ST.

CLARE COLLEGE OF CALOOCAN

Institute of Education

RESEARCH PAPER
TOPIC:
POLLUTION

TITLE:
THE IMPACT OF POLLUTION TO THE HEALTH AND
LIFE OF GRADE 11 SENIOR HIGHSCHOOL STUDENTS.

SUBMITTED BY:
JHESBON K. CABALLES
GRADE 11 SECTION E2
HE

SUBMITTED TO:
MS. LYRA A. ALMERIA
RESEARCH TEACHER
 ST. CLARE COLLEGE OF CALOOCAN
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SY: 2017-2018
CHAPTER1

I. INTRODUCTION

Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause

adverse change. Pollution can take the form of chemical substances or energy, such as noise, heat
or light. Pollutants, the components of pollution, can be either foreign substances/energies or
naturally occurring contaminants. Pollution affects not only natural but also human resources. It
creates a big impact on both situations. Pollution is also the enemy of living and non-living
resources because it can cause distraction everywhere and it is inevitable which results in
destruction of different matters. It can lead to serious illnesses or even death to living organisms.
Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse
change. Pollution can take the form of chemical substances or energy, such as noise, heat or
light. Pollutants, the components of pollution, can be either foreign substances/energies or
naturally occurring contaminants. Pollution affects humans but humans created pollution. It is
the result of improper disposal of waste and admiring high standards especially in factories. If
external costs exist, such as those created by pollution, the manufacturer will choose to produce
more of the product than would be produced if the manufacturer were required to pay all
associated environmental costs. Because responsibility or consequence for self-directed action
lies partly outside the self, an element of externalization is involved. If there are external
benefits, such as in public safety, less of the good may be produced than would be the case if the
producer were to receive payment for the external benefits to others. However, goods and
services that involve negative externalities in production, such as those that produce pollution,
tend to be overproduced and underpriced since the externality is not being priced into the market.
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CHAPTER 1

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The background of this study states how pollution affects living and non-living organisms
and how pollution is created. Different practices with the involvement of people may result in
cases and even imprisonment. It occurs when pollutants contaminate the natural surroundings;
which brings about changes that affect our normal lifestyles adversely. Pollutants are the key
elements or components of pollution which are generally waste materials of different forms.
Pollution disturbs our ecosystem and the balance in the environment. With modernization and
development in our lives pollution has reached its peak; giving rise to global warming and
human illness. Pollution occurs in different forms; air, water, soil, radioactive, noise, heat/
thermal and light. Every form of pollution has two sources of occurrence; the point and the non-
point sources. The point sources are easy to identify, monitor and control, whereas the non-point
sources are hard to control.  Let us discuss the different types of pollutions, their causes and
effects on mankind and the environment as a whole.
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CHAPTER 1

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This research study signifies the positive and negative effects of pollution in different
factors. Pollution occurs in different forms; air, water, soil, radioactive, noise, heat/ thermal and
light. Every form of pollution has two sources of occurrence; the point and the non-point
sources. The point sources are easy to identify, monitor and control, whereas the non-point
sources are hard to control. Pollution is also a leading cause of death to people especially to those
who are always exposed to pollution whether air, water, land or noise pollution. This also
signifies the risk of developing pollution and thinking of different ways on how to solve
pollution. Thinking of ways of recycling and turning garbage into something useful will
contribute a lot to society. In order to solve pollution we must have enough evidence and courage
to search for specific answers because pollution is a chain connection of different problems that
will result in big problems if not taken into action.
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CHAPTER 1

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The purpose of this study is to encourage the students to preserve our nature and to take
care of it. This will also help the students to understand further about the situations that we
experience in our environment. This will make them know what are the pros and cons of disposal
of garbage. Through the use of this study, students will realize the importance of proper disposal
of waste in early age. This will contribute a lot for the development of our environment and will
be even able to solve problems especially to those areas experiencing a massive case of
pollution. This study will also encourage the students to join different cleaning campaigns and
planting tree programs as it will contribute to the beauty of nature. Joining in this stuff will give
them knowledge about pollution and will give them enough information for them to come up
with a solution on how they will contribute to the environment. Students will also realize that
living in a polluted area will not give them any good results. This will only expose not only them
but all the people into different diseases.
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CHAPTER 1
II. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
CONCEPTUAL
- Pollution started from prehistoric
times when man created the first
fires. According to a 1983 article in
the journal Science, "soot" found on
ceilings of prehistoric caves
provides ample evidence of the
high levels of pollution that was
associated with inadequate
ventilation of open fires.
- Metal forging appears to be a key
turning point in the creation of
significant air pollution levels
outside the home. Core samples of
glaciers in Greenland indicate
increases in pollution associated
with Greek, Roman and Chinese
metal production but at that time
the pollution was comparatively
small and could be handled by
nature.
- Pollution is the result of improper
disposal of garbage which affects
living and nonliving organisms.
This creates a huge downfall in the
industry due to factories releasing a
large amount of oil that
contaminates water, land and air.
THEORETICAL
- The burning of coal and wood,
and the presence of many horses
in concentrated areas made the
cities the primary sources of
pollution. 
- The Industrial Revolution
brought an infusion of untreated
chemicals and wastes into local
streams that served as the water
supply.
- King Edward I of England
banned the burning of sea-coal
by proclamation in London in
1272, after its smoke became a
problem But the fuel was so
common in England that this
earliest of names for it was
acquired because it could be
carted away from some shores
by the wheelbarrow.
- It was the industrial
revolution that gave birth to
environmental pollution as we
know it today. London also
recorded one of the earlier
extreme cases of water quality
problems with the Great
Stink on the Thames of 1858,
which led to construction of
the London sewerage
system soon.
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CHAPTER 1

III. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

QUESTIONS

1. As a Grade 11 student, Do you always throw your garbage everywhere?

___YES ___NO
WHY?__________________________________________________________________

2. Does pollution affect your health?

___YES ___NO
WHY?__________________________________________________________________

3. Do you believe that pollution can kill a living organism?

___YES ___NO
WHY?__________________________________________________________________

4. Does pollution affect the way you interact with other people?

___YES ___NO
WHY?_________________________________________________________________

5. How often do you practice the habit of segregating your waste?

___ALWAYS ___SOMETIMES ___NEVER

CHAPTER 1
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III. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

ANSWERS

We have surveyed 5 Grade 11 Senior High School students and their answers are as
follows:

1. All of the students answered yes because you can't avoid throwing garbage everywhere if
you really have to do it. Throwing garbage in improper places is inevitable because it is
one of the practices done today by millennial people.

2. 3 out of 5 students answered yes because they already experience having diseases due to
improper disposal of waste. Through this experience, they learned to segregate their
garbage and maintain a high sanitation especially in their houses.

2 out of 5 students answered no because they believed that a polluted area will cause no
harm if you're ready and healthy enough to face different viruses and bacterias. You can't
avoid pollution unless you'll protect yourself from getting diseases caused by pollution.

3. All of the students answered yes because whether it is harmful or not, the viruses and
bacteria you get from a dirty environment will have different effects on your body that
can even result in death on living organisms. It depends on a person on how you'll handle
pollution.

4. All of the students answered yes because pollution really affects them on how they
interact with other people. If the person they'll interact with is infected with a disease,
They're hesitant to talk to that person or they'll just ignore that person.

5. 1 student answered always because he really practices the habit of maintaining good
sanitation in his environment for him to avoid diseases and to maintain the good
condition of his body.

2 students answered sometimes because they have other businesses that require more
time than segregating ways.

2 students answered never because they never segregate waste. They're just throwing
their garbage in any garbage cans and they don't have enough time to segregate it.

CHAPTER 1
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III. PARADIGM OF THE STUDY

The primitive conditions were intolerable for a world national capital, and the
Imperial German government brought in its scientists, engineers and urban planners to not only
solve the deficiencies but to forge Berlin as the world's model city. A British expert in 1906
concluded that Berlin represented "the most complete application of science, order and method
of public life," adding "it is a marvel of civic administration, the most modern and most perfectly
organized city that there is." The emergence of great factories and consumption of immense
quantities of coal gave rise to unprecedented air pollution and the large volume of industrial
chemical discharges added to the growing load of untreated human waste. Chicago and
Cincinnati were the first two American cities to enact laws ensuring cleaner air in 1881.
Pollution became a major issue in the United States in the early twentieth century, as progressive
reformers took issue with air pollution caused by coal burning, water pollution caused by bad
sanitation, and street pollution caused by the 3 million horses who worked in American cities in
1900, generating large quantities of urine and manure. As historian Martin Melosi notes, The
generation that first saw automobiles replacing the horses saw cars as "miracles of
cleanliness." By the 1940s, however, automobile-caused smog was a major issue in Los Angeles.
Society derives some indirect utility from pollution, otherwise there would be no incentive to
pollute. This utility comes from the consumption of goods and services that create pollution.
Therefore, it is important that policymakers attempt to balance these indirect benefits with the
costs of pollution in order to achieve an efficient outcome.

CHAPTER 1
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V. HYPOTHESIS

NULL HYPOTHESIS ( NEGATIVE STATEMENT )

International catastrophes such as the wreck of the Amoco Cadiz oil tanker off the coast
of Brittany in 1978 and the Bhopal disaster in 1984 have demonstrated the universality of such
events and the scale on which efforts to address them needed to be engaged. The borderless
nature of atmosphere and oceans inevitably resulted in the implication of pollution on a planetary
level with the issue of global warming. Most recently the term persistent organic pollutant (POP)
has come to describe a group of chemicals such as PBDEs and PFCs among others. Though their
effects remain somewhat less well understood owing to a lack of experimental data, they have
been detected in various ecological habitats far removed from industrial activity such as the
Arctic, demonstrating diffusion and bioaccumulation after only a relatively brief period of
widespread use. A much more recently discovered problem is the Great Pacific Garbage Patch, a
huge concentration of plastics, chemical sludge and other debris which has been collected into a
large area of the Pacific Ocean by the North Pacific Gyre. This is a less well known pollution
problem than the others described above, but nonetheless has multiple and serious consequences
such as increasing wildlife mortality, the spread of invasive species and human ingestion of toxic
chemicals. Organizations such as 5 Gyres have researched the pollution and, along with artists
like Marina DeBris, are working toward publicizing the issue.

CHAPTER 1
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V. HYPOTHESIS

ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS ( POSITIVE STATEMENT )

It is possible to use environmental economics to determine which level of pollution is

deemed the social optimum. For economists, pollution is an “external cost and occurs only when
one or more individuals suffer a loss of welfare,” however, there exists a socially optimal level of
pollution at which welfare is maximized. This is because consumers derive utility from the good
or service manufactured, which will outweigh the social cost of pollution until a certain point. At
this point the damage of one extra unit of pollution to society, the marginal cost of pollution, is
exactly equal to the marginal benefit of consuming one more unit of the good or service.
In markets with pollution, or other negative externalities in production, the free
market equilibrium will not account for the costs of pollution on society. If the social costs of
pollution are higher than the private costs incurred by the firm, then the true supply curve will be
higher. The point at which the social marginal cost and market demand intersect gives the
socially optimal level of pollution. At this point, the quantity will be lower and the price will be
higher in comparison to the free market equilibrium. Therefore, the free market outcome could
be considered a market failure because it “does not maximize efficiency”.

CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
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LOCAL RELATED LITERATURE

ATTRIBUTION THEORY

According to a 1983 article in the journal Science, "soot" found on ceilings of

prehistoric caves provides ample evidence of the high levels of pollution that was
associated with inadequate ventilation of open fires." Metal forging appears to be a key
turning point in the creation of significant air pollution levels outside the home. Core
samples of glaciers in Greenland indicate increases in pollution associated with Greek,
Roman and Chinese metal production, but at that time the pollution was comparatively
small and could be handled by nature.

FOREIGN RELATED LITERATURE

Pollution has been a problem since the appearance of our earliest ancestor
(Markham, 1994). Increasing human populations have opened the door to more bacteria
and disease. During the Middle Ages, diseases such as cholera and typhoid fever broke
out all across Europe. These epidemics were directly related to unsanitary conditions
caused by human and animal wastes, and garbage. In 1347, the bacterium Yersinia pestis,
carried by rats and spread by fleas, caused the "Black Death" -- an outbreak of bubonic
plague. Unsanitary conditions provided the perfect environment for the deadly bacteria to
flourish. By the 1800s, people began to understand that unsanitary living conditions and
water contamination contributed to disease epidemics. This new awareness prompted
major cities to take measures to control waste and garbage. In the mid-1850s, Chicago
built the first major sewage system in the United States to treat wastewater. Soon, many
other U.S. cities followed Chicago's lead (Merchant, 2002). 

CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
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RESEARCH DESIGN

The strategies involved in order to address this research are having a survey to the Grade 11
Senior High School students and conducting an interview about the different impacts of pollution
in their health and the society. We also observed the way they deal with garbage that they saw
everywhere. We also ask them for their opinions about different issues in the society about
pollution and how they would handle the situation. The students of Grade 11 Senior High School
have encountered different tasks and consequences especially when it comes to pollution. We
also gather different information in the interviews as the students can thoroughly express their
feelings and thoughts about pollution. They cited different events in their life that involve
pollution. We gather information not only verbally but also physically as we write down the
important things that they say. We also observed our environment while having an interview so
that we can further evaluate the given issue.

RESPONDENTS

The respondents that we choose in this research study are the Grade 11 Senior High School
students as we believed that they're matured enough to evaluate and to deal with the given case.
The Grade 11 students have enough knowledge about the situation and they also have enough
experiences that involve pollution.

SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

The sampling techniques that we used in this research study are the voluntary sampling
and the purposive or judgemental sampling. With the help of these techniques, we get different
information voluntarily. We analyze different situations based on experiences from other people.
This also gives a precise judgement about the impact of pollution and different conclusions in
order to solve that problem.

CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
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INSTRUMENT USED

The instruments that we use in order to conduct this research are different books and
literature that explains and gives different facts about pollution. We also use surveys and
different questionnaires for us to know the different insights of the students and their different
experiences about pollution. We also use paper and technical gadgets like laptops for us to write
down and encode important information that will contribute in our study.

STRUCTURED AND UNSTRUCTURED QUESTIONS

The structured questions of this research is about the impact of pollution especially in the
health and life of the Grade 11 Senior Highschool students. This gives questions on how
pollution changes the life of the student. How does pollution ruin the body and what are the
different risks of being exposed in pollution. On the other hand, the unstructured questions of
this research is how do students manage to get along with pollution as we all know that pollution
is everywhere. What are pros and cons of studying pollution and how does the study help the
students to deal with pollution.

CONSTRUCTION OF THE INSTRUMENT

This research study constructs with the use of different reliable sources that will help to
further analyze the topic. With the use of different sources coming from the papers and the
people, We gather information through surveys and questionnaires. The research explains and
illustrates that state of health with the involvement of pollution. Constructing the instrument
takes a lot of observations as one mistake will affect the entire research work.

VALIDATION OF THE INSTRUMENT

The research instrument validates the causes and effects of pollution to a certain student
and how it will affect the way a student behaves. This also validates that pollution is one of the
most dangerous matters that are involved in the society. The validation of the instrument also
gives a lot of factual information as it is based on personal experiences of the students.
Validating the instrument will increase the chance of getting more information that will help the
researchers in their further study.

CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
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DISTRIBUTION AND RETRIEVAL OF THE INSTRUMENT

The distribution and retrieval of the instruments was in the form of surveys and
questionnaires because this will give a lot of information and will help us to evaluate the
situation and the consequences of pollution. The instruments will contribute to the environment.

STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF THE STUDY

A statistical data shows that Outdoor pollution has risen 8% in five years with fast-growing
cities in the developing world worst affected. According to the new WHO database, levels of
ultra-fine particles of less than 2.5 microns (PM2.5s) are highest in India, which has 16 of the
world’s 30 most polluted cities.  China, which has been plagued by air pollution, has improved
its air quality since 2011 and now has only five cities in the top 30. Nine other countries,
including Pakistan and Iran, have one city each in the worst 30. For the larger, but slightly less
dangerous PM10 particles, India has eight cities in the world’s top 30. Nigeria, Saudi Arabia and
Pakistan each have two cities in the top 10. The true figure for the growth in global air pollution
is likely to be worse because only a handful of African cities monitor their levels. The most
polluted city in the world, according to the WHO data, is Onitsha, a fast-growing port and transit
city in south-eastern Nigeria that recorded levels of nearly 600 micrograms per cubic metre of
PM10s - around 30 times the WHO recommended level of 20 micrograms per cubic metre. The
new data, drawn from city and academic records, shows a rapid deterioration in air quality as
low-income cities grow unchecked and populations become unable to escape clouds of smog and
soot from transport, industry, construction sites, farming and wood-burning in homes. 
Outdoor air pollution causes more than 3m deaths a year - more than malaria and HIV/Aids - and
is now the biggest single killer in the world. The toll is expected to double as urban populations
increase and car numbers approach 2bn by 2050. 

CHAPTER IV

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

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This table shows the major water pollutants, the examples and sources of pollution
and how it affects the health condition of a person. As we can see, not only the health of a person
is being affected by pollution but also the health of nature. It shows the chain reaction of
different pollutants and what are the situations that makes us involved with pollution. The
leading pollutant that will affect our health are the bacterias and viruses that we can get
everywhere. It becomes more dangerous as there are different bacterias developing in the
environment that we must provide solutions to as early as possible. Measures taken by cities
include reducing industrial smokestack emissions, increasing the use of renewable power sources
like solar and wind, and prioritising rapid transit, walking and cycling networks in cities. Many
cities are also committed to reducing car traffic and diesel vehicles in particular. There are an
estimated 92% of people getting exposed to pollution everyday and an average of 59% people
are getting diseases from exposure to pollution.

CHAPTER V
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
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INTRODUCTORY STATEMENT

Pollutants such as sulphates, nitrates and black carbon penetrate deep into the lungs and
into the cardiovascular system, posing the greatest risks to human health, says the UN. “As urban
air quality declines, the risk of stroke, heart disease, lung cancer, and chronic and acute
respiratory diseases, including asthma, increases for the people who live in them. When dirty air
blankets our cities the most vulnerable urban populations - the youngest, oldest and poorest - are
the most impacted,” said Flavia Bustreo, WHO assistant director general. Encouragingly, there is
evidence from the WHO data that many cities are addressing air pollution. More than half of the
monitored cities in high-income countries and more than one-third of those in low- and middle-
income countries reduced their air pollution levels by more than 5% in five years. Delhi, one of
the most polluted cities in the world, has banned large diesel cars from going into the city centre.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

QUESTIONS:

1. Is it dangerous to inhale polluted air?

___YES ___NO
WHY?________________________________________________________________

2. Do you prefer living in a polluted area?

___YES ___NO
WHY?________________________________________________________________

3. Does pollution affects you as you travel to school?

___YES ___NO
WHY?________________________________________________________________

4. Is preventing pollution important?

___YES ___NO
WHY?________________________________________________________________

5. Have you realized the danger of pollution in your health? Will you change you bad habit
or not?
___YES ___NO
WHY?________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER V
SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
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STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

ANSWERS:

As we study and further analyze the impact of pollution, we have surveyed 5 students of
Grade 11 Senior High School and their answers are as follows:

1. All of the students answered yes because inhaling polluted air affects not only the lungs
but also other parts of the body and it will give risks to a student.

2. 1 student answered yes because he wants to deal with pollution and think of different
ways of solving it instead of preventing it.

4 students answered no because living in a polluted area takes risks and this you can get a
lot of diseases when you live with it.

3. All of the students answered yes because they find it a hard time travelling to school due
to different smokes and dust that they encounter everywhere. They can't prevent pollution
and this makes them feel uncomfortable when travelling to school.

4. All of the students answered yes because preventing pollution will lessen the risk of
people getting diseases. This will help them to have a healthy lifestyle and this will also
help for the production of the society.

5. 2 students answered no because getting and contributing to pollution production is

inevitable.

3 students answered yes because preventing pollution and changing bad habits depends
on the person on how they would handle the situation.

CHAPTER V
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
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SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

“More than 80% of people living in urban areas that monitor air pollution are exposed to
air quality levels that exceed the World Health Organisation limits. While all regions of the
world are affected, populations in low-income cities are the most impacted; 98% of cities in low-
and middle income countries with more than 100,000 inhabitants do not meet WHO air quality
guidelines. However, in high income countries, that percentage decreases to 56%,” said the
WHO. “It is crucial for city and national governments to make urban air quality a health and
development priority,” said Dr Carlos Dora, co-ordinator of the WHO’s Interventions for
Healthy Environment programme. “When air quality improves, health costs from air pollution
related diseases shrink, worker productivity expands and life expectancy grows. Reducing air
pollution also brings an added climate bonus, which can become a part of countries’
commitments to the climate treaty.” Due to the pollutants that are developing throughout the day,
the chance of getting diseases are increasing and people tend to get more serious illnesses.

CONCLUSION

This research study concludes that pollution is not good for the health. Pollution makes
not only humans but also other organism's lives in danger. Since we share everything on Earth
with every living thing on the planet, what happens in one area affects everything too, no matter
how far away. Pollution or the introduction of different forms of waste materials in our
environment has negative effects on the ecosystem we rely on. We cause most of the pollution
and we will suffer the consequences if we don’t stop. We are already seeing its effects in the
form of global warming, contaminated seafood, increased cases of lung diseases and more. We
live in an ecosystem where the action of one has the potential to affect the many. This can be a
good or a bad thing, depending on what the action is. Our mistakes have polluted the
environment that we live in and we are waking up and owning to the fact. We are trying to
reverse the damage. The good news is that every positive action counts. The small effort you
make towards a greener environment can start a healing ripple effect. We may still save what is
left of our natural resources and make the world a better place to live in for our future generation.

CHAPTER V
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
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RECOMMENDATIONS

This research study recommends that we must help each other in order to lessen pollution.
Pollution is no joke because if we create more pollution, we can destroy the living planet in the
world. This study proves that pollution includes a greater risk in everyone's life and as an
individual we must think of different ways of conserving our ecosystem. We must help in
planting trees, cleaning our surroundings, avoid releasing pollution air especially when you have
vehicles and we must conserve water. This study shows us the different risks and the things that
we will suffer if we don't know how to avoid pollution. Not only the people but also the
government must participate especially when it comes to factories that emit polluted oil and air
as it pollutes the water. Water effects just like the air we breathe, water is vital to our survival.
We need clean water to drink, to irrigate our crops and the fish we eat live in the waters. We play
in rivers, lakes and streams – we live near bodies of water. It’s a precious resource that can easily
be polluted and the contamination can be transferred to us and affect our health. If we don't know
how to take care of our environment then the environment also doesn't know how to take care of
us.
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