Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Unit 3
Unit 3
Structure
Objectives
Reading Comprehension
3.1 . I S ~ d Guide
y
3.1.2 Passage for Reading: 'The Nightingale and the Rose', by Oscar Wilde
3.1.3 Note on the Author
3.1.4 Glossary
3.1.5 Comprehension Questions
Vocabulary
Grammar and Usage ,
In this unit our aim is to give you further practice in reading comprehension by (i) giving a
story -'The Nightingale and the Rose' -by Oscar Wilde for you to read and understand
and enjoy, and (ii) giving a glossary of difficult words, and questids on comprehension.
We have also set exercises on the use of the negativeprefixes un-, in-, and im- and some
common phrases used to express comparisons.
The section on grammar and usage will deal with the use of the following tenses:
The past indefinite (or the simple past) tense
The past continuous tense
The present perfect tense
The present perfect continuous tense
For practice in writing you will re-write the story read by you from the point of view of the
two main characters.
After completing this unit you should be able to
read a simple short story and enjoy it;
read it again to understand it better;
read between the lines, that is, find the hidden meanings;
use the prefixes un-, in-, and im- to form words with opposite meanings;
use some of the phrases to describe persons and things through comparisons;
use the past indefinite, the past continuous, the present perfect, and the present perfect
continuous tenses correctly; and
re-write a story from the point of view of different characters.
- READING COMPREHENSION
3.1 -
-
'My roses are yellow,' it answered; 'as yellow as the hair of the mermaid who sits upon a
throne, and yellower than the daffodil that blooms in the meadow before the cutter comes
to cut. But go to my brother who grows beneath the Student's window, and perhaps he
will give you what you want.'
So the Nightingale flew over to the Rose-tree that was growing beneath the Student's
window.
'Give me a red rose,' she cried, 'and I will sing you my sweetest song.'
But the Tree shook its head.
'My roses are red,' it answered, 'as red as the feet of the dove, and redder than the coral
that waves in the ocean. But the winter has chilled my veins, and the frost has killed my
buds, and the storm has broken my branches, and I shall have no roses at all this year.'
'One red rose is all I want,' cried the Nightingale, 'only one red rose! Is there no way by
which I can get it?'
'There is a way,' answered the Tree; 'but it is so temble that I dare not tell it to you.'
'Tell it to me,' said the Nightingale, 'I am not afraid.'
C 'If you want a red rose,'said the Tree, 'you must build it out of music by moonlight, ana
stain it with your own heart's blood. You must sing to me with your breast against a
thorn. All night long you must sing to me, and the thorn must enter your heart, and your
life-blood must flow into my veins, and become mine.'
'Death is a great price to pay for a red rose,' cried the Nightingale, 'and Life is very dear
to all. It is pleasant to sit in the green wood, and to watch the Sun in his chariot of gold,
and the Moon in her chariot of pearl. Yet Love is better than Life, and what is the heart of
a bird compared to the heart of a man?'
So she spread her brown wings for flight, and rose into the air. She swept over the garden
like a shadow, and like a shadow she sailed through the trees.
The young Student was still lying on the grass, where she had left him, and the tears were
not yet dry in his beautiful eyes.
D 'Be happy,' cried the Nightingale, 'be happy; you shall have your red rose. I will build it
out of music by moonlight, and stain it with my own heart's blood. All that I ask of you
in return is that you will be a true lover, for Love is wiser than Philosophy, though he is
wise, and mightier than Power, though he is mighty. Flame-coloured are his wings, and
coloured like flame is his body. His lips are sweet as honey, and his breath is like
frankincense.'
The Student looked up from the grass, and listened, but he could not understand what the
Nightingale was saying to him, for he only knew the things that are written dpwn in
books.
But the Oak-tree understood, and felt sad, for he was very fond of the little Nightingale.
who had built her nest in his branches.
'Sing me one last song,' he whispered; 'I shall feel lonely when you are gone.'
So the Nightingale sang to the Oak-tree, and her voice was like water flowing from a
silver jug.
When she had finished her song, the Student got up, and pulled a note-book and a lead-
pencil out of his pocket.
E 'She has form,' he said to himself, as he walked away through the trees-'that cannot be
denied her; but has she got feeling? I am afraid not. In fact, she is like most artists; she is
all style without any sincerity. She would not sacrifice herself for others. She thinks
merely of music, and everybody knows that the arts are selfish. Still, it must be admitted
that she has some beautiful notes in her voice. What a pity it is that they do not mean
. . .. . .-a. . . A . &. ..
anything, or do any practical good!' And he went into his mom, and lay down on his little
... . - c-,* .~* -
And when the moon shone in the heavens the Nightingale flew to the Rose-tree, and set
her breast against the thorn. All night long she sang, with her breast against the thorn, and
the cold shining Moon leaned down and listened. All night long she sang, and the thorn
went deeper and deeper into her breast, and her life-blood flowed away from her.
She sang first of the birth of love in the heart of a boy and a girl. And on the top branch
of the Rose-tree there blossomed a marvellous rose, petal following petal, as song
followed song. Pale was it at first, as the mist that hangs over the river- pale as the feet
of the morning, and silver as the wings of the dawn. As the shadow of a rose in a mirror
of silver, as the shadow of a rose in a water-pool, so was the rose that blossomed on the
top branch of the Tree.
But the Tree cried to the Nightingale to press closer against the thorn. 'Press closer, little
nightingale,' cried the Tree, 'or the Day will come before the rose is finished.'
F So the Nightingale pressed closer against the thorn, and louder gre* her song, for she
sang of the birth of passion in the soul of a man and a maid.
And a delicate glow of pink came into the leaves of the rose, like the glow in the face of
the bridegroom when he kisses the lips of the bride. But the thorn had not yet reached her
heart, so the rose's heart remained white, for only a Nightingale's heart's-blood can
redden the heart of a rose.
And the Tree cried to the Nightingale to press closer against the thorn. 'Press closer, little
Nightingale,' cried the Tree, 'or the Day will come before the rose is finished.'
So the Nightingale pressed closer against the thorn, and the thorn touched the heart, and a
fierce pain shot through her. Bitter, bitter was the pain, and wilder and wilder grew her
song, for she sang of the Love that is perfected by Death, of the Love that dies not in the
grave.
And the marvellous rose became red, like the rose of the eastern sky. Red were its petals,
and red as a ruby was the heart.
But the Nightingale's voice grew fainter, and her little wings began to beat, and a film
came over her eyes. Fainter and fainter grew her song, and she felt something stopping
her in her throat.
Then she gave one last burst of music. The White Moon heard it and she forgot the dawn,
and stayed on in the sky. The red rose heard it, and it trembled all over with joy, and
opened its petals to the cold morning air. Echo bore it to her purple cave in the Hills, and
woke the sleeping shepherds from their dreams. It floated through the reeds of the river,
and they carried its message to the sea.
'Look, Look!' cried the Tree, 'the rose is finished now', but the Nightingale made no
answer, for she was lying dead in the long grass, with the thorn in her heart.
And at noon the Student opened his window and looked out.
G 'Why, what a wonderful piece of luck,' he cried; 'here is a red rose! I have never seen
any rose like it in all my life. It is so beautiful that I am sure it has a long Latin name';
and he leaned down and cut it.
Then he put on his hat, and ran up to the Professor's house with the rose in his hand.
The daughter of the Professor was sitting in the door-way winding blue silk, and her little
dog was lying at her feet. 'You said that you would dance with me if I brought you a red
rose.' cried the Student. 'Here is the reddest rose in all the world. You will wear it tonight
next to your heart, and as we dance together it will tell you how I love you.'
But the girl frowned.
'I am afraid it will not go with my dress,' she answered; 'and, besides, the Chamberlain's
nephew has sent me some real jewels, and everybody knows that jewels cost far more
than flowers.'
H 'Well, upon my word, you are very ungrateful,' said the Student angrily; and he threw the
rose into the street, where it fell into the dirt, and a cartwheel went over it.
I 'Ungrateful,' said the girl. 'I will tell you what; you are very rude; and, after all, who are
you? Only a student. Why, I don't believe you have even got silver buckles to your shoes
as the Chamberlain's nephew has'; and she got up from her chair and went into the
h,...ns
J 'What a silly thing Love is!' said the Student as he walked away. 'It is not half as useful
as Logic, for it does not prove anything, and it is always telling one of things that are not
going to happen, and making one believe things that are not true. In fact, it is quite
unpractical, and, as in this age to be practical is everything, I shall go back to Philosophy
and study Metaphysics.'
So he returned to his room and pulled out a great dusty book, and began to read.
3.1.4 Glossary
The sections of the story are marked A, B, C, etc,
A oak : a large tree with hard wood, common in northern countries
nightingale : a European thrush, a bird known for its beautiful song at night
wondered : was surprised and wanted to know
philosophy : the study of the nature and meaning of existence, reality, knowledge,
goodness, etc.
wretched : very unhappy
hyacinth : a plant with a head of bell-shaped flowers and a sweet smell
blossom : the flower of a flowering tree or bush
ivory :'a hard white substance, of which elephants' tusks are made
brow : forehead
B ball : a large formal occasion for social dancing
murmured : made a soft sound to speak in a quiet voice
love : a person who is loved
harp : a large musical instrument with strings running from top to bottom of an open
three-cornered frame, played by stroking or plucking the strings with the hand
violin : a four-stringed wooden musical instrument played by drawing a bow across the
strings
gay : bright
daisy : a small flower, yellow in the centre and white round it
sundial : an apparatus which shows the time according to where the shadow of a pointer
falls when the sun shines on it
mermaid : a young woman with the bottom half of her body like a fish's tail
daffodil : a yellow flower of early spring
meadow : a field of grass for animals to eat
dove : a type of pigeon
coral : a white, pink, or reddish stonelike substance formed from the bones of very small
sea animals
veins : tubes that carry blood from any part of the body to the heart
frost : weather at a temperature below the freezing point of water
bud : a young tightly rolled up flower before it opens
C stain : colour
chariot : a two-wheeled horse-drawn seatless vehicle used in ancient times
D frankincense : a sticky substance cbsined from trees and burnt to give a sweet smell
E style : a manner of exFres,ion * . h i d marks out an artist as different from others
sincerity : honesty
practical : concqrned with action rather t h z with ideas
petal : leaflike division of a flower
F passion : strong, deep feeling
ruby : a deep red precides stone
G frowned : drew the eyebrows together to show disapproval
chamberlain : an important official appointed to direct the housekeeping affairs of a king
I buckles : metal fastenefs
J Logic : the science of reasoning by formal methods
Metaphysics : a branch of philosophy concerned with the science of being and knowing
.....................................................................................................................................
b) Why was he feeling 'wretched'?
.....................................................................................................................................
B 2 Why would the student's heart break?
.........................................................................................................................................
3 The Nightingale called the Student a 'true lover'. Why?
.........................................................................................................................................
C 4 How could the Nightingale get a red rose?
.........................................................................................................................................
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E 7 a) How did the Student describe the Nightingale's singing?
,
.....................................................................................................................................
b) Did she lack feelings?
.....................................................................................................................................
F 8 What did the Nightingale sing of as the thorn entered her heart?
.........................................................................................................................................
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9 What happened to the Nightingale as the rose became red?
.........................................................................................................................................
G 10 What was 'a wonderful piece of luck' for the Student?
.........................................................................................................................................
11 What had the Chamberlain's nephew sent to the Professor's daughter?
.........................................................................................................................................
I,
!
.L'
12 Why did she decide to wear the jewels and not the red rose? Give two reasons.
H 13 What happened to the rose which the Student had brought for the Professor's
daughter?
2 The Nightingale wanted to prove that love was immortal. Did she succeed in
doing so?
...............................................................................................................................
3 Consult your dictionary and find out the meaning of 'irony'. Find an example of
this in the story.
4 Use suitable words to describe the Nightingale and the Student as they appear at
the end of the story:
a) romantic
b) tragic
C) pathetic
d) wasteful
e) practical
3.2 VOCABULARY
Have you noticed that sometimes prefixes are put in front of words to convey the idea of
negation?
Examples
grateful ungrateful
adequate inadequate
modest immodest
Exercise 2
Replace the italicized words with other suitable words beginning with un-, in- or im-.
Example
Man is mortal but a great work of art is not mortal.
Man is mortal but a great work of art is immortal.
1 The Student was not happy, because he could not find a red rose.
................................................................................
2 The figures about literate men and women in this village are not accurate.
................................................................................
3 You are speaking so softly h a t you are not audible.
Examples
as red as the rose
sweet as honey
..............................................................................................................................................
b) Now match the items under A below with those under B and make phrases.
Example
as ugly as sin
A B
as ugly as coal
as cool as cl~cumber
as hard as nails
as black as sin
as pretty as a picture
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3.3 GRAMMAR AND USAGE
The incidents narrated in the story (Section 3.1.2) took place some time in the past. We use
different tenses to indicate past events.
hit -hit
shut -shut;
c) that with most verbs we indicate negation or interrogation by using did as a
helping verb. The point to remember is that with did we use the simple present form of the
main verb.
Examples
The Student did not dance with the girl.
Did the Nightingale sacrifice her life in vain?
Examples
The butterfly was running after a sunbeam.
The Student was still lying on the grass where the Nightingale had left him.
2 The fanners have been ploughing their fields for some time now. (The action began in
the past and is still continuing.)
Sometimes the present perfect continuous is also used for an action that has just finished
after it has continued for some time.
Example
I am very tired. I have been playing cricket.
Exercise 5
Use the correct forms of the verbs given in brackets :
A famous Irish banister, who. .......... (be) a very witty person, .......... (appear), .
before a judge who. ..............(not like) him and. .............(not try) to hide the
fact.
While the barrister. ............ (argue) his case, the judge. ............. (not seem) to
be paying any attention to him. He. .............(pat) his huge dog, which .............
(sit) beside him, and ............... (say) something to it. The barrister. .............
(stop) and ............. .(look) at the judge and the dog. "Go on,". ............(say)
the judge.
"I beg your pardon,". ............ .(answer) the banister, "I. ............ .(think) your
lordship .............. (be) in consultation."
Exercise 6
Put the verbs given in brackets in the present perfect or the present perfect continuous tense:
1) I not (see) a film since December. ............................
2) Which book you (read) since this morning?. ...........................
3) I (try) to swim for years but I not (succeed) yet. ...........................
4) The judge (examine) three witnesses since morning. ...........................
5) The servant (wait) for an hour now. Your mother not (give) him any work yet.
.............................
6) I (read) this essay five times but I can't understand it. ............................
7) The old man (sleep) in the garden all day. ...........................
8) You (eat) four ice creams already. ...........................
9) What you (do) since I saw you last?. ...........................
10) The lions in the zoo (roar) for a quarter of an hour; they will soon be given food.
Exercise 7
Fill in the blanks with the present perfect or the present perfect continuous forms of the
verbs given in brackets. The first two have been done for you.
Dr. Singh's class does not seem to be getting anywhere at all today. The students have been
working (work) at different things since 9 o'clock but none of them has finished (finish) his
work. Dr. Singh asked Sheela to write a poem for the college magazine but
she....................(just/write) the title of the poem. Abid.................... (paint) a picture for a
long time; nobody knows what it is because he ....................(not do) even half of it. Murali
....................(write) an essay about the college since the morning but he ........................
(complete) only the first paragraph. Vasudevan and Gurucharan .................... (work) on the
science project for three hours but .................... (not finish) it yet. Poor Dr. Singh! He
.................... (walk) up and down the class trying to get the work completed sodn.
3.4 WRITING
Exercise 8
You have read the story of 'The Nightingale and the Rose' in this unit. Imagine that the
Nightingale appears to the Student in his dream.
i) Imagine that you are the Nightingale. Narrate the story of your sacrifice.
ii) Now imagine that you are the student and write your reaction.
3.5 LET US SUM UP
In this unit we have given you practice in
i) understanding a short story by Oscar Wilde,
ii) using the prefixes un-, in- and im-,
iii) forming some common phrases to express comparisons,
iv) using the past indefinite, the past continuous, the present perfect and the present perfect
continuous tenses correctly, and
v) re-writing the story you have read from the point of view of the two main characters.
Exercise 5
was, appeared, did not like, did not try.
was arguing, did nbt seem, was patting, was sitting, saying, stopped, looked, said.
answered, thought, was.
Exercise 6
1 have not seen
2- have you been reading
3 have been trying; have not succeeded
4 has examined
5 has been waiting; has not given
6 have read
7 has been sleeping
8 have eaten
9 have you been doing
10 have been roaring
Exercise 7
have-been working, has finished, has just written, has been painting, has not done, has been
writing, has completed, have been working, have not finished, has been walking.