Module 09 LITE

UNIVERSITY OF CAGAYAN VALLEY
Tuguegarao City, Cagayan, Philippines
COLLEGE FRESHMEN PROGRAM

First Semester, School Year 2021-2022
MODULE IN LIVING IN IT ERA
Course Code: GEEL 1 / Elective 1MT

Course Title: Living in IT Era
Credit Units: 3 units
Course Description:
This course explores the science, culture and ethics of information technology, its various uses and
applications, as well as its influence on culture and society. It will provide knowledge on new
technologies, modern innovations, technology trends and the history of Information Technology
age. It aims to strike a balance between conceptual instruction and socially and culturally oriented
discussions as it not only explains the basic concepts or key terms in IT but also features the major
IT trends along with the issues and challenges these developments bring.
Learning Outcomes:
At the end of this module, students are expected to:
Cognitive:
➢ Describe the evolution of mobile communication leading to the introduction of 5G.
Affective:
➢ Demonstrate the evolution of mobile generations.

➢ Distinguish the history of android and mobile operating systems.
Psychomotor:
➢ Improve awareness of the mobile networks (5G) initiative and commercial progress.
Intended Learning Outcomes:
➢ Discuss the basic concepts and applications of the telecommunications.

➢ Identify the history of mobile OS.
➢ Able to know the functions of every mobile generation.
GEEL 1 / Elective 1MT | Living in the Information Technology Era | Generations of Mobile Networks 1

LESSON 9. GENERATIONS OF MOBILE NETWORKS
Learning Activities:
Telecommunications, also known as telecom, is the exchange of information over significant

distances by electronic means, referring to all types of voice, data and video transmission. This is
a broad term that includes a wide range of information-transmitting technologies and
communications infrastructures, such as wired phones; mobile devices, such as cellphones;
microwave communications; fiber optics; satellites; radio and television broadcasting; the internet;
and telegraphs.
A complete, single telecommunications circuit consists of two stations, each equipped with a
transmitter and a receiver. The transmitter and receiver at any station may be combined into a
single device called a transceiver. The medium of signal transmission can be via electrical wire or
cable also known as copper optical fiber, electromagnetic fields or light. The free space
transmission and reception of data by means of electromagnetic fields is called wireless
communications.
Types of Telecommunications Networks
The simplest form of telecommunications takes place between two stations, but it is common for
multiple transmitting and receiving stations to exchange data among themselves. Such an
arrangement is called a telecom network. The internet is the largest example of a
telecommunications network. On a smaller scale, examples include the following:
• corporate and academic wide area networks (WANs)

• telephone networks
• cellular networks
• police and fire communications systems
• taxi dispatch networks
• groups of amateur (ham) radio operators
• broadcast networks
Data is transmitted in a telecommunications circuit by means of an electrical signal called the

carrier or the carrier wave. In order for a carrier to convey information, some form of modulation
is required. The mode of modulation can broadly be categorized as either analog or digital.

In analog modulation, some aspect of the carrier is varied in a continuous fashion. The oldest form
of analog modulation is amplitude modulation (AM), which is still used in radio broadcasting at
some frequencies. Digital modulation actually predates AM; the earliest form was Morse code.
Modern telecommunications use internet protocols to carry data across underlying physical
transmissions.
Telecommunications Industry and Service Providers
Telecommunications systems are generally run by telecommunications service providers, also

known as communications service providers. These providers historically offered telephone and
related services and now offer a variety of internet and WAN services, as well as metropolitan area
network (MAN) and global services.
In many countries, telecom service providers were primarily government-owned and operated. But
that is no longer the case, and many have been privatized. The International Telecommunication
Union (ITU) is the United Nations (UN) agency that administers telecommunications and
broadcasting regulations, although most countries also have their own government agencies to set
and enforce telecommunications guidelines. In the United States, the Federal Communications
Commission (FCC) is the primary regulatory agency.
There is a large umbrella of companies that provide different types of telecommunications

services, including internet service providers (ISPs), telecom equipment providers, wireless
service providers, radio and television broadcasters, cable companies, satellite television providers
and managed service providers (MSPs).
The three main segments within the telecom industry are manufacturers of telecom equipment,
telecom services and wireless communications. Within these sectors, telecom equipment which
includes customer equipment, such as routers and modems; transmission equipment, such as
transmission lines and wireless semiconductors; and analog or digital public switching equipment
is the largest, and wireless communications is the smallest.
History of Telecommunications
The word telecommunications come from the Greek prefix tele, which means "distant", combined
with the Latin word communicare, which means "to share". Important telecommunication
technologies include the telegraph, telephone, radio, television, videotelephony, satellites, closed
computer networks and the public internet.

• 1876. The first telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell. This early model
required an interpreter, or telegrapher, at both ends. These first telephones were intercom
systems, where two phones were connected directly.
• 1877. The invention of the switchboard exchange telephone system enabled any
combination of two phone lines to connect and talk with each other.
• 1891. Dial telephones were invented, which bypassed the need for an operator on each call.
This made it much quicker and easier to make calls via telephone.
• 1947. The transistor was invented, which led to the development of modern electronics,
such as computers and calculators.
• 1948. Microwaves began to be used to transmit phone signals, in places where phone wires
did not exist.
• 1960. Phones began to transition from mechanical switching to electronic switching, which
enabled features such as voice messaging, speed dialing and caller ID.
• 1984. The Bell System, which provided AT&T with a near-monopoly over
telecommunications services in the U.S., was broken up, opening up space for competition
for other providers.
• 1984. Cellular and personal communications service (PCS) phone use, which offered
mobile communications beyond two-way radio use, was introduced.
• 1990s. Use of the modern internet became widespread.
• 2000s and beyond. The first decade of the 2000s saw mobile phones grow increasingly
sophisticated. By 2012, smartphone usage was widespread.
Generations of Mobile Networks
1G 2G 2.5G
(1981) (1991) (1997)
4G 3G 2.75G
(2010) (2003) (1999)
5G
(2020)

First Generation (1G)
First generation mobile networks were reliant upon analog radio systems which meant that
users could only make phone calls, they couldn’t send or receive text messages. The 1G
network was first introduced in Japan in 1979 before it was rolled out in other countries
such as the USA in 1980. In order to make it work, cell towers were built around the country
which meant that signal coverage could be obtained from greater distances. However, the
network was unreliable and had some security issues. For instance, cell coverage would
often drop, it would experience interference by other radio signals and due to a lack of
encryption, it could easily be hacked. This means that with a few tools, conversations could
be heard and recorded.
➢ First time calling was introduced in mobile systems.

➢ It used analog signals.
➢ It used FDD scheme and typically allocated bandwidth of 25 Mhz.
➢ Coverage area was small.
➢ No roaming support between various operators.
➢ Low sound quality.
➢ Speed: 24 kbps
Second Generation (2G)
The 1G network was not perfect, but it remained until remained until 1991 when it was
replaced with 2G. This new mobile network ran on digital signal, not analog, which vastly
improved its security but also its capacity. On 2G, users could send SMS and MMS
messages (although slowly and often without success) and when GPRS was introduced in
1997, users could receive and send emails on the move.
➢ Shifted from analog to digital.

➢ It supported voice and SMS both.
➢ Supported all 4 sectors of wireless industry namely Digital cellular, Mobile
Data, PCS, WLAN,
➢ Moderate mobile data service.
➢ 2G WLAN provided high data rate & large area coverage.
➢ Speed: 64 kbps.
2.5G came after 2G which used the concept of GPRS. Streaming was also introduced and
mail services too.

Then came 2.75G or EDGE which was faster in providing services then 2.5G. It gave
faster internet speed up to 128kbps and also used edge connection.
Third Generation (3G)
Third generation mobile networks are still in use today, but normally when the superior 4G
signal fails. 3G revolutionized mobile connectivity and the capabilities of cellphones. In
comparison to 2G, 3G was much faster and could transmit greater amounts of data. This
means that users could video call, share files, surf the internet, watch TV online and play
online games on their mobiles for the first time. Under 3G, cellphones where no longer just
about calling and texting, they were the hub of social connectivity.
➢ Internet system was improved.

➢ Better system and capacity.
➢ Offers high speed wireless internet.
➢ Connection used was UMTS and WCMA.
➢ Speed: 2mbps.
Fourth Generation (4G)
The introduction of 4G went one step further than the revolutionary 3G. It’s five times
faster than the 3G network – and can in theory provide speeds of up to 100Mbps. All mobile
models released from 2013 onwards should support this network, which can offer
connectivity for tablets and laptops as well as smartphones. Under 4G, users can experience
better latency (less buffering), higher voice quality, easy access to instant messaging
services and social media, quality streaming and make faster downloads.
➢ IP based protocols.
➢ LTE (Long term evaluation) was mainly for internet.
➢ Vo-LTE (Voice over LTE) is for both voice and internet.
➢ Freedom and flexibility to select any desired service with reasonable QOS.
➢ High usability.
➢ Supports multimedia service at low transmission cost.
➢ HD quality Streaming.
➢ Speed: 100mbps.

Fifth Generation (5G)
The 5G network is widely anticipated by the mobile industry. Many experts claim that the
network will change not just how we use our mobiles, but how we connect our devices to
the internet. The improved speed and capacity of the network will signal new IoT trends,
such as connected cars, smart cities and IoT in the home and office.
➢ Higher data rates

➢ Connectivity will be more fast and secure,
➢ Data Latency will be reduced to a great level.
➢ Massive network capacity.
➢ It is 30 times faster than 4G.
➢ There would be more flexibility in the network.
LTE (Long Term Evolution)
It is a 4G wireless broadband technology developed by the Third Generation Partnership project

(3GPP). LTE provides the highest data rates ever in communication with 100Mbps download
stream and 50-30Mbps of upstream. LTE is mainly based on the TCP/IP model based. It deals
with every type of data voice, video, and messaging traffic. LTE uses the MIMO-OFDM
technology for the transmission and receiving of data.
VOIP (Voice Over Internet Protocol)
With VOIP, analog voice calls are converted into packets of data. The packets travel like any other
type of data, such as e-mail, over the public Internet and or any private Internet Protocol (IP)
Network. Using VoIP service, you can call landline or cellphones.
Put simply; the term refers to making telephone calls over the Internet with, for example, a laptop
or tablet. VoIP is basically a telephone connection over the Internet. The data is sent digitally,
using the Internet Protocol (IP) instead of analog telephone lines.
VOWi-Fi (Voice Over Wi-Fi)
VoWi-Fi or Voice over Wi-Fi calling is basically making calls using a Wi-Fi connection. In simple
terms, the feature will allow you to make normal calls using Wi-Fi when you are in place with low
or no network signals.

VoLTE (Voice Over Long-Term Evolution)
It’s a technology that lets you make voice calls over the LTE network, rather than 2G and 3G
networks which we normally use. VoLTE is an improved, more refined version of 4G LTE.
It is an LTE high speed wireless communication standard for mobile phones and data terminal,
including Internet of Things (IoT) devices and wearables.
The disadvantage with 4G LTE is that when you’re travelling to remote places, you will not be
able to make calls since there will be no 2G/3G network to fallback to.
Mobile Operating System
What is a Mobile Operating System (Mobile OS)?
Much like the Linux or Windows operating system controls your desktop or laptop computer, a
mobile operating system is the software platform on top of which other programs can run on mobile
devices. The operating system is responsible for determining the functions and features available
on your device, such as thumb wheel, keyboards, WAP, synchronization with applications, email,
text messaging and more. The mobile OS will also determine which third-party applications
(mobile apps) can be used on your device.
Mobile Operating Systems
1. Android OS (Google Inc.)
The Android mobile operating system is Google's open and free software stack that includes
an operating system, middleware, and key applications for use on mobile devices, including
smartphones. Updates for the open-source Android mobile operating system have been
developed under "dessert-inspired" version names (Cupcake, Donut, Eclair, Gingerbread,
Honeycomb, Ice Cream Sandwich) with each new version arriving in alphabetical order with
new enhancements and improvements.

2. Bada (Samsung Electronics)
Bada is a proprietary Samsung mobile OS that was first launched in 2010. The Samsung Wave
was the first smartphone to use this mobile OS. Bada provides mobile features such as
multipoint-touch, 3D graphics and of course, application downloads and installation.
3. BlackBerry OS (Research in Motion)
The BlackBerry OS is a proprietary mobile operating system developed by Research in Motion

for use on the company’s popular BlackBerry handheld devices. The BlackBerry platform is
popular with corporate users as it offers synchronization with Microsoft Exchange, Lotus
Domino, Novell GroupWise email and other business software, when used with the
BlackBerry Enterprise Server.
4. iPhone OS / iOS (Apple)
Apple's iPhone OS was originally developed for use on its iPhone devices. Now, the mobile
operating system is referred to as iOS and is supported on a number of Apple devices including
the iPhone, iPad, iPad 2 and iPod Touch. The iOS mobile operating system is available only
on Apple's own manufactured devices as the company does not license the OS for third-party
hardware. Apple iOS is derived from Apple's Mac OS X operating system.
5. MeeGo OS (Nokia and Intel)
A joint open-source mobile operating system which is the result of merging two products based
on open-source technologies: Maemo (Nokia) and Moblin (Intel). MeeGo is a mobile OS
designed to work on a number of devices including smartphones, netbooks, tablets, in-vehicle
information systems and various devices using Intel Atom and ARMv7 architectures.
6. Palm OS (Garnet OS)
The Palm OS is a proprietary mobile operating system (PDA operating system) that was
originally released in 1996 on the Pilot 1000 handheld. Newer versions of the Palm OS have
added support for expansion ports, new processors, external memory cards, improved security
and support for ARM processors and smartphones. Palm OS 5 was extended to provide support
for a broad range of screen resolutions, wireless connections and enhanced multimedia
capabilities and is called Garnet OS.

7. Symbian OS (Nokia)
Symbian is a mobile operating system (OS) targeted at mobile phones that offers a high-level
of integration with communication and personal information management (PIM) functionality.
Symbian OS combines middleware with wireless communications through an integrated
mailbox and the integration of Java and PIM functionality (agenda and contacts). Nokia has
made the Symbian platform available under an alternative, open and direct model, to work
with some OEMs and the small community of platform development collaborators. Nokia does
not maintain Symbian as an open-source development project.
8. webOS (Palm/HP)
WebOS is a mobile operating system that runs on the Linux kernel. WebOS was initially
developed by Palm as the successor to its Palm OS mobile operating system. It is a proprietary
Mobile OS which was eventually acquired by HP and now referred to as webOS (lower-case
w) in HP literature. HP uses webOS in a number of devices including several smartphones and
HP TouchPads. HP has pushed its webOS into the enterprise mobile market by focusing on
improving security features and management with the release of webOS 3.x. HP has also
announced plans for a version of webOS to run within the Microsoft Windows operating
system and to be installed on all HP desktop and notebook computers in 2012.
9. Windows Mobile (Windows Phone)
Windows Mobile is Microsoft's mobile operating system used in smartphones and mobile
devices – with or without touchscreens. The Mobile OS is based on the Windows CE 5.2
kernel. In 2010 Microsoft announced a new smartphone platform called Windows Phone 7.

Reference/s:
➢ https://www.cadsourcing.com/what-is-telecommunication/
➢ https://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/telecommunications-telecom
➢ https://justaskthales.com/us/generations-mobile-networks-explained/
➢ https://www.webopedia.com/DidYouKnow/Hardware_Software/mobile-operating-
systems-mobile-os-explained.html
Prepared by:
IT INSTRUCTORS

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UNIVERSITY OF CAGAYAN VALLEY

Tuguegarao City, Cagayan, Philippines

COLLEGE FRESHMEN PROGRAM

MODULE IN LIVING IN IT ERA

Course Code: GEEL 1 / Elective 1MT

At the end of this module, students are expected to:

➢ Describe the evolution of mobile communication leading to the introduction of 5G.

➢ Demonstrate the evolution of mobile generations.

➢ Discuss the basic concepts and applications of the telecommunications.

COLLEGE FRESHMEN PROGRAM

LESSON 9. GENERATIONS OF MOBILE NETWORKS

Telecommunications, also known as telecom, is the exchange of information over significant

Types of Telecommunications Networks

• corporate and academic wide area networks (WANs)

Data is transmitted in a telecommunications circuit by means of an electrical signal called the

COLLEGE FRESHMEN PROGRAM

Telecommunications Industry and Service Providers

Telecommunications systems are generally run by telecommunications service providers, also

There is a large umbrella of companies that provide different types of telecommunications

COLLEGE FRESHMEN PROGRAM

Generations of Mobile Networks

COLLEGE FRESHMEN PROGRAM

First Generation (1G)

➢ First time calling was introduced in mobile systems.

Second Generation (2G)

➢ Shifted from analog to digital.

COLLEGE FRESHMEN PROGRAM

Third Generation (3G)

➢ Internet system was improved.

Fourth Generation (4G)

COLLEGE FRESHMEN PROGRAM

Fifth Generation (5G)

➢ Higher data rates

LTE (Long Term Evolution)

It is a 4G wireless broadband technology developed by the Third Generation Partnership project

VOIP (Voice Over Internet Protocol)

VOWi-Fi (Voice Over Wi-Fi)

COLLEGE FRESHMEN PROGRAM

VoLTE (Voice Over Long-Term Evolution)

Mobile Operating System

What is a Mobile Operating System (Mobile OS)?

Mobile Operating Systems

1. Android OS (Google Inc.)

COLLEGE FRESHMEN PROGRAM

2. Bada (Samsung Electronics)

3. BlackBerry OS (Research in Motion)

The BlackBerry OS is a proprietary mobile operating system developed by Research in Motion

4. iPhone OS / iOS (Apple)

5. MeeGo OS (Nokia and Intel)

6. Palm OS (Garnet OS)

COLLEGE FRESHMEN PROGRAM

9. Windows Mobile (Windows Phone)

COLLEGE FRESHMEN PROGRAM

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