., 106 80
649
Athens, Greece, leekonom@gmail.com
650

651 Alexandru Epureanu Department of Manufacturing Engineering, ‘‘Dunărea de

652 Jos’’ University of Galat° i, Galat° i, 111 Domnească Street, zip code 800201,
653 Romania
654
Muhammad Abuzar Fahiem University of Engineering and Technology,
655
Lahore, Pakistan; Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan,
656
abuzar@uet.edu.pk
657

658 Rong-Jyue Fang Department of Information Management, Southern Taiwan

659 University of Technology, Taiwan, ROC, rxf26@mail.stut.edu.tw
660

661
Miguel A. Ferrer Centro Tecnológico para la Innovación en Comunicaciones
662
(CETIC), Dpto. de Señales y Comunicaciones, Universidad de Las Palmas de
663
Gran Canaria, Campus de Tafira, E35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain,
664
mferrer@dsc.ulpgc.es
665
Bertalan Forstner Department of Automation and Applied Informatics,
666
Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111 Budapest,
667
Goldmann György tér 3., Hungary, bertalan.forstner@aut.bme.hu
668

669 Georgios P. Fotis National Technical University of Athens, 9 Iroon

670 Politechniou Str., 157 80 Athens, Greece, gfotis@gmail.com
671
Eduard Franti IMT Bucharest, Erou Iancu Nicolae 32B street, Romania,
672
edif@atlas.cpe.pub.ro
673

674 A. Garcés Department of Computer Systems, Jaume I University, Castellón,

675 Spain
 xvi Contributors

676 F. D. Lorenzo-Garcı́a Dpto. de Señales y Comunicaciones, Universidad de Las

677 Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus de Tafira, E35017, Las Palmas de Gran
678 Canaria, Spain
679

680
A. G. Ravelo-Garcı́a Dpto. de Señales y Comunicaciones, Universidad de Las
681
Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus de Tafira, E35017, Las Palmas de Gran
682
Canaria, Spain, aravelo@dsc.ulpgc.es
683
G. Gargano Università degli Studi dell’Aquila, Centro di Eccellenza DEWS,
684
67100 Poggio di Roio (AQ), Italy, gino.gargano@email.it
685

686 S.A.M. Gilani Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering, Ghulam Ishaq
687 Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi, Pakistan,
688 asif@giki.edu.pk
689
E. Glavas A.T.E.I. of Epirus, Department of Teleinformatics and
690
Management, GR-471 00 Arta, Greece, eglavas@teiep.gr
691

692 Bindu Goel University School of Information Technology, Guru Gobind

693 Singh Indraprastha University, Kashmere Gate, Delhi -06, India,
694 bindu_delus@yahoo.com
695

696
F. Graziosi Università degli Studi dell’Aquila, Centro di Eccellenza DEWS,
697
67100 Poggio di Roio (AQ), Italy, graziosi@ing.univaq.it
698
Eugene Grichuk Moscow Engineering Physics Institute, Kashirskoe Schosse,
699
115409 Moscow, Russia, es@t-25.ru
700

701 M. Amac Guvensan Department of Computer Engineering, Yildiz Teknik

702 University, Besiktas, Istanbul, Turkey, amac@ce.yildiz.edu.tr
703
Wen-Hui Han Department of Nursing, Yuanpei University, No.306, Yuanpei
704
Street, Hsin Chu 30015, Taiwan, wenhui@mail.ypu.edu.tw
705

706 Shaiq A. Haq University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan

707
Yasumichi Hasegawa Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193 Japan,
708
yhasega@gifu-u.ac.jp
709

710 Takeshi Hashimoto Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,

711 Shizuoka University, 5-1, 3-chome Johoku, 432-8561 Hamamatsu, Japan
712
See-Chien Hou National Chung Cheng University, Taiwan, ROC
713

714 Mei-Huang Huang Institute of Technological and Vocational Education,

715 National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Taiwan
716
Tzai-Hung Huang Institute of Technological and Vocational Education,
717
National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Taiwan
718

719 J. Huerta Department of Computer Systems, Jaume I University, Castellón,

720 Spain
 Contributors xvii

721 Anca Iordan Engineering Faculty of Hunedoara, Technical University

722 of Timis° oara, Revolutiei 5, 331128 Hunedoara, Transylvania, Romania,
723 anca.iordan@fih.upt.ro
724
John James The MITRE Corporation, 202 Burlington Road, Bedford, MA
725

726
01730-1420, USA
727 A. Jraifi Groupe CPR, Canal, Radio & Propagation, Lab/UFR-PHE, Faculté
728 des Sciences de Rabat, Morocco
729

730
Arbana Kadriu CST Department, SEE-University, b.b. 1200 Tetovo,
731
FYROM, a.kadriu@seeu.edu.mk
732 G. Karangelis Oncology Systems Ltd., Shrewsbury, SY1 3AF, UK
733
AQ5
734
Alireza Kargar Department of Electronics and Engineering, School of
735
Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran; Shiraz Nanotechnology Research
736
Institute, Shiraz, Iran
737 V.N. Kasyanov A.P. Ershov Institute of Informatics Systems/Novosibirsk
738 State University, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
739

740
E.V. Kasyanova A.P. Ershov Institute of Informatics Systems/Novosibirsk
741
State University, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
742
Sokratis K. Katsikas Department of Technology Education and Digital
743
Systems, University of Piraeus, 150 Androutsou St., Piraeus, 18532, Greece,
744
ska@unipi.gr
745

746
Imre Kelényi Department of Automation and Applied Informatics, Budapest
747
University of Technology and Economics, H-1111 Budapest, Goldmann
748 György tér 3., Hungary
749
A. El Khafaji Lab d’Electronique et de Télécommunication, EMI, Rabat,
750
Morocco
751

752 Amin Khansefid Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University

753 of Tehran, Campus #2, University of Tehran, North Kargar Ave., Tehran,
754 Iran, a.khansefid@ece.ut.ac.ir
755
Zoheir Kordrostami Department of Electrical Engineering, School of
756
Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran; Shiraz Nanotechnology Research
757
Institute, Shiraz, Iran, zkrostami@shirazu.ac.it
758

759 Stavroula Kourtesi Hellenic Public Power Corporation S.A., 22 Chalcocondyli

760 Str., 104 32 Athens, Greece, stavriani_kourtesi@yahoo.gr
761
Guennadi Kouzaev Department of Electronics and Telecommunications,
762
Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
763

764 Yi-Ting Kuo Department of Communication Engineering, National Chiao

765 Tung University, 1001 Ta-Hsueh Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
 xviii Contributors

766 Margarita Kuzmina Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics RAS,

767 Miusskaya Sq. 4, 125047 Moscow, Russia, kuzmina@spp.keldysh.ru
768

769
Jean Christophe Lapayre Computer Laboratory of Franche-Comte (L.I.F.C.),
770
Franche-Compte University of Sciences and Techniques, France, Jean
AQ6
771
christophe.lapayre@univ-fcomte.fr
772
Chi-Jen Lee Department of Industrial Technology Education, National
773
Kaohsiung Normal University, Taiwan, mickeylee@gmail.com
774

775 Chung-Ping Lee Graduate Institute of Educational Entrepreneurship and

776 Management, National University of Tainan, Taiwan, cl87369@yahoo.com.tw
777
T. Leeudomwong Department of Industrial Physics and Medical
778
Instrumentation, Faculty of Applied Science, King Mongkut’s Institute of
779
Technology, North Bangkok, 1518 Pibulsongkram Road, Bangsue, Bangkok
780
10800 Thailand
781

782 Yiming Li Department of Communication Engineering, National Chiao Tung

783 University, 1001 Ta-Hsueh Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
784

785
Shi-Jer Lou Institute of Technological and Vocational Education, National
786
Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Taiwan, ROC,
787
lou@mail.npust.edu.tw
788
Yi-Hui Lui Institute of Technological and Vocational Education, National
789
Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Taiwan
790

791 Demétrio Renó Magalhães Depto de Exatas & CSI, UnilesteMG, Av Pres.
792 Tancredo Neves, 3500, 35170-056, C. Fabriciano, MG, Brasil,
793 reno@uniliestemg.br
794
Paula Mahoney The MITRE Corporation, 202 Burlington Road, Bedford,
795
MA 01730-1420, USA
796

797 G.A. Mallah National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, ST-4,
798 Sector-17/D, Shah Latif Town, Karachi, Pakistan
799
Eduard Manykin Russian RC ‘‘Kurchatov Institute’’, Kurchatov Sq. 1, 123182
800
Moscow, Russia, edmany@isssph.kiae.ru
801

802 Goran Martinovic Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Josip Juraj Strossmayer

803 University of Osijek, Kneza Trpimira 2b, Croatia, goran.martinovic@etfos.hr
804
N.E. Mastorakis WSEAS Headquarters, Agiou Ioannou Theologou 17-23,
805
15773, Zografou, Athens, Greece
806

807 T. Melesanaki Division of Telecommunications, Microwave Communications

808 and Electromagnetic Applications Laboratory, Department of Electronics,
809 Technological Educational Institute (T.E.I.) of Crete, Chania Branch,
810 Romanou 3, Chalepa, 73133 Chania Crete, Greece, ivardia@chania.teicrete.gr
 Contributors xix

811 Nisar Ahmed Memon Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering, Ghulam
812 Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi, Pakistan,
813 memon_nisar@yahoo.com
814

815
Marian Cristian Mihăescu Software Engineering Department, University
816
of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
817
Jamie D. Mills Department of Educational Studies, University of Alabama,
818
316-A Carmichael Hall, Box 870231, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0231, USA,
819
jmills@bamaed.ua.edu
820

821 Gabriela Mircea Faculty of Economic Sciences, West University of Timisoara,

822 Romania, gabriela.mircea@fse.uvt.ro
823
Anwar Majid Mirza Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering, Ghulam
824
Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi, Pakistan,
825
anwar.m.mirza@gmail.com
826

827 Valeri Mladenov Department of Theoretical Electrical Engineering, Technical

828 University of Sofia, 8 Kliment Ohridski St., Sofia 1000, Bulgaria,
829 valerim@tu-sofia.bg
830

831
Payman Moallem Faculty of Engineering, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran,
832
p_moallem@eng.ui.ac.ir
833
K.S. Mohammed Electronic Department, National Telecommunication
834
Institute, Cairo, Egypt
835

836 S. Amirhassan Monadjemi Faculty of Engineering, University of Isfahan,

837 Isfahan, Iran, monadjemi@eng.ui.ac.ir
838
John Morris The MITRE Corporation, 202 Burlington Road, Bedford, MA
839
01730-1420, USA, jemorris@mitre.org, www.mitre.org
840

841 Vassilios C. Moussas School of Technological Applications (S.T.E.F.),

842 Technological Educational Institution (T.E.I.) of Athens, Egaleo, Greece,
843 vmouss@teiath.gr
844

845
Mihaela Muntean Faculty of Economic Sciences, West University
846 of Timisoara, Romania, mihaela.muntean@fse.uvt.ro
847
Angelos Nakulas National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11 Asklipiu
848
Str., 153 54 Athens, Greece, aaatos@gmail.com
849

850 J. L. Navarro-Mesa Dpto. de Señales y Comunicaciones, Universidad de Las

851 Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus de Tafira, E35017, Las Palmas de Gran
852 Canaria, Spain
853

854
Adrian-Ioan Niculescu Institute of Solid Mechanics, Romanian Academy,
855
Bucures° ti, Romania, adrian_ioan_niculescu@yahoo.com
 xx Contributors

856 Wodzimierz Ogryczak Institute of Control and Computation Engineering,

857 Warsaw University of Technology, 00-665 Warsaw, Poland,
858 wogrycza@ia.pw.edu.pl
859

860
Ali Olfat Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University
861
of Tehran, Campus #2, North Kargar Ave., Tehran, Iran, aolfat@ut.ac.ir
862
R. Orzechowski Chair of Wireless Communication, Poznan University
863
of Technology, Piotrowo 3a, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
864

865 Manuela Pănoiu Engineering Faculty of Hunedoara, Technical University

866 of Timis° oara, Revolutiei 5, 331128 Hunedoara, Transylvania, Romania
867
Caius Pănoiu Technical University of Timis° oara, Engineering Faculty
868
of Hunedoara, Revolutiei 5, 331128 Hunedoara, Transylvania, Romania
869

870 Stylianos Sp. Pappas Department of Information and Communication

871 Systems Engineering, University of the Aegean, 83200 Karlovassi Samos,
872 Greece, spappas@aegean.gr
873

874
Sonja Petrovic-Lazarevic Department of Management, Monash University, 26
875
Sir John Monash Drive, Caulfield East, VIC 3145, Australia,
876
sonja.petrovic-lazarevic@buseco.monash.edu.au
877
L. Pomante Università degli Studi dell’Aquila, Centro di Eccellenza DEWS,
878
67100 Poggio di Roio (AQ), Italy, pomante@ing.univaq.it
879

880 Andreas Pomportsis Department of Informatics, Aristotle University

881 of Thessaloniki, 54006, Thessaloniki, Greece
882
Elvira Popescu Software Engineering Department, University of Craiova,
883
Romania; Heudiasyc UMR CNRS 6599, Université de Technologie de
884
Compiègne, France
885

886 George Popov Department of Computer Science, Technical University, Sofia,

887 8 Kliment Ohridski St., Sofia 1000, Bulgaria, popovg@tu-sofia.bg
888

889
Mircea Preda Computer Science Department, University of Craiova,
890
Romania
891
R. Quirós Department of Computer Systems, Jaume I University, Castellón,
892
Spain
893

894 Tomáš Rebok Faculty of Informatics, Masaryk University, Botanická 68a,

895 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic, xrebok@fi.muni.cz
896
Francisco Reinaldo DEEC and LIACC, Universidade do Porto,
897
R. Dr Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal, reifeup@fe.up.pt
898

899 Luı́s P. Reis DEEC and LIACC, Universidade do Porto, R. Dr Roberto Frias,
900 s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal, lpreis@fe.up.pt
 Contributors xxi

901 P. Remlein Chair of Wireless Communication, Poznan University

902 of Technology, Piotrowo 3a, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
903
C. Rinaldi Università degli Studi dell’Aquila, Centro di Eccellenza DEWS,
904
67100 Poggio di Roio (AQ), Italy, rinaldi@ing.univaq.it
905

906 G.E. Rizos Department of Computer Science and Technology, University

907 of Peloponnese, GR-221 00 Tripolis, Greece, georizos@uop.gr
908

909
Carlos F. Romero Centro Tecnológico para la Innovación en Comunicaciones
910
(CETIC), Dpto. de Señales y Comunicaciones, Universidad de Las Palmas de
911
Gran Canaria, Campus de Tafira, E35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain,
912
fabian_romero@ciudad.com.ar
913 András Rövid Department of Chassis and Lightweight Structures, Budapest
914 University of Technology and Economics, Bertalan Lajos u. 2. 7. em., 1111
915 Budapest, Hungary
916

917
Hajar Sadeghi Faculty of Engineering, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran,
918
hsadeghi@eng.ui.ac.ir
919
Lakhdar Sahbi Computer Science Department, University of Oum El
920
Bouaghi, 04000 Oum El Bouaghi, Algeria, sahbi_lak@yahoo.fr
921

922
E.H Saidi VACBT, Virtual African Center for Basic Science and Technology,
923
Focal Point Lab/UFR-PHE, Fac Sciences, Rabat, Morocco
924
Farhat Saleemi Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
925

926
Ahmed Sameh Department of Computer Science, The American University
927
in Cairo, 113 Kaser Al Aini Street, P.O. Box 2511, Cairo, Egypt,
928 sameh@aucegypt.edu
929
Vianey Guadalupe Cruz Sánchez Centro Nacional de Investigación y
930
Desarrollo Tecnológico (CENIDET), Interior Internado Palmira s/n, Col.
931
Palmira, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México, vianey@cenidet.edu.mx
932

933 George Savii Mechanical Engineering Faculty, Technical University

934 of Timis° oara, Mihai Viteazu 1, 300222 Timis° oara, Romania
935
France Sevšek University of Ljubljana, University College of Health Studies,
936
Poljanska 26a, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia, france.sevsek@vsz.uni-lj.si
937

938 N.A. Shaikh National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, ST-4,
939 Sector-17/D, Shah Latif Town, Karachi, Pakistan
940
Z.A. Shaikh National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, ST-4,
941
Sector-17/D, Shah Latif Town, Karachi, Pakistan
942

943 Mohammad Hossein Sheikhi Department of Electrical Engineering, School of

944 Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran; Shiraz Nanotechnology Research
945 Institute, Shiraz, Iran
 xxii Contributors

946 Yogesh Singh University School of Information Technology, Guru Gobind

947 Singh Indraprastha University, Kashmere Gate, Delhi -06, India,
948 ys66@rediffmail.com
949

950
Tudor Sireteanu Institute of Solid Mechanics, Romanian Academy, Bucures° ti,
951
Romania, siret@imsar.bu.edu.ro
952
Tomasz Śliwiński Institute of Control and Computation Engineering, Warsaw
953
University of Technology, 00-665 Warsaw, Poland, tsliwins@ia.pw.edu.pl
954

955 E. Stergiou A.T.E.I. of Epirus, Department of Informatics and

956 Telecommunications Technology, GR-471 00 Arta, Greece, ster@teiep.gr
957
Tatsuo Suzuki Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan,
958
tasuzuki@gifu-u.ac.jp
959

960 Huma Tauseef Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
961

962
Z. Cihan Taysi Department of Computer Engineering, Yldz Technical
963
University, 34349 Besiktas / Istanbul, Turkey, cihan@ce.yildiz.edu.tr
964
Virgil Teodor Department of Manufacturing Engineering, ‘‘Dunărea de Jos’’
965
University of Galat° i, Galat° i, 111 Domnească Street, zip code 800201,
966
Romania, virgil.teodor@ugal.ro
967

968 Drazen Tomic Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Josip Juraj Strossmayer

969 University of Osijek, Kneza Trpimira 2b, Croatia, drazen.tomic@etfos.hr
970
P. Tosaranon Department of Industrial Physics and Medical Instrumentation,
971
Faculty of Applied Science, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology, North
972
Bangkok, 1518 Pibulsongkram Road, Bangsue, Bangkok 10800 Thailand
973

974 Carlos M. Travieso Centro Tecnológico para la Innovación en

975 Comunicaciones (CETIC), Dpto. de Señales y Comunicaciones, Universidad
976 de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus de Tafira, E35017, Las Palmas de
977 Gran Canaria, Spain, ctravieso@dsc.ulpgc.es
978

979
Philippe Trigano Heudiasyc UMR CNRS 6599, Université de Technologie de
980
Compiègne, France
981
Hua-Lin Tsai Department of Industrial Technology Education, National
982
Kaohsiung Normal University, Taiwan, kittyhl@gmail.com
983

984 Tien-Sheng Tsai Department of Industrial Technology Education, National

985 Kaohsiung Normal University, Taiwan, mullis@mail.joseph.org.tw
986
Kuo-Hung Tseng Meiho Institute of Technology, Taiwan, ROC,
987
ken@meiho.edu.tw
988

989 N. Tzioumakis Division of Telecommunications, Microwave Communications

990 and Electromagnetic Applications Laboratory, Department of Electronics,
 Contributors xxiii

991 Technological Educational Institute (T.E.I.) of Crete, Chania Branch,

992 Romanou 3, Chalepa, 73133 Chania, Crete, Greece, ivardia@chania.teicrete.gr
993

994
W. Ussawawongaraya Department of Industrial Physics and Medical
995
Instrumentation, Faculty of Applied Science, King Mongkut’s Institute of
996
Technology, North Bangkok, 1518 Pibulsongkram Road, Bangsue, Bangkok
997
10800 Thailand
998
I. O. Vardiambasis Division of Telecommunications, Microwave
999
Communications and Electromagnetic Applications Laboratory, Department
1000
of Electronics, Technological Educational Institute (T.E.I.) of Crete, Chania
1001
Branch, Romanou 3, Chalepa, 73133 Chania, Crete, Greece,
1002
ivardia@chania.teicrete.gr
1003

1004 Péter Várlaki Department of Chassis and Lightweight Structures, Budapest

1005 University of Technology and Economics, Bertalan Lajos u. 2. 7. em., 1111
1006 Budapest, Hungary
1007

1008
D.C. Vasiliadis Department of Computer Science and Technology, University
1009
of Peloponnese, GR-221 00 Tripolis, Greece, dvas@uop.gr
1010
Andreas Veglis Department of Journalism and MC, Aristotle University
1011
of Thessaloniki, 54006, Thessaloniki, Greece
1012

1013 Osslan Osiris Vergara Villegas Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez

1014 (UACJ), Avenida del Charro 450 Norte Ciudad Juárez Chihuahua, México,
1015 overgara@uacj.mx
1016

1017
Pofen Wang Department of Information Management, Southern Taiwan
1018
University of Technology, Taiwan, rxf26@mail.stut.edu.tw,
1019
pohfen@ma.ks.edu.tw
1020
P. Woraratsoontorn Department of Industrial Physics and Medical
1021
Instrumentation, Faculty of Applied Science, King Mongkut’s Institute of
1022
Technology, North Bangkok, 1518 Pibulsongkram Road, Bangsue, Bangkok
1023
10800, Thailand
1024

1025 Ming-Chang Wu National United University, Taiwan, ROC

1026

1027
Hsieh-Hua Yang Department of Health Care Administration, Chang Jung
1028
Christian University, 396 Chang Jung Rd., Sec. 1, Kway Jen, Tainan, Taiwan,
1029
ROC, yansnow@gmail.com, yangsnow@mail.cju.edu.tw
1030
Hung-Jen Yang Department of Industrial Technology Education, National
1031
Kaohsiung Normal University, Kaohsiung County, Taiwan, ROC,
1032
hjyang@nknucc.nknu.edu.tw, Hungjen.yang@gmail.com
1033

1034 A. Gokhan Yavuz Department of Computer Engineering, Yldz Technical

1035 University, 34349 Besiktas, Istanbul, Turkey, gokhan@ce.yildiz.edu.tr
 xxiv Contributors

1036 Chia-Hung Yen Institute of Technological and Vocational Education,

1037 National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Taiwan
1038
Jui-Chen Yu National Science and Technology Museum, #720 Ju-Ru 1st Rd.,
1039
Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC, raisin@mail.nstm.gov.tw
1040

1041 Adrian Zafiu Department of Electronics, Communications and Computers,

1042 University of Pitesti, Str. Targul din Vale, nr.1, Pitesti, Arges, Romania,
1043 adrian_zafiu@yahoo.com
1044
Annely-Mihaela Zafiu CAS Arges, Aleea Spitalului Nr.1, Pitesti, Romania,
1045
annelyzafiu@yahoo.com
1046

1047 Drago Zagar Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Josip Juraj Strossmayer

1048 University of Osijek, Kneza Trpimira 2b, Croatia, drago.zagar@etfos.hr
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Krista Rizman Žalik Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University
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of Maribor, Slovenia
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1052 Jian Ying Zhang Department of Management, Monash University, 26 Sir

1053 John Monash Drive, Caulfield East, VIC 3145, Australia,
1054 jian.zhang@buseco.monash.edu.au
1055
X.D. Zhuang WSEAS Headquarters, Agiou Ioannou Theologou 17-23, 15773,
1056
Zografou, Athens, Greece
1057

1058 S. Zimeras Department of Statistics and Actuarial-Financial Mathematics,

1059 University of the Aegean, G.R.832 00, Karlovassi, Samos, Greece,
1060 zimste@aegean.gr
1061
Emmanouil Zoulias National Technical University of Athens, 9 Iroon
1062
Politechniou Str., 157 80 Athens, Greece, ezoulias@teemail.gr
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 1
Chapter 17
2

3
Adaptive MV ARMA Identification Under
4
the Presence of Noise
5

7
Stylianos Sp. Pappas, Vassilios C. Moussas, and Sokratis K. Katsikas
8

10

11

12

13 Abstract An adaptive method for simultaneous order estimation and

14 parameter identification of multivariate (MV) ARMA models under the pre-
15 sence of noise is addressed. The proposed method is based on the well known
16 multi-model partitioning (MMP) theory. Computer simulations indicate that
17 the method is 100% successful in selecting the correct model order in very few
18 steps. The results are compared with two other established order selection
19 criteria, namely, Akaike’s information criterion (AIC) and Schwarz’s Bayesian
20 information criterion (BIC).
21

22

23

24
17.1 Introduction
25

26
The problem of fitting a multivariate ARMA model to a given time series is an
27
essential one in speech analysis, biomedical applications, hydrology, electric
28
power systems, and many other applications [1–4].
29
In this paper, a new method for multivariate ARMA model order
30
selection and parameter identification is presented, as an extension to the
31
one proposed in [5] for MV AR models. The method is based on the well
32
known adaptive multimodel partitioning theory [6, 7]. It is not restricted to
33
the Gaussian case, it is applicable to online/adaptive operation, and it is
34 computationally efficient. Furthermore, it identifies the correct model
35 order very quickly.
36 An m-variate ARMA model of order (p, q) [ARMA (p, q)] for a stationary
37 time series of vectors y observed at equally spaced instants k ¼ 1, 2, . . . , n is
38 defined as:
39

40

41
S.Sp. Pappas (*)
42
Department of Information and Communication Systems Engineering, University
43 of the Aegean, 83200 Karlovassi Samos, Greece
44 e-mail: spappas@aegean.gr

N. Mastorakis et al. (eds.), Proceedings of the European 165

Computing Conference, Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering 27,
DOI 10.1007/978-0-387-84814-3_17, Ó Springer ScienceþBusiness Media, LLC 2009
 166 S.Sp. Pappas et al.

45 X
p X
q
46 yk ¼ Ai yki þ Bj vkj þ vk; E½vk vTk  ¼ R (17:1)
47
i¼1 j¼1

48

49
where the m-dimensional vector vk is uncorrelated random noise, not necessarily
50
Gaussian, with zero mean and covariance matrix R,  ¼ (p, q) is the order of the
51
predictor, and A1, . . . , Ap, B1, . . . , Bq are the m  m coefficient matrices of the
52
MV ARMA model.
53
It is obvious that the problem is twofold. The first task, which is the most
54
important for the problem under consideration, is the successful determination
55
of the predictor’s order  ¼ (p, q). Once the model order selection task is
56
completed, one proceeds with the second task, i.e., the computation of the
57
predictor’s matrix coefficients {Ai, Bj }.
58
Determining the order of the ARMA process is usually the most delicate and
59
crucial part of the problem. Over the past years substantial literature has been
60
produced on this problem and various different criteria, such as Akaike’s [8],
61
Rissanen’s [9, 10], Schwarz’s [11], and Wax’s [12], have been proposed to
62
implement the order selection process.
63
The above mentioned criteria are not optimal and are also known to suffer
64
from deficiencies; for example, Akaike’s information criterion suffers from
65
overfit [13]. Also, their performance depends on the assumption that the data
66
are Gaussian and upon asymptotic results. In addition to this, their applicabil-
67
ity is justified only for large samples; furthermore, they are two-pass methods,
68
so they cannot be used in an online or adaptive fashion.
69
The paper is organized as follows. In Section 17.2, the MV ARMA model
70
order selection problem is reformulated so that it can be fitted into the state
71
space under the uncertainty estimation problem framework. In the same section
72
the multi-model partitioning filter (MMPF) is briefly described and its applica-
73
tion to the specific problem is discussed. In Section 17.3, simulation examples
74
are presented which demonstrate the performance of our method in comparison
75
to previously reported ones. Finally, Section 17.4 summarizes the conclusions.
76

77

78 17.2 Problem Reformulation

79

80 If we assume that the model order fitting the data is known and is equal to
81  ¼ (p, q), we can rewrite equation (17.1) in standard state-space form as:
82

83 xðk þ 1Þ ¼ xðkÞ (17:2)

84

85 yðkÞ ¼ HðkÞxðkÞ þ vðkÞ (17:3)

86

87 where x(k) is an m2(p+q)1 vector made up from the coefficients of the

88 matrices {A1, . .., Ap, B1, . .., Bq }, and H(k) is an mm2(p+q) observation
89 history matrix of the process {y(k)} up to time k-(p+q).
 17 Adaptive MV ARMA Identification Under the Presence of Noise 167

90 Assume that the general form of the matrix is:

2 p 3
::: ap1m
91
a11
6 7
92

6 .. .. .. 7
93
6
Ap is6 . . . 7 and
7
94
4 am1p
 p
amm 5
95

96
2 3
97 bq11 ::: bq1m
98 6 .. .. .. 7
6 . . . 7
99
Bq is6
6
7 than
7
100 4 q
bm1  q
bmm 5
101

102

103
. . . .
104 xðkÞ ¼ ½111 121    1m1 .. 112 122    1m2 ..    1mm ..    pmm ..
. . .
105

106 b111 b121    b1m1 .. b112 b122    b1m2 ..    b1mm ..    bqmm T

107

. . .
HðkÞ ¼ ½y1 ðk  1Þ I    ym ðk  1Þ I ..    .. y1 ðk  pÞ I    ym ðk  pÞ I ..
108

109

110 . .
111 v1 ðk  1Þ I    vm ðk  1Þ I ..    .. v1 ðk  qÞ I    vm ðk  qÞ I 
112

113 where I is the m  m identity matrix and  ¼ (p, q) is the model order.
114 If the system model and its statistics were completely known, the Kalman
115 filter (KF) in its various forms would be the optimal estimator in the minimum
116 variance sense.
117 In the case where the prediction coefficients are subject to random perturba-
118 tions, (17.2) becomes
119
xðk þ 1Þ ¼ xðkÞ þ wðkÞ (17:4)
120

121 v(k), w(k) are independent, zero-mean, white processes, not necessarily
122 Gaussian.
123
. . . .
124 wðkÞ ¼ ½w111 w121    w1m1 .. w112 w122    w1m2 ..    w1mm ..    wpmm ..
. . .
125

126 w111 w121    w1m1 .. w112 w122    w1m2 ..    w1mm ..    wqmm T

127

128 A complete system description requires the value assignments of the var-
129 iances of the random processes w(k) and v(k). We adopt the usual assumption
130 that w(k) and v(k) at least are wide sense stationary processes, hence their
131 variances; and Q and R respectively are time invariant. Obtaining these values
132 is not always trivial. If Q and R are not known, they can be estimated by using a
133 method such as the one described in [14]. In the case of coefficients constant in
134 time, or slowly varying, Q is assumed to be zero (just as in equation (17.4)).
 168 S.Sp. Pappas et al.

135 It is also necessary to assume an a priori mean and variance for each {Ai, Bi }.
136 The a priori mean of the Ai(0)’s and Bi(0)’s can be set to zero if no knowledge
137 about their values is available before any measurements are taken (the most
138 likely case). On the other hand, the usual choice of the initial variance of the Ai’s
139 and Bi’s, denoted by P0, is P0 ¼ nI, where n is a large integer.
140 Let us now consider the case where the system model is not completely known.
141 The adaptive multi-model partitioning filter (MMPF) is one of the most widely
142 used approaches for similar problems. This approach was introduced by Lainio-
143 tis [6, 7] and summarizes the parametric model uncertainty into an unknown,
144 finite-dimensional parameter vector whose values are assumed to lie within a
145 known set of finite cardinality. A non-exhaustive list of the reformulation,
146 extension, and application of the MMPF approach, as well as its application to
147 a variety of problems by many authors, can be found in [15] and [16–19]. In our
148 problem, assume that the model uncertainty is the lack of knowledge of the model
149 order . Let us further assume that the model order  lies within a known set of
150 finite cardinality: 1  q  M, where  ¼ (p, q), is the model order.
151 The MMPF operates on the following discrete model:
152

153 xðk þ 1Þ ¼ Fðk þ 1; k =  Þ xðkÞ þ wðkÞ (17:5)

154

155

156 yðkÞ ¼ Hðk =  Þ xðkÞ þ vðkÞ (17:6)

157

158 where  ¼ (p, q) is the unknown parameter, the model order in this case. A block
159 diagram of the MMPF is presented in Fig. 17.1.
160 In the Gaussian case, the optimal MMSE estimate of x(k) is given by
161
X
M
162
^ðk=kÞ ¼
x x^ðk=k; j Þ pðj =kÞ: (17:7)
163
j¼1
164

165 A finite set of models is designed, each matching one value of the parameter
166 vector. If the prior probabilities p(j / k) for each model are already known,
167 these are assigned to each model. In the absence of any prior knowledge, these
168 are set to pðj =kÞ ¼ 1=M where M is the cardinality of the model set.
169 A bank of conventional elemental filters (non-adaptive, e.g., Kalman) is then
170 applied, one for each model, which can be run in parallel. At each iteration the
171 MMPF selects the model which corresponds to the maximum posteriori prob-
172 ability as the correct one. This probability tends to one, while the others tend to
173 zero. The overall optimal estimate can be taken to be either the individual
174 estimate of the elemental filter exhibiting the highest posterior probability,
175 called the maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimate,in [20], which is the case
176 used in this paper; or the weighted average of the estimates produced by the
177 elemental filters, as described in equation (17.7). The weights are determined by
178 the posterior probability that each model in the model set is in fact the true
179 model.
 17 Adaptive MV ARMA Identification Under the Presence of Noise 169

180

181

182

183

184

185

186

187

188

189

190

191

192

193

194

195

196

197

198

199

200

201

202

203

204

205

206

207

208
Fig. 17.1 MMPF block diagram
209

210
The posterior probabilities are calculated online in a recursive manner as
211
follows:
212

Lðk=k; j Þ
pðj =kÞ ¼ pðj =k  1Þ
213
(17:8)
214 P
M
215
Lðk=k; j Þ pðj =k  1Þ
j¼1
216

217
 1=2
218 Lðk=k; j Þ ¼ P~y ðk=k  1; j Þ 
219
1 (17:9)
220 exp½ y~T ðk=k  1; j Þ P1
~y ðk=k  1; j Þ ~
y ðk=k  1; j Þ
2
221

222
where the innovation process
223

224
~yðk=k  1; j Þ ¼ yðkÞ  Hðk; j Þ^
xðk=k  1; j Þ (17:10)
 170 S.Sp. Pappas et al.

225 is a zero mean white process with covariance matrix

226

227
Py~ ðk=k  1; j Þ ¼ Hðk; j ÞPðk=k; j ÞHT ðk; j Þ þ R (17:11)
228
For equations (17.8), (17.9), (17.10), and (17.11), j = 1, 2, . . . , M.
229
An important feature of the MMPF is that all the Kalman filters needed to
230
implement can be independently realized. This enables us to implement them in
231
parallel, thus saving us enormous computational time [20].
232
Equations (17.7) and (17.8) refer to our case where the sample space is
233
naturally discrete. However, in real world applications, ’s probability density
234
function (pdf) is continuous and an infinite number of Kalman filters have to be
235
applied for the exact realization of the optimal estimator. The usual approx-
236
imation considered to overcome this difficulty is to somehow approximate ’s
237
pdf by a finite sum. Many discretization strategies have been proposed at times,
238
and some of them are presented in [21–22].
239
When the true parameter value lies outside the assumed sample space, the
240
adaptive estimator converges to the value that is in the sample space, which is
241
closer (i.e., minimizes the Kullback information measure) to the true value [23].
242
This means that the value of the unknown parameter cannot be exactly defined.
243
The application of a variable structure MMPF is able to overcome this diffi-
244
culty [17].
245

246

247

248
17.3 Examples
249

250
In order to assess the performance of our method, several simulation experi-
251
ments were conducted. All of these experiments were conducted 100 times
252
(100 Monte Carlo runs). The model used was that of (17.2) and (17.3), with
253
cardinality M ¼ 10.
254

255

256 17.3.1 Example 1

257

258 ARMA (1, 1).  ¼ (1, 1) ¼ 2.

259
     
0:85 0:75 1:9833 1:889 1:5625 1:5
A¼ B¼ R¼
260

261 0:65 0:55 1:7 1:9833 1:5 1:5625

262

263 Figure 17.2 depicts the posterior probabilities associated with each value of
264 . Figure 17.3 shows the criteria comparison for two data sets, one relatively
265 small (50 samples) and one larger (100 samples), and Table 17.1 shows the
266 estimated ARMA parameter coefficients.
267 From Fig. 17.2, it is obvious that the MMPF identifies the correct  ¼ (1, 1) ¼ 2
268 very quickly, in just 17 steps. Convergence is taken to occur when the posterior
269 probability of the model exceeds 0.9.
 17 Adaptive MV ARMA Identification Under the Presence of Noise 171

270

271

272

273

274

275

This figure will be printed in b/w

276

277

278

279

280

281

282

283

284

285

286

287

288
Fig. 17.2 Example 1, posterior probabilities
289

290
100
291
100 100 100
292

293

294 95
295
89

This figure will be printed in b/w

296 90 92
Monte Carlo
297
Runs
298
85 85
299

300
80
301

302
100
75 Samples
303
MMPF 50
304
AIC
305
BIC
306 Criteria
307
Fig. 17.3 Example 1, criteria comparison—correct model order identification
308

309

310 From Fig. 17.3, we deduce that MMPF is 100% successful in selecting the
311 correct model order for both data sets, while only BIC matches its performance
312 for the larger data set.
313 Also, Table 17.1 shows that the parameter coefficient estimation is very
314 accurate. (RMSE—root mean square error—is very small).
 172 S.Sp. Pappas et al.

315 Table 17.1 Example 1, estimated ARMA coefficient parameters

316 Estimated parameters RMS error
317 0.8499 0.0033
318 0.6508 0.0036
319 0.7501 0.0040
320 0.5501 0.0032
321
1.9823 0.0092
1.7011 0.0064
322
1.8891 0.0074
323
1.9831 0.0057
324

325
17.3.2 Example 2
326

ARMA (1, 1).  ¼ (1, 1) ¼ 2. This is a more complex MV ARMA since m ¼ 3

327

328
2 3
329 2 3 1 0:15 0:09
1 0:2 0:23 6 0:1 0:1 0:05 7
6 7 6 7
330

A ¼ 4 0:15 0:18 0:16 5B ¼ 6 7

4 0:05 0:13 0:075 5
331

332 0:17 0:24 0:21

333

334 R ¼ diag½ð0:42; 0:01; 0:16Þ:

335
Figure 17.4 depicts the posterior probabilities associated with each value of
336
. Figure 17.5 shows the criteria comparison for two data sets, one relatively
337

338

339

340

341

342

343

344

345

346
This figure will be printed in b/w

347

348

349

350

351

352

353

354

355

356

357

358

359 Fig. 17.4 Example 2, posterior probabilities

 17 Adaptive MV ARMA Identification Under the Presence of Noise 173

360
100
361
100 100 97
362
89
90
363
80 82 89
364
70

This figure will be printed in b/w

365
60
366 Monte Carlo
367 Runs 50
368 40
369 30
370 20
371 10 100
372 0 Samples
373
MMPF 50
374 AIC
375
BIC
Criteria
376

377 Fig. 17.5 Example 2, criteria comparison—correct model order identification

378

379

380

381
small (50 samples) and one larger (100 samples), and Table 17.2 shows the
382
estimated ARMA parameter coefficients.
383
From Figure 17.4, it is obvious that the MMPF identifies the correct  ¼
384
(1, 1) ¼ 2 very quickly, in just 18 steps. Convergence is taken to occur when the
385
posterior probability of the model exceeds 0.9.
386
From Figure 17.5, we deduce that MMPF is 100% successful in selecting the
387 correct model order for both data sets, while none of the two other criteria
388 achieve a similar performance for either data set.
389 As Table 17.2 clearly shows, the parameter estimation is again accurate
390 because the root mean square error (RMSE) is very small.
391

392

393

394 Table 17. 2 Example 2, estimated ARMA coefficient parameters

395
Estimated parameters RMS error
396
0.9932 1.0217 0.0152 0.0026
397
0.2023 0.1516 0.0035 0.0016
398 0.2310 0.0894 0.0021 0.0059
399 0.1519 0.1013 0.0143 0.0023
400 0.1829 0.1027 0.0091 0.0127
401 0.1612 0.0059 0.0044 0.0019
402 0.1702 0.0048 0.0030 0.0017
403
0.2408 0.1351 0.0371 0.0046
0.2143 0.0742 0.0045 0.0028
404
 174 S.Sp. Pappas et al.

405 17.3.3 Example 3

406

407 ARMA (2, 2).  ¼ (2, 2) ¼ 4.

408
   
409
0:17 0:14 0:2 0:12
410 A1 ¼ ; A2 ¼
0:19 0:1 0:22 0:25
411    
0:45 0:52 0:85 0:75
412
B1 ¼ ; B2 ¼ ;
413 0:32 0:7 0:65 0:55
 
414 1 0:08
R¼
415
0:08 1
416

417
Figure 17.6 depicts the posterior probabilities associated with each value of
418
. Figure 17.7 shows the criteria comparison for two data sets, one relatively
419
small (50 samples) and one larger (100 samples), and Table 17.3 shows the
420

421
estimated ARMA parameter coefficients.
422
From Fig. 17.6, it is obvious that the MMPF identifies the correct  ¼ (1, 1) ¼ 2
423
very quickly, in just 24 steps. Convergence is taken to occur when the posterior
424
probability of the model exceeds 0.9.
425

426

427

428

429

430

431

432

433

434

435

436
This figure will be printed in b/w

437

438

439

440

441

442

443

444

445

446

447

448

449 Fig. 17.6 Example 3, posterior probabilities

 17 Adaptive MV ARMA Identification Under the Presence of Noise 175

450
100
451
100 100 100
452
90
86
453 92
454 80
455 70 74
456

This figure will be printed in b/w

60
457 Monte Carlo
Runs 50
458
40
459

460
30
461 20
462 10
100
463 0 Samples
464
MMPF 50
465
AIC
466
BIC
467
Criteria
468
Fig. 17.7 Example 2, criteria comparison—correct model order identification
469

470

471
Table 17.3 Example 3, estimated ARMA coefficient parameters
472
Estimated parameters RMS error
473
0.1691 0.4535 0.0047 0.0094
474
0.1896 0.3260 0.0054 0.0109
475 0.1458 0.5244 0.0137 0.0090
476 0.0899 0.6931 0.0161 0.0108
477 0.1982 0.8441 0.0064 0.0122
478 0.2234 0.6407 0.0073 0.0147
479 0.1154 0.7508 0.0094 0.0086
480
0.2573 0.5471 0.0114 0.0094
481

482
From Fig. 17.7, we deduce that MMPF is 100% successful in selecting the
483
correct model order for both data sets, while only BIC matches its performance
484
for the larger data set.
485
As Table 17.3 clearly shows, the parameter estimation is again accurate
486
because the root mean square error (RMSE) is very small.
487

488

489

490 17.4 Conclusions

491

492 A new method for simultaneously selecting the order and estimating the para-
493 meters of a MV ARMA model has been developed, as an extension of the
494 method proposed for the MV AR case. The proposed method successfully
 176 S.Sp. Pappas et al.

495 selects the correct model order in very few steps and identifies very accurately
496 the ARMA parameters. Comparison with other established order selection
497 criteria (AIC, BIC) shows that the proposed method needs only the shortest
498 data set for successful order identification and accurate parameter estimation
499 for all the simulated models; whereas the other criteria require longer data sets
500 as the model order increases. The method performs equally well when the
501 complexity of the MV ARMA model is increased.
502

503 Acknowledgment This paper is dedicated to the memory of Prof. Dimitrios G. Lainiotis, the
504 founder of the multi-model partitioning theory, who passed away suddenly in 2006.
505

506

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