MODERNITY

SIDRA MUSHTAQ 20211- 31204

Describe and Argue for the following;
1. Dark Ages , define characteristics of dark ages?
Answer
Dark age is referred to the time when Europe lost the rich scientific knowledge of Greek. In the bc
Greece started to excel in the field of study. Different people of different cities wrote books on
various varieties of topics such as medicines, economics, philosophy and much more. This was the
period when methods are democracy and jury were invented. However, the decline of Athens and
Greece followed by romans due to rise of Christianity led to change in the concept of knowledge.
Since people of the time has lost the Greek language, all the scripts meant nothing to them from 5 th
century BC onwards. At the time divine knowledge was also available in Latin, making it widely
accessible and attracting more people has a source of knowledge and guidance. Christianity did not
encourage freethinkers and had more major believe on religious knowledge. This became common
more and more as the young youth of time started to move towards these power institutes – churches,
where there was money.
In general, if talk about characteristics of dark ages; it would be a society with lack of knowledge
with lost previously knowledge. The society might suffer from lack of progression and civilization
undergoes a decline. A society might move towards a more direct and simpler way of knowledge –
divine knowledge which will lead to more powerful religious institutes. These religious institute
would come in power as this is where money and knowledge would be found.

2. What do you understand by renaissance entity this period?

Answer
The renaissance is basically a period in history, spanning from around the 14 th century to the 17th,
during which Europe underwent a massive cultural, political, artistic, scientific, and economic
‘rebirth’. Prior to the renaissance were the medieval times where the churches were the governing
bodies and the most powerful institutions, freethinking about science and the universe wasn’t allowed
which is why science and advancement across Europe had declined. soon Europeans realized that
there is more to life than just Christianity, they recognized that there is so much knowledge in this
universe which is yet to be acquired. The renaissance served as a bridge between the Middle Ages and
the age of enlightenment. The renaissance fostered the rediscovery of Greek knowledge including
philosophy, art, literature, science along with assisting the development of technology, artistic
innovations, and architecture. Some of the greatest minds to ever live were alive during this period
making ground breaking discoveries like Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo, Michael Angelo, William
Shakespeare and Desiderius Erasmus to name a few. The renaissance was such an era during which
art, architecture and science were merged together. Artists would incorporate anatomy and scientific
principles in their art work, architects would use mathematics to design and engineer buildings and
structures, and discoveries by Galileo presented a new view of the solar system. Along with artists
and philosophers, many Europeans travelled the seas discovering new lands and new shipping routes
including the Americas. Towards the end of the era too many wars had afflicted Europe and by the
end of the 17th century, the renaissance died out and paved way for a new era known as the age of
enlightenment.
3. Make a List of Knowledge created by Greek , route of Renaissance, Reformation
Answer
GREEK SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE
Ancient Greek science has some of the best achievements in antiquity. Thales of Miletus, Pythagoras,
and Aristotle produced theories in mathematics, astronomy, and logic that would affect Western
thought, science, and philosophy for centuries to come, based on Egyptian and Babylonian
knowledge. Aristotle was the first philosopher to undertake a systematic study of logic, Anaximander
and Empedocles were among the first to teach an early form of evolution, and Pythagoras'
mathematical theorem is still utilised today.

The Influence of Mathematics

The achievements of the Greeks in mathematics and astronomy were among the best in antiquity.
After Alexander the Great (356 BCE - 323 BCE) conquered the East, mathematics flourished first,
aided by the influence of Egyptian mathematics; astronomy flourished later, aided by the influence of
Babylon, during the Hellenistic Period after Alexander the Great (356 BCE - 323 BCE) conquered the
East.
THE ROUTE OF RENAISSANCE
Following the Middle Ages, the Renaissance was a vigorous period of European cultural, artistic,
political, and economic “rebirth.” The Renaissance, which lasted from the 14th through the 17th
centuries, was characterised by the rediscovery of classical philosophy, literature, and art. During this
period, some of history's greatest intellectuals, authors, statesmen, scientists, and artists flourished, as
global discovery opened up new places and civilizations to European trade. Between the Middle Ages
and contemporary civilisation, the Renaissance is credited with bridging the gap.
Europeans achieved limited progress in science and art during the Middle Ages, which lasted from the
fall of ancient Rome in 476 A.D. to the beginning of the 14th century.
The period is also known as the "Dark Ages," because it is associated with battle, ignorance, famine,
and pandemics such as the Black Death.
Some historians, on the other hand, believe that such bleak representations of the Middle Ages were
highly exaggerated, while many agree that old Greek and Roman philosophies and learning were
treated with low respect at the time.
 AGE OF The Enlightenment
The 17th and 18th centuries saw a European intellectual movement in which beliefs about God,
reason, nature, and mankind were combined into a worldview that achieved widespread acceptance in
the West and sparked revolutionary breakthroughs in art, philosophy, and politics. The application
and celebration of reason, the power by which humans understand the cosmos and improve their own
position, were central to Enlightenment ideology. Knowledge, freedom, and happiness were thought
to be the ideals of rational humanity.
THE REFORMATION
The Protestant Reformation was a theological, political, intellectual, and cultural revolution in the
sixteenth century that divided Catholic Europe and established the institutions and beliefs that would
define the continent in the modern age. Reformers such as Martin Luther and John Calvin opposed
papal authority and questioned the Catholic Church's competence to define Christian practise
throughout northern and central Europe. They pushed for a theological and political transfer of power
to pastors and princes who read the Bible and pamphlets. Wars, persecutions, and the so-called
Counter-Reformation, the Catholic Church's delayed but vigorous response to the Protestants, resulted
from the upheaval.
4. Industrial Revolution, and name of systems developed
Answer
In the 18th century the Industrial revolution began in Great Britain and later spread into other parts of
the world. It was a period where significant innovation took place. Revolutionary technologies and
inventions meant that products can be made by machine rather than hands and eventually steam
engines powered the machines with coal instead of natural resources like water, animals and wind
therefore, it was also a kind of energy revolution.
Industrial revolution revolutionized the transport system first with canals and improved roads and
later with steam powered trains and ships. There was also a consumer revolution as consumers started
replacing durable homemade goods with cheaper mass-produced alternatives. Due to the agricultural
revolution more, food was produced to feed the growing population thanks to the improved farming
techniques.
Huge fortunes were made in the industrial revolution and many people experienced a better quality of
life than ever before but the gap between the rich and the poor widened as the quality of life did not
necessarily improve for everyone. Many skilled workers got replaced with machines and lost their
jobs and the factory workers had to work in dangerous conditions, high temperatures, cramped work
area, poor ventilation, toxic exposure to solvents, heavy metals and dust. They had to work a lot and
the working periods were like 14 hours a day for six days a week. In industrial areas in the early
nineteenth century the average age for children starting work was just eight and a half. The life was
easier for the rich but worsened for the working class.
Ultimately, the Industrial revolution was a time of great upheaval. By the early 20 th century, it had
changed the people, landscape and politics of England beyond all recognition. In so many ways, it
made the modern

Social change in Europe after industrial revolution

answer

The Industrial Revolution accelerated the cloth wealth of the Western world. It additionally ended
the dominance of agriculture and initiated big social change. The normal paintings surroundings
additionally modified drastically, and the West have become an city civilization. Radical new
colleges of monetary and philosophical concept commenced to update the conventional
thoughts of Western civilization.