10

Mathematics
Quarter 3 – Module 3:
Probability of Union of Events
Mathematics – Grade 10
Quarter 3 – Module 3: Probability of Union of Events
First Edition, 2021

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Published by the Department of Education

Development Team of the Module

Writers: Mark Angelo S. Brizo and Edelyn Mae S. Rentuaya
Editor:
Reviewer: Jason E. Thompson
Illustrators: Mark Angelo S. Brizo and Edelyn Mae S. Rentuaya
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Josephine L. Fadul – Schools Division Superintendent
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E-mail Address: regionxi@deped.gov.ph * lrms.regionxi@deped.gov.ph
 10

Mathematics
Quarter 3 – Module 3:
Probability of Union of Events
Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear
learners, can continue your studies and learn while at home.
Activities, questions, directions, exercises, and discussions are
carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.
Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide
you step-by-step as you discover and understand the lesson
prepared for you.
Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons
in each SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on
completing this module or if you need to ask your facilitator or
your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of the lesson.
At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to
self-check your learning. Answer keys are provided for each
activity and test. We trust that you will be honest in using these.
In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher
are also provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and
reminders on how they can best help you on your home-based
learning.
Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks
on any part of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in
answering the exercises and tests. And read the instructions
carefully before performing each task.
If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in
answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult
your teacher or facilitator.
Thank you.

i
 Let Us Learn!

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to
help you master the concepts on union and intersection of events as well as
the probability of the union of two events.

This module has two lessons:

 Lesson 1- Union and Intersection of Events

 Lesson 2 - Probability of Simple and Union of Two Events

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1.1 Define experiment, event, union of events and intersection of events.

1.2 Illustrate events, and union and intersection of events (M10SP-IIIf-1).

1.3 Solve word problems involving union of events and intersection of

events using the Venn Diagram.

1.4 Illustrate the probability of union of two events (M10SP-IIIg-1).

1
Lesson UNION AND
1 INTERSECTION OF
EVENTS
Let Us Try!

Choose the letter that best correspond to each question.

1. Which of the following is NOT an example of an experiment?

A. Jenny rolls two dice

B. Selecting a colored ball

C. Selecting a card from a deck of cards

D. Getting a head or tail after tossing a coin

2. When you roll a die, what is the cardinality of the sample space?

A. 2 B. 4 C. 6 D. 8

3. Which of the following is an example of an event?

A. Tossing a coin three times

B. Choosing a month in a year

C. Landing on a one dot-faced side of a die

D. Rolling two dice at the same time

4. The union of two events A and B is a set whose elements are the elements
found in A or in B or in both A and B. Based on the Venn diagram below, what
is the union of event A and event B?

Given: Event A = {a, e, i, o} & Event B = {e, o, u}

A. AՍB = { o, e }

B. AՍB = { a, i, u }

C. AՍB = { a, e, i ,o, u }

D. AՍB = { a, e, e, i, o, u }

2
5. The intersection of two events A and B means the set of elements found
both in A and B. Based on the Venn diagram in Question #4, what is the
intersection of event A and event B?

A. A∩B={ø} C. A∩B = { a, i, u }

B. A∩B = { o, e } D. A∩B = { a, e, i, o, u }

Let Us Study!

Activities such as tossing a coin, or rolling a die are called experiments.

These could be repeated over and over again which have well defined results.
While an event is one or more outcome of an experiment. Example of which is
when tossing a coin, “getting a head or tail” is a possible event.

The union of events is the collection of all outcomes that are

elements of one or the other sets. It corresponds to combining descriptions
using the word “or” and symbolized by “∪”.

The intersection of events is the collection of all outcomes that are

elements common to the sets. It corresponds to combining descriptions using
the word “and” and symbolized by “∩”.

A Venn diagram is a diagram that shows the relationship between

and among a finite collection of sets. If we have two or more sets, we can use
it to show the logical relationship among these sets as well as
the cardinality of those sets.

The cardinality of a set is a measure of a set's size, meaning the

number of elements in the set. The cardinality of a set is denoted by vertical
bars, like absolute value signs. For instance, for a set A, its cardinality is
denoted by n (A). Example: For a finite set A = {2, 3, 4}, the cardinality is n(A)
= 3. On the other hand, for infinite set E = {2, 4, 6, …}, the cardinality is n(E)
= ∞.

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES

EXAMPLE 1. Suppose you spin a roulette that contains the numbers

1-8. Let A = be the event of landing in an odd number less than or equal to 7
and B = be the event of landing in an odd number greater than or equal to 5 .
Determine the (a) union and (b) intersection of events.

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SOLUTION:

Experiment - Spinning a roulette

Sample Space (S) = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 } → n(S) = 8

Possible Outcomes = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8

Event Outcomes Cardinality

A 1, 3, 5, 7 n(A) = 4 elements

B 5, 7 n(B) = 2 elements

Answers:

(a) union of events

(Hint: combine the
AՍB = {1, 3, 5, 7} elements/ outcomes
of both events without
n( A Ս B) = 5 elements
repetition)

(b) intersection of events

A ∩ B = { 5, 7 } (Hint: look for

elements/ outcomes
n(A ∩ B) = 2 elements common to both
events)

EXAMPLE 2. SOCMED EVENTS

The social media engagement survey of Grade 10 Tagumeño students

are shown in the Venn diagram below.

Social Media Engagement of Grade 10 Tagumeño Students

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Let, F = be the event that students are engaged in Facebook

I = be the event that students are engaged in Instagram

Y = be the event that students are engaged in Youtube

A = be the event that students are not engaged in Facebook

or Instagram or Youtube

B = be the event that students are engaged in Youtube and in Instagram

but not in Facebook

C= be event that students are engaged in Facebook and in Youtube

but never in Instagram

SOLUTION:

Sample Space (S) = { 20 students engaged in Facebook only,

3 students engaged in Facebook and Youtube,
2 students engaged in Facebook and Youtube
and Instagram,
8 students engaged in Facebook and Instagram,
5 Students engaged in Instagram only,
1 student engaged in Instagram and Youtube,
4 students engaged in Youtube only,
7 students not engaged in Facebook or Youtube
and Instagram }

Cardinality n(S) = 50

Possible Outcomes = 20 + 3 + 2 + 8 + 5 + 1 + 4 + 7

Event Outcomes Cardinality

F 20 + 3 + 2 + 8 n(F) = 33

I 5+1+2+8 n(I) = 16

Y 4+1+2+3 n(Y) = 10

A 7 n(A) = 7

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Answer the following questions and show its Venn diagram.

QUESTION #1:
n(S) = 20+3+2+8+
How many Grade 10 4+1+5+7 = 50
Tagumeño students
involved in the social
media engagement We simply add all
survey? eight numbers found
in the Venn diagram’s
ANSWER: 50 students regions.

Note: Those students who are engaged in more than one

of any of the social media, we count them AS ONE
becuase they are referred to the same student.

QUESTION #2: n(F Ս Y) = 20+3+8+

2+4+1= 38
How many students
participate in Facebook We always use the word
or Youtube “or” in the inclusive
engagements? sense. So it means
students who participate
in Facebook, or in
ANSWER: 38 students Youtube, or in both.

QUESTION #3: n(B) = 1

How many student/s Look at the element/s

engage in Youtube and that is/ are found in the
Instagram but not in intersection but not in
Facebook? the event Facebook.
Observed that only 1
student satisfy what we
ANSWER: 1 student are looking for.

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 QUESTION #4: n(C) = 1

How many student/s Look for the element/s

engage both in that is/ are found in the
Facebook or Youtube union but not in the
but never in event Instagram.
Instagram? Observed that there are
27 students satisfy what
ANSWER: 27 students we are looking for (that is
20 + 3 + 4 = 27).

Let Us Practice!

Now, let’s try what you have learned. Are you ready? If you say YES,
then brace yourself and bring it on.

Solve what is asked. Use the examples in “Illustrative Examples” as

references to solve the activities below.

1. Determine the (a) union and (b) intersection of events of the following sets
of social media founders. Fill in each blank spaces.

Event A Event B

{Zuckerberg, Anderson, {Hoffman, Systrom,

Hurley, Dorsey, Systrom} Anderson, Silbermann,
Hurley, Karp}

SOLUTION:

Event (A) = { (a)___________ } ⇒ 5 possible outcomes ⇒ n(A) = (b)______

Event (B) = { (c)___________} ⇒ 6 possible outcomes ⇒ n(B) = (d)______
Answers:

(i) union of events

( A Ս B ) = { (e)__________}
n( A Ս B )= { (f)__________}
(Hint: combine the
elements of both sets
without repeating the
elements)

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(ii) intersection of events

( A ∩ B ) = { (g)______ } (Hint: look for

elements common to
n( A ∩ B ) = { (h)______ } both sets)

2. Answer the following questions using the

Venn Diagram of the number of followers of MVP
Volleyball Superstars on Instagram. Do the
TASKS. Fill in the blanks. Show your solution if
necessary.

TASK #1:

(a) List down the Sample Space (S) = {_____________________________}

(b) The Cardinality of the Sample Space (S) = n(S) = _________

TASK #2: Make a Venn diagram showing each result of the Questions #1-4.
Shade the Venn diagram properly and neatly. Use the Rubric below as guide
for shading.

Score 3 2 1
-complete and -incomplete
-diagram is
correct shading shading of
Descriptors shown but no
of regions in the regions in the
shade
Venn diagram Venn diagram

QUESTION #1: QUESTION #2:

How many people do not How many followers are

follow the three MVP there for MVP A or MVP B?
Volleyball Superstars on
Instagram?

ANSWER: __________ ANSWER: __________

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 QUESTION #3: QUESTION #3:

How many followers are How many followers are

there for MVP B and MVP C there for MVP A or MVP B
but not of MVP A? but not of MVP C?

ANSWER: __________ ANSWER: __________

Let Us Practice More!

Job well done for reaching this far. Let us continue rolling!

A CONVO WITH MATH WIZ FRIENDS

TRIVIA: “What is the best time to post on social media which can
lead to more likes, comments, shares, and click-throughs?”

For you to find out the answer of the given trivia, solve first the
problems in all conversations. Arrange the final answers to ascending order
to determine the best time (in pm) to post on social media. (Use another sheet
of paper for your answer).

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My friends who have
What do you think is the
Facebook account are
sum of A Ս B?
Archimedes, Isaac Newton,
Albert Einstein and
Pythagoras. And my
business friends who have
IG account are Leonard
Euler, Pythagoras and
Pascal. Who among them
have both social media
accounts?
(3) My answer is _________.

(1)
Do you still have
questions?
How many letters does his
name have?
Yes.
(2)

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 Professor Einstein toss a coin
Given: X = {2, 5, 7, 9, 12}
ten times and got the
following results (H=head, Y = {1, 3, 4, 8, 9, 13}
T=tail), H T T T H T H H T H. Can you find X ∩ Y for me?
He did another trial and got T
H H T T T T H H T. He asked
us how many times he got (5) Yes, my answer is
tails on both trials, could you ______________________.
help me?

(4) Answer is ____________.

Thanks for helping me.

Welcome.

Now, COMPLETE THE STATEMENTS (based your answers on the

previous conversation)

The ascending order of the answers: _____, _____, _____, _____

Therefore, the best time to post on social media which can lead to
more likes, comments, shares, and click-throughs is
from_________ to ________.

11
 Let Us Remember!

Now, let us make generalization of what you have learned.

 An (1) is a one or more outcome of an experiment.

While, activities such as tossing a coin, or rolling a die are called
(2) .

 (3) of events is the collection of all outcomes that

are elements of one or the other sets. It corresponds to
combining descriptions using the word “or” and symbolized by
“∪”.

 The (4) of events is the collection of all

outcomes that are elements belong or common to the sets. It
corresponds to combining descriptions using the word “and”
and symbolized by “∩”.

 A (5) is a diagram that shows the

relationship between and among a finite collection of sets.

Let Us Assess!

Congratulations, we are about to finish our module! This time, I’d like
you test yourself to measure how much you have learned.

Read and understand the problem. Answer the guide questions found
after the figure. Show your solution.

Problem: The Grade 10 students specializing in agriculture were

successful in growing vegetable seedlings shown in the Venn diagram below.

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Guide Questions:

1. How many seedlings of vegetables were successfully grown by the Grade

10 students? ________________________________

2. How many seedlings of Pechay or Eggplant were successfully grown by the

students?__________________________________

3. How many seedlings of Okra and Eggplant but not of Pechay were
successfully grown by the students? _________________________________

4. How many seedlings of Pechay and Okra and Eggplant were successfully
grown by the students? _____________________________

5. How many seedlings of Pechay or Okra or Eggplant were successfully

grown by the students? _____________________________

Let Us Enhance!

Tasks: Construct a Venn diagram showing the results of Questions

#1-4 in “Let Us Assess” part.

Example:
(The shaded part correspond to
the answer to each question.)

Let us Reflect!

Let us always remember that union of events mean the result has to
meet either one of the conditions or, both at the same time without repetition.
Otherwise, double counting of the same element happen. On the other hand,
intersection of events mean the result has to meet both the conditions at the
same time. In life, we can choose to compromise both beneficial to each one
affected by the decision-making so as to avoid conflict.

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Lesson
PROBABILITY OF SIMPLE
2 AND UNION OF TWO EVENTS

Let Us Try!

Hello! I hope you are having a good day. Before proceeding to our lesson,
try to read, comprehend and answer the pre-test activity.

Write the letter of your answer that best correspond to each number.

1. What is the probability of getting an odd number when rolling a dice?

A. 0.25 B. 0.33 C. 0.50 D. 1

2. When a roulette wheel on the right is spun, what is

the probability of the spin that results in an even
number or less than 4?

1 3 3 5
A. B. C. D.
2 4 8 8

3. A box contains 2 purple balls, 3 blue balls, and 4 yellow balls. If you are to
pick a ball at random from the box, what is the probability that a ball picked
is a purple ball?

A. 0.22 B. 0.25 C. 0.33 D. 0.50

4. What is the probability of getting a prime number from numbers 1-10?

1 2 3 4
A. B. C. C.
5 5 5 5

5. Find the probability of getting a sum of three when two dice are rolled.

1 3 5 7
A. B. C. D.
18 18 18 18

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 Let Us Study!

Probability deals with a particular outcome is likely to happen.

There are two important notes to remember about the properties of

probability:

 First, the probability will lie between 0 and 1.

 Second, the sum of the probabilities of all possibilities must

equal 1 or 100%.

 P ( E cannot occur ) = 0

 P ( E is certain to occur ) = 1

Types of Probability:

(1) Theoretical Probability - need not an experiment

(2) Experimental Probability - engage in an experiment or trials

Terms related to Probability:

Experiment series of activities which Examples:

could be repeated over and
1. flipping a coin
over again and which have
well-defined results 2. rolling a die

3. drawing a card

Events single outcome of an Examples:

experiment
1. getting a tail after flipping a
coin once

1. landing on a six-dot face after

rolling a die

3. drawing an ace from a deck

of card

Outcomes result of an experiment Examples:

1. T (Tail) is a possible outcome

when coin is flipped

2. six-dot face is a possible

15
 outcome when rolling a die

3. Heart (H) is a possible

outcome when drawing from a
deck of card

Sample set of all outcomes in an Example:

Space experiment
1. When flipping a coin, Sample
Space (S) = {H,T};

2. When rolling a die, Sample

Space (S) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6};

3. When drawing a heart from a

standard deck of cards, Sample
Space (S) = {Ace, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
8, 9, 10, Jack, Queen, King}

Simple events are the events where one experiment happens at a time
where all possible outcomes are equally likely to occur.

Example: When you toss a coin, there are two possible outcomes –
head or tail, and the probability of head or tail is equal.

The probability of simple events is denoted by P(E) where E is the event.

In solving, we can use this formula:

number of ways an event (E ) can happen

P(E) =
total number of outcomes

Compound Events - an event that has two or more possible outcomes

consisting of two or more simple events.

Example: “getting a sum of 7” when two dice are rolled

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 Complement of an event, P(E’), is the set of all outcomes that are not
in the given event. Thus, P(E’) = 1 - P(E)

If two events have no outcomes in common, the probability that one or

the other occurs is the sum of their individual probabilities. This is called the
probability of the union of two events and sometimes referred to as the
addition rule which can be simplified with the following:

P(A Ս B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A ∩ B)

Remember!

The word “or” means the outcome has to meet either one of the
conditions, or both at the same time. Also, it means the same thing as union,
with its symbol ( Ս ).

The word “and” means the outcome has to meet both conditions at the
same time. Also, it means the same thing as an “intersection”, with its symbol
( ∩ ).

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES:
EXAMPLE #1.
THE GAME OF CHANCE

Using the values of the famous game, Deal or No Deal, determine the
probability of the following cases (A-C):

Imagine each briefcase contain the following

money values to be chosen by the player of deal or
no deal game:

1 5 10 25 50 75

100 150 200 300 400 500

750 1000 2500 5000 10, 000 25, 000

50, 000 100, 000 200, 000 300, 000 400, 000 500, 000

1, 000, 000 2, 000, 000

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Get Ready! Let’s Start the GAME...

{ 1, 5, 10, 25, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 750,
1000, 2500, 5000, 10 000, 25 000, 50 000, 100 000,
Sample Space (S)
200 000, 300 000, 400 000, 500 000, 1 000 000, 2 000
000 }
Cardinality of
n(S) = 26
Sample Space

A. What is the
probability that the
case the player chose
contains Php
2,000,000?

1
Answer: or 0.03846
26

Given Terms Descriptions Cardinality

the case the player chose

contains Php 2, 000, 000
Event (E) n(E) = 1
(Since, only 1 briefcase contains a
2,000,000)

Total number of (Since, there are are 26

n(S) = 26
outcomes (S) briefcases)

Solution:

number of ways an event (E) can happen

Pr obability of an event (E) =
total number of outcomes

n (E ) 1
P(E) = P(contain Php 2,000,000) = = = 0.0385 or 3.85%
n (S ) 26

18
 B. What is the
probability that the
player’s case contains
an amount greater
than or equal to Php
50,000?
8
Answer: or 0.30769
26

Given Terms Descriptions Cardinality

the player’s case contains an
amount greater than or equal to
event(E) Php 50, 000 n(E) = 8
(Count from 50,000 to
2,000,000, there are 8 briefcases)

Total number of (Since, there are are 26

n(S) = 26
outcomes (S) briefcases)

Solution:

number of ways an event (E) can happen

Pr obability of an event (E) =
total number of outcomes

n (E ) 8
P(E) = P(contains ≥ 50, 000 ) = = = 0.3077 or 30.77%
n (S ) 26

C. What is the
probability that the
case the player chose
does not contain Php
2,000,000 or Php
1,000,000?

12
Answer: or 0.92308
13

19
 Given Terms Descriptions Cardinality
the case the player chose
event(A) n(E) = 1
contains Php 2, 000, 000

the player’s case contains an

event(B) n(E) = 1
amount ≥ Php 50, 000

Total number of (Since, there are are 26

n(S) = 26
outcomes (S) briefcases)

This case deals with Complement of an Event. Why? Because we are

looking for the probability that the case the player chose DOES NOT contain
Php 2,000,000 or Php 1,000,000.

Solution:
P(E’) = 1 - P (A Ս B)
1 1 2 26 2 24 12
P(E’) = 1 - ( + ) = 1 -( ) = = = = 0.9231 or 92.31%
26 26 26 26 26 13

EXAMPLE #2.

Marra puts 50 marbles in a tambiolo in which 17 are pink, 22 are

purple, and 11 are green. If Marra picks one marble at random, what is the
probability that she selects a pink or a purple? ⇒(This question deals with
the word ”or” as in “union” of events)

Given n(E )
Descriptions Cardinality Probability ( )
Terms n(S)

{ 17 pinks, 22
Sample
purple, 11, n(S) = 50
Space (S)
green }

17
Event (A) ⇒pink marbles n(A) = n(pink) = 17 P(A) = P(pink) =
50

22
Event (B) ⇒purple marbles n(B) = n(purple) = 22 P(B) = P(purple) =
50

20
Solution:

P(A Ս B) = P(A) + P(B)

17 22 39
P(pink or purple) = + = = 0.78 or 78%
50 50 50

EXAMPLE #3.

There are 30 chips in a box where numbered with 1-30, if you are to
pick randomly one chip, what is the probability the the chip you pick is

(a) 10 or 30?

(b) an odd number or a number divisible by 5?

(c) an even number or a number less than 15?

Sample Space (S) = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17,
18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30 }

Cardinality n(S) = 30

Solution for (a) :

Given n(E )
Descriptions Cardinality Probability ( )
Terms n(S)

⇒the chip pick 1

Event (A) n(A) = n(10) = 1 P(A) = P(10) =
has number 10 30

⇒the chip pick 1

Event (B) n(B) = n(30) = 1 P(B) = P(30) =
has number 30 30

P(A Ս B) = P(A) + P(B)

1 1 2 1
P(pink or purple) = + = = = 0.0667 or 6.67%
30 30 30 15

Solution for (b) :

Given n(E )
Descriptions Cardinality Probability ( )
Terms n(S)

Event (A) ⇒an odd number P(A) = P(odd

n(E) = n(odd) =
Outcomes = { 1,3,5,7, 15
15 number) =
9,11,13,15,17,19,21, 30

21
 23, 25,27,29 }

Event (B) ⇒a number divisible

P(B) = P(divisible by
by 5 n(E) = n(divisible
6
Outcomes = { 5,10,15, by 5) = 6 5) =
30
20,25,30 }

Event(A) ⇒Odd numbers

Ս union with numbers
Event(B) divisble by 5
n(odd number Ս P(A Ս B) = P(odd
Outcomes = { 1,3,5,7, divisible by 5) = number Ս divisible
9,10,11,13,15,17,19, 18 18
20, 21,23, 25,27, 29, by 5) =
30
30 }

(To write the union of

elements, list down all
the elements of all the
events)

Event(A) ⇒Odd numbers

∩ intersection with
Event(B) numbers divisble by 5
n(odd number ∩ P(A ∩ B) = P(odd
Outcomes { 5, 15, 25 } divisible by 5) = 3 number ∩ divisible
=3 3
by 5) =
30
(To write the
intersection of
elements, list down
only the elements
common to both
events)

Observed that there are elements in event(A) which are also elements of
event(B). Thus we need to subtract those elements (as intersection of
elements) to avoid double counting.

So we use the formula,

P(A Ս B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A ∩ B)

P(odd or divisble by 5) = P(odd) + P(divisible by 5) - P(odd ∩ divisible by 5)

22
 15 6 18 3
P(A ∪B) = +
30 30
- 30
3
= = = 0.60 or 60%
30 5

Simply add and subtract the numerators (15+6-3 = 18),

since they have the same denominators. Then, simplify
18 6 3
(use GCF=15), ÷ = .
30 6 5
Solution for (c) :

Given n(E )
Descriptions Cardinality Probability ( )
Terms n(S)

Event (A) ⇒even number

P(A) = P(even
Outcomes = { 2,4,6, 8, n(E) = n(even
15
10,12,14,16,18,20, number) = 15 number) =
30
22,24,26,28,30 }

Event (B) ⇒a number less than

15
n(E) = n(≤ 15) = 14
Outcomes = { 1,2,3, P(B) = P(≤ 15) =
14 30
4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,
13,14 }

Event(A) ⇒even numbers

Ս union with numbers
Event(B) less than 15
n(even number Ս P(A Ս B) = P(even
Outcomes = {1,2,3,4, ≤ 15) = 22 22
5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12, number Ս ≤ 15) =
30
13,14,16,18,20,
22,24,26,28,30}

(To write the union of

elements, list down all
the elements of all the
events)

Event(A) ⇒even numbers

∩ intersection with
Event(B) numbers less than 15
n(even number ∩ P(A ∩ B) = P(even
Outcomes = { 2,4,6, 8, ≤ 15) = 7 7
10,12,14 } number ∩ ≤ 15) =
30

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 (To write the
intersection of
elements, list down
only the elements
common to both
events)

Observed that there are elements in event(A) which are also elements of
event(B). Thus we need to subtract those elements (as intersection of
elements) to avoid double counting.

So we use the formula,

P(A Ս B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A ∩ B)

P(even or ≤ 15) = P(even) + P(≤ 15) - P(even ∩ ≤ 15)

15 14 7 22 11
P(A Ս B) = +
30 30
- 30 =
30
=
15
= 0.7333 or 73.33%

Simply add and subtract the numerators (15+14-7 =

22), since they have the same denominators. Then,
22 2 11
simplify (use GCF=2), ÷ = .
30 2 15

Let Us Practice!

Let us keep moving. Are you ready to roll with me? If so, brace yourself
and bring it on.

Answer blank spaces and boxes.

Using the values of the famous game- Deal or No Deal (see “Let Us
Study”), determine the probability of the following cases:

1 5 10 25 50 75

100 150 200 300 400 500

750 1000 2500 5000 10, 000 25, 000

50, 000 100, 000 200, 000 300, 000 400, 000 500, 000

1, 000, 000 2, 000, 000

24
 Solution:
1. What is the
n(E)
probability that the P(E) =
n(S) Number of briefcases
case the player chose
containing a peso /
contains a peso? P(E) = (b)
Number of briefcases

Answer: Or P(E) = (c) or (d) %

(a)______________

Solution:
2. What is the
number of ways an event (E) can happen
probability that the P(E) =
total number of outcomes
player’s case contains
Number of briefcases containing
an amount less than
(b) an amount less than or equal to
or equal to Php P(E) = 50,000/
50,000?
Number of briefcases
Answer: Or P(E) = (c) or (d) %
(a)______________

Solution:
3. What is the
probability that the
case the player chose
does not contain Php = (b)
1,000, Php 5,000 or
Php 10,000? (c)
=
Answer: (d)
=
(a)______________ %

4. When you roll a die, what is the probability that the numbers is an odd
and less than 5?

Solution:

Sample Space (S) = ______ Cardinality = 6

(a)

25
 Given n(E )
Descriptions Cardinality Probability ( )
Terms n(S)

Event (A) ⇒odd number n(A) = n(odd P(A) = P(even

Outcomes = { _______ } number) = _______ number) = ________
(b) (c) (d)

Event (B) ⇒number less than 5

P(B) = P(≤ 5) =______
Outcomes ={ _______ } n(B)= n(≤ 5)=_____
(g)
(e) (f)

Event(A) ⇒odd numbers n(odd number Ս ≤ P(A Ս B) = P(odd

Ս union with numbers 5) = 5 5
number Ս ≤ 5) =
Event(B) less than 5 6
Outcomes ={ _______ }
(h)

Event(A) ⇒odd numbers n(odd number ∩ P(A ∩ B) = P(odd

∩ intersection with ≤ 5) = _______ number ∩ ≤ 5)=____
Event(B) numbers less than 5 (j) (k)
Outcomes = { ______ }
(i)

Observed that there are elements in event(A) which are also elements of
event(B). Thus we need to subtract those elements (as intersection of
elements) to avoid double counting.

So we use the formula,

P(A Ս B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A ∩ B)

P(odd or ≤ 5) = P(odd) + P(≤ 5) - P(odd ∩ ≤ 5)

P(A Ս B) = _______ - 62 = ________ = 0.8333 or _____

(l) (m) (n)

Simply add and subtract the numerators, since they

have the same denominators. Then, simplify if needed.

26
 Let Us Practice More!

Very good! You made it this far. Let us continue rolling!

WHEEL OF TREASURE

Assuming you will be the player of the Wheel of Treasure below,

determine your chances on every possibility below. Write your answer in the
box.

1. What is the probability you land on a 2000 slot?

2. What is the probability of landing on a 7000 or

5000 slot?

3. What is the probability you land on a slot amounting greater than 800?

4. What is the probability of not landing a bokya slot?

27
 Let Us Remember!

Job well done! Now, let us make generalization of what you have
learned.

 (1) deals with a particular outcome that is likely to

happen.

 The word (2) means the outcome has to meet either

one of the conditions, or both at the same time. Also, it means
the same thing as union, with its symbol Ս.

 The word (3) means the outcome has to meet

both conditions at the same time. Also, it means the same thing
as an “intersection”, with its symbol ∩.

 (4) refers to a single outcome of an experiment.

 An (5) is the result of an experiment.

Let Us Assess!

Congratulations, we are about to finish our module! This time, I’d like
you test yourself to measure how much you have learned.

Read and understand the problem. Write your answer in a sheet of paper.

1. If a bag of balloons consist of 6 white balloons, 3 yellow balloons, 5 black

balloons, what is the probability that a balloon chosen randomly from the bag
is a white or yellow balloon on the first draw?

1 4 9 5
A. B. C. D.
3 7 14 31

2. If two dice are rolled, what is the probability of throwing a sum of 7?

A. 15.4% B. 16.67% C. 19.23% D. 25%

3. Of the 20 hospital staff, 12 are Biology degree, 8 are Nursing degree and 3
are both Biology and Nursing degree. What is the probability of selecting a
staff with a Biology or Nursing degree?

A. 0.15 B. 0.40 C. 0.60 D. 0.85

28
4. Assuming to pick one colored ball in a box containing eight colored balls,
what is the probability that the ball chosen is not the primary colors (which
are red, yellow, and blue)?

4 5 6 7
A. B. C. D.
8 8 8 8

5. Outside a facility, 20 patients are lined up for laboratory test with priority
numbers 1-20. If one lucky patient is to be chosen for a free laboratory test
expenses,what is the probability that the chosen patient came from having an
even or among the first 10 priority numbers?

A. 0.25 B. 0.50 C. 0.75 D. 1

6. The probability that Eddie will get the first prize in the contest is 80%.
What is the probability that he will not get the first prize in the contest?

`A. 10% B. 20% C. 30% D. 40%

Let Us Enhance!

Tasks: Solve the problem below. Show your complete solution.

The Grade 10 Section Narra Class is consists of 27 boys and 26 girls.

On a unit test, 7 boys and 12 girls made an A grade. If a student is chosen at
random from the class, what is the probability of choosing a boy or an A
student?

Let us Reflect!

REMEMBER:

Notice how much these two words ( “and” / “or” ) in probabilities differ.
One little word changes the whole problem! In life as well, we must choose the
right and proper word to express so as to avoid misunderstanding and
promotes resolution.

29
 Answer Key to
the Activities

Module 5 - Lesson 1
Topic: Union and Intersection of Events

30
Module 5 - Lesson 2
Topic: Probability of Union of Two Events

31
 References

 Module 5 - Lesson 1 -Topic: Union and Intersection of Events

Book
Source: Melvin M. Callanta et.al., Mathematics - Grade 10 Learner’s Module
First Edition 2015 Pasig City: Department of Education, 2015, page 332

Website Content
Source: “Introduction to Probability”, Provided by Hossein Pishro-Nik,
Accessed January 17, 2021,
https://www.probabilitycourse.com/chapter1/1_2_3_cardinality.php

Source: “The Universal Set”, Provided by Math Goodies, Accessed January 17,
2021, https://www.mathgoodies.com/lessons/sets/universal_set

Source: “Sets sets sets”, Provided by Department of Education, Accessed

January 17, 2021, https://lrmds.deped.gov.ph/pdf-view/450

Blog Entry
Source: “The Best Time to Post on Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and
LinkedIn”, Provided by Shannon Tien and Michael Aynsley, July 15, 2019,
https://blog.hootsuite.com/best-time-to-post-on-facebook-twitter-instagra
m/

 Module 5 - Lesson 2 - Topic: Probability of Union of Two Events

Book
Source: Melvin M. Callanta et.al., Mathematics - Grade 10 Learner’s Module
First Edition 2015 Pasig City: Department of Education, 2015,

Website Content
Source: “Fundamentals of Probability”, Provided by Lumen Candela,
Accessed January 21, 2021,
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-statistics/chapter/what-are
-the-chances/

32
Para sa mga katanungan o puna, sumulat o tumawag sa:

Department of Education – Region XI (DepEd- XI)

F. Torres St., Davao City

Telefax: (082) 291-1665; (082) 221-6147

Email Address: regionxi@deped.gov.ph * lrms.regionxi@deped.gov.ph

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