Lessons from Bohol Earthquake 2013 and Typhoon Yolanda 2013 (Provisional) December 9, 2013 <@ Dr. Tatsuo Narafu, Senior Advisor, JICA JICA? sapan international Cooperation Agency Contents 1. Introduction 2. Typical and common examples of observed damages 3. Comparison of damages by strong wind in a same school 4. Identified critical problems 5. Good practice on non-structural walls and ceiling boards 6. Recommendation for safer constructions against possible natural disasters* Tentative recommendation for the time being - improvement of the most vulnerable part: ceiling boards: simple finishing without ceiling boards | Municipal office of Antequela Municipal Health Office of Basey * Tentative recommendation for the time being - RC buildings with slabs for roof - 15 floor of RC school buildings escaped from damages - roof slabs might have saved upper floor from the damage ‘1 floorClassification and description of members 1. Structural members - Members which support total construction such as columns, beams, bearing walls, roof trusses and so on - Structure engineers design them - Materials are steel and concrete (sometimes timbers) 2. Non-structural members - Members which support function of buildings such as shelter/partition walls, parapets, ceiling boards, ornaments, roofing and so on - Usually manufacturers produce and workers install them without detail design - Materials are various, such as concrete blocks, panels, cement boards, iron sheets, ceramics etc. Overview of damages by the two natural disasters 2013 in the Philippines to reinforced concrete (RC) buildings damages by types of hazards strong winds shelter/partition walls several several portion/parts of buildings - ; inundation non- _ |parapets stretural |ceiling boards often members |ornaments/sign boards often roofing often structural [columns and beams several several members |roof truss/post and beams rare oftenComprehensive approach for every possible disaster is necessary as preventive measures sometimes contradict to each other Failures of non-structure members are often dominant damage to the buildings as there are many un-operational buildings without failure of structural members Holistic approach covering structural and non- structural members is necessary Each of non-structural members has each manufacturing and fixing/installing sectors, and collaboration with all relevant sectors is essential for improving the situation Direct and simple introduction of technologies from developed countries would not work well in the Philippines Detail investigation and analysis of damages, finding of good practices and drawing lessons, and application of experience of other countries will be basis of improving strategies Measures for improvement should be applicable to local condition of the Philippines, and feasible and acceptable to relevant stakeholdersDamage to partition walls (ply woods) by the inundation Elementary school in (JBIC loan) = 1 Damage to parapets by the earth quake Municipal Government Office in Tagbilaran Major damages: Parapets(5) Roof trusses 2. Connections are another critical points 5. Good practice on non-structural walls and ceiling boards (1) Resilience against EarthquakeDamage to roof truss by the strong wind Convention Center in Tacloban City ia % r 3. Comparison of damages by strong wind in a same school(4) Columns and beams Community Health Care Center in Sagbyan + Difference level of installment position of beams 4 ‘ hi i (4) Columns and beams Market building of Loon + Inaccurate setting of reinforcement bars * Improper location of overlapping splicesComparison of three buildings in a same school Saghahan National High School Building 1 (grant aid project) Comparison of three buildings in a same school Saghahan National High School Building 2(1) Shelter/partition walls (CHB in Market in Loon) 1. Insufficient connection/anchor of CHB walls to structural members (2) Ceiling boards (ply woods, cement boards, etc.) 1. Ceiling boards are the one of the most vulnerable part both against shaking motion and inundation 2. Fixing method of panels, strength of frame, installation of frames to structure members are problems to be solved4. \dentified critical problems (1) Shelter/partition walls and parapets (CHB, ply woods) (2) Ceiling boards (ply woods, cement boards, etc.) (3) Roofing (4) Columns and beams (5) Roof trusses (1) Shelter/partition walls (CHB in Municipal office of Catigbian) 1. Poor quality of concrete hollow blocks 2. Corrosion of reinforcing bars 3. Insufficient compaction of mortarComparison of three buildings in a same school Saghahan National High School Building 3 Lessons - Roofing, roof trusses and ceiling are the vulnerable parts by strong wings - Well design, better materials, additional reinforcement seems to work to reduce damages(3) Roofing - Fixing of iron sheets seems to be one of critical points (4) Columns and beams Municipal Government Office in Sagbyan + Un-continuous beamsComparison of three buildings in a same school Lessons on vulnerable part of roofing from several examples Comparison of three buildings in a same school Three buildings in Saghahan National High School General view(4) Columns and beams Market building of Loon * Small dimension of panels (crossing part of beams and columns) * No hoops in the panels (5) Roof trusses Bus terminal of Tacloban City 1. Welding Most of failures occurred at connection by welding Workmanship of welding is poorDamage to roofing by the strong wind Accustomer service center in Tacloban City F Damage to structural members by the earth quake Market building in Loon(1) Good practice on non-structural walls and ceiling boards Resilience against Earthquake Municipal office of Antequela Serious damages in non-structural walls and ceiling boards Good practice on non-structural walls and ceiling boards Resilience against Earthquake Municipal office of Antequela Most of 1% floor has no damages with simple finishing of ceiling without boards and light plywood partition walls ——— .Damage to ceiling boards by the earth quake Municipal Office of Sagbayan Damage to ceiling boards (ply woods) by the inundation Elementary school in (JBIC loan)Good practice on non-structural walls and ceiling boards Easy recovery from inundation damage Municipal Health Office of Basey However already in operation thanks to simple finishing of concrete walls with durable painting and ceiling without boards for easy recovery by just washing 6. Recommendation for safer constructions against possible natural disasters in the Philippines2. Typical and common examples of observed damages Damage to shelter walls (CHB) by the earth quake Municipal Government Office in Catigbian* Every possible channels have to be explored - stakeholders: engineers, manufactures, workers, customers/owners - methods/activities: technical guidelines, seminars, education/training, qualification schemes for engineers, supervisors, workers * Prioritization and strategic approach may be effective * Joint investigation on vulnerability and good practices and pilot projects for safer structures base of the investigation results might be possible first step * Tentative recommendation for the time being - improvement of the most vulnerable part: roofing: additional member to reinforcing vulnerable part - additional plate to fix ends of roofing - additional bar/plates to hold roofing to roof trusses - prevention of coming off of roofing by using larger washers, plates, etc. - emergent measures such as preparedness to fixing by ropes etc.1. Introduction Outline of field survey by Narafu and colleagues on Bohol Earthquake and Typhoon Yolanda 2013 Nov. 29 Cebu City 30 Tagbilaran, Bohol Province Dec. 1 Sagbayan, Catigbian, Tubigon, Buenavista, Inabanga, Bohol Province 2. Loon, Maribojoc, Bohol Province 3. Antequera, Bohol Province 4-6 Leyte and Samar *participating members - Dec.1: Kit Miyamoto, Artessa, World Bank - Nov. 30—Dec.1: Staff of DPWH, Dr. Sanada, Osaka Univ. and Dr. Takahashi, Nagoya Institute of Technology = Dec. 5-6: Mr. Kawasaki, Oriental ConsultantsDamage to ceiling boards (ply woods and cement boards by the strong wind Elementary school Damage to ornaments by the earth quake Municipal Government Office in Sagbayan “alse RE,5. Good practice on non-structural walls and ceiling boards (2) Easy recovery from inundation damage (2) Good practice on non-structural walls and ceiling boards Easy recovery from inundation damage Municipal Health Office of Basey Serious damages by complete inundation of 1* floor by the storm serge such that all the medical facilities were washed away