Postgraduate Program Directorate

College of Business and Economics

Department of Economics
Program Energy Economics (M.S.C)
Assignment of International Energy Market

Title: - Power Outage Data and Description

Submitted by: ID No

1. EBISA DIRIBI GAMADA ………………PGP/937/13

2. MOHAMMED ABDULLA HASSEN………….…..PGP /942/13

Submitted to: ABDELA MOHAMMED OUMER (PH.D)

January 15, 2022

Haramaya, Ethiopia
Abbreviations
HU Haramaya University
IT Interruption
OP Operation
PEC Permanent Earth Circuit
PEF Permanent Earth Fault
PSC Permanent Short Circuit
TEF Temporary Earth Fault
TSC Temporary Short Circuit
CWEC Central Wisconsin Electric Cooperation
KEY Terms Definition
Interruption means: The breakers will operate three times and above if the problem has not
corrected itself, the breaker will remain open, and cutting off the power to the area where the
problem was detected. This helps minimize the power interruption to a smaller area.  It also
prevents a temporary problem from causing a permanent outage. It could be a tree branch that
falls on the electric line, a bird or other animal getting into a spot it shouldn’t, or any of a number
of other reasons. Each of these could cause an automatic circuit breaker to operate. Interruptions
is usually increase in the summer because of storms, tree growth and An unusual phenomenon
that we have seen many times is when a large number of birds all land on one span of wire
between two poles. If enough birds land on the top wire, it can sag down and make contact with
the bottom wire creating a temporary short and causing an automatic circuit breaker to operate.
CWEC, Bert.Lehman@cwecoop.com.
Permanent Earth Fault: Earth fault is a situation where non-earthed, live part of the network is
connected to the earth trough relatively low impedance. It can be a permanent fault, which
requires the personnel to rectify the fault situation, or it can be a transient fault, which can be
managed via automatically controlled protection system.
Permanent Earth Circuit: Earth circuit is used to protect you from an electric shock. It does
this by providing a path (a protective conductor) for a fault current to flow to earth. It also causes
the protective device (either a circuit-breaker or fuse) to switch off the electric current to the
circuit that has the fault. And earthed systems are designed and installed so that the protective
devices provided in the circuit will operate and remove the faulty circuit from the system in case
of any earth fault...https://www.electricalsaftyfi.org.et
Temporary Short Circuit: Short circuits occur when something comes in contact with power
lines, such as an animal or a tree limb. When this happens, special electrical equipment is
designed to quickly open and close the breaker two or three times automatically, in separate
attempts, to clear the temporary short circuit. The short circuit may be temporary since wires and
metals can melt quickly clearing the point of contact as the explosion occurs. Https, Oct 1, 2014
 Depend on this power outage data, Temporary Short Circuit is the most common And the
Frequency of November month is higher than the frequency of others, or September and
October. Because in one day (Nov 24) 6 time cut off or interrupted.
Power Outage Data and Description

Day Outage time Frequency Total time Cause Cause Location

1-Sep 02:36 - 02:37 1 0:01 Temporary Short Circuit -

2-Sep          
3-Sep          
4-Sep          
5-Sep          
6-Sep          
7-Sep          
8-Sep 16:30 - 17:06 1 0:36 Permanent Short Circuit OUT OF HU

9-Sep 15:50 - 16:13 1 0:23 OP HU

10-Sep          
11-Sep          
12-Sep          
13-Sep 22:26 - 22:27 1 0:01 TSC -

14-Sep 15:46-15:47 2 0:01 TSC -

16:02-16:03 0:01 TSC -
15-Sep 10:20-10:31 2 0:11 Operation HU
14:50-14:52 0:02 TSC -
16-Sep          
17-Sep 05:20-07:54 2 2:34 TSC OUT OF HU
07:15-07:22 0:07 PSC -
18-Sep          
19-Sep 19:36-1937 1 0:01 TSC -
20-Sep          
21-Sep          
22-Sep          
23-Sep 14:36-14:37 2 0:01 TEF -

02:36-02:37 0:01 TSC -

24-Sep          
25-Sep          
26-Sep        
27-Sep 14:38-14:39 2 0:01 TSC -
 16:42-16:43 0:01 TSC -
28-Sep 05:57-08:00 1 7:57 TSc OUT OF HU

Total power outage Total Duration Hour

Frequency in September =16 in September=11:59

 
Power Outage Data and Description
Day Outage time Frequency Total Hours Cause Cause Location

1-Oct          
2-Oct          
3-Oct          
4-Oct          
5-Oct 12:22-1224 1 0:02 TSC -
6-Oct          
7-Oct          
8-Oct 02:16-08:34 2 6:18 OP OUT OF HU
16:32-17:02 0:30 PSC OUT OF HU
9-Oct          
10-Oct          
11-Oct          
12-Oct          
13-Oct          
14-Oct          
15-Oct 14:40-15:12 2 0:32 PSC HU
14:10-14:23 0:13 PSC HU
16-Oct          
17-Oct          
18-Oct 11:50-12:10 1 0:20 OP HU
19-Oct 16:52-16:54 1 0:02 TSC -
20-Oct          
21-Oct          
22-Oct 13:30-13:32 1 0:02 TSC -
23-Oct          
24-Oct          
25-Oct          
26-Oct 15:41-16:08 1 0:27 PSC -
 27-Oct 15:08-15:09 1 0:01 TSC -
28-Oct          
29-Oct 10:36-1037 1 0:01 TSC -

Total power outage Total Duration Hour

Frequency in October=11 in October =08:38

 
Power Outage Data and Description
Day Outage time Frequency Total Hours Cause Cause Location
1-Nov 8/1/1937 8:36 1 0:01 Temporary Short Circuit -
2-Nov 03:18-03:19 1 0:01 TSC -
3-Nov          
4-Nov          
5-Nov          
6-Nov 04:02-04:03 1 0:01 TSC -
7-Nov 01:13-01:14 1 0:01 TSC -
8-Nov          

9-Nov 11:57-02:00 1 2:03 TSC -

10-Nov 04:44-05:45 1 1:01 Operation HU
11-Nov          
12-Nov 09:18-09:19 1 0:01 Interruption (TSC) -
13-Nov          
14-Nov 12:10-12:40 1 0:30 Operation OUT OF HU
15-Nov          
16-Nov 10:02-10:03 1 0:01 Interruption (TSC) -
17-Nov 07:13-07:14 1 0:01 Interruption (TSC) -
18-Nov          
19-Nov 10:44-11:45 1 1:01 Operation Center of
Haramaya Lake
20-Nov 08:28-08:29 2 0:01 Interruption (TSC) -
 14:48-14:49 0:01 Interruption (TSC) -
21-Nov 11:32-11:34 3 0:02 Interruption (TSC) -

11:48-11:49 0:01 Interruption (TSC) -

13:30-13:44   0:14 PSC -
22-Nov 10:15-10:20 2 0:05 Interruption (TSC) -

16:20-16:40 0:20 Interrupt (Operation) -

23-Nov 11:44-13:10 1 1:26   Haramaya Lake
24-Nov 09:46-0947 6 0:01 Interruption (TSC) -
12:42-12:43 0:01 TEF -
13:29-13:30 0:01 TEF -
13:36-13:37 0:01 TEF -
14:14-14:41 0:27 PEF HU
15:46-15:47 0:01 TEF -
25-Nov          
26-Nov          
27-Nov          
28- Nov
29- Nov

Total power outage Total Duration Hour

Frequency in November =24 in November =7:41

Month Total power outage Total Duration Cause of Location

Frequency Hour
September 16 11:59 HU and Out of HU
October 11 8:38 HU and Out of HU
November 24 7:41 HU and Out of HU

Total power outage Fre-

quency
; Series3; 24
Chart Title
Series1 Series2 Series3
Total power outage Fre-
quency
; Series1; 16
 quency
; Series2; 11

Total Duration
Total Duration
Hour
Total; Duration
Series1;
Hour ; Series2;
Hour ; Series3;
Month;
Month;
Month;
Series1;
Series2;
Series3;
0 0 0 0.499305555555556
0.359722222222222
0.320138888888889
Cause
Cause
Cause
of Location;
of Location;
of Location;
Series1;
Series2;
Series3;
0 0 0

Total power outage frequency in three Month = 51

Total Duration Hour in three month= 18:18

THE REASON OF THE POWER OUTAGE

There are many causes of power failures in an electricity network. E.g. of these causes include
Insufficient power supply, Multi directional connection Line, faults at power stations, damage to
electric transmission lines, substations or other parts of the distribution system, a short circuit,
cascading failure, fuse or circuit breaker operation.
Storms: Wind, heat, ice and snow are the most common causes of widespread power outages.
Trees: During high winds, or trimming by an untrained professional, limbs can come into
contact with power lines and cause interruptions.
According to Haramaya Substation say that When weather conditions create a high risk for a
wildfire; we may temporarily shut off power to your neighborhood to prevent our electric system
from becoming the source of ignition. These outages are called Public Safety Power Shutoffs.
Power cuts happen more often when it rains because lightning strikes and heavy winds can
damage lines and Cause power surges. Rainwater also reduces the insulation capacity of
electronics, so the fuses will short circuit more easily. Sometimes there are precautionary power
cuts. Also Haramaya University Building and Machinery Maintenance service Office or
Electric service office says that in this compounds we are working by organized. Whenever if
we heard Electric contact at any time for any place in this compound automatically we cut of the
electric line or we back off main breaker or sub- Breaker. And the main cause of power outages
is the weather. Other reasons could be equipment failure, Damaged, Tree branches contacting
power lines, damaged old pole and scheduled maintenance. Homeowners can accidentally cause
a power outage while working with a ladder. And another ways the Problems with cables,
connectors, transformers, and switches can be what causes power outages. We'll work as quickly
as safely possible to make the repairs and get the power back on.
Power Outage the Effect of Price and Supply
Effect on Price: Power outages have generally direct and indirect effects on the overall
performance of firms, causing increases in economic costs, reductions in produced quantities,
and eventually decreases in sales and productivity (Arnold, Mattoo, and Narciso 2008; Fattouh
and El-Katiri 2013; Fisher-Vanden, Mansur, and Wang 2015).
A power outage may: Disrupt communications, water and transportation. Close retail businesses,
grocery stores, gas stations, low of ATMs income, banks and other services. Cause food spoilage
and water contamination. H/ Substation Nov 31, 2021
Momentary interruptions of power can last up to a few seconds and are usually caused by a
temporary short circuit. ... When this happens, special electrical equipment is designed to quickly
open and close the breaker two or three times automatically, in separate attempts, to clear the
temporary short circuit.
Effect on supply: Power outages cause disruptions of the production process, leading to
reductions in intermediate and final outputs.
Increasing shortages in power supply compel firms to undertake precautionary measures and to
use alternative power sources such as generators (Fisher-Vanden, Mansur, and Wang 2015
Reference
Arnold, Mattoo, and Narciso 2008; Fattouh and El-Katiri 2013; Fisher-Vanden, Mansur, 2015
Central Wiscons in Electric Corporation (CWEC,
Bert.Lehman@cwecoop.com.)
Haramaya Electric power Utility Office, (October 5, 2021)
Haramaya Electric power Utility Station, (September1, 2021)
Haramaya University Building and Machinery Maintenance Office, (November05, 2021)
Web https://www.electricalsaftyfi.org.et
Web https://tempaelectricblog.com, (Oct 1, 2014)