Lingaya’s Vidyapeeth, Faridabad (Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956) y “SS LINGAYAS VIDYAPEETH choose to know 2 NETWORK THEORY LAB (EC-353C) NAME : DIPU RANJAN ROLLNO: 19EC35L SEM : Vv BRANCH : ECE COURSE : B.TECH. (EVENING) School of Electrical & Electronics Engineering Lingaya’s Vidyapeeth, FaridabadLingaya’s Vidyapeeth, Faridabad Network Theory Lab INDEX Exp. No. | Title of the experiment nee ‘Teacher Signature 1 | Kirchhoff's Current Law 3 2 Kirchhoff's Voltage Law 4 3 Thevenin’s Theorem 5 4 Norton’s Theorem 7 5 | Maximum Power Transfer Theorem 9 6 | Reciprocity Theorem 10 7 _ | Super Position Theorem R Name:- Dipu Ranjan Roll. No. :- 19EC35L. 2Lingaya’s Vidyapeeth, Faridabad Network Theory Lab EXPERIMENT NO-1 AIM: To Verify Kirchhoff's current law. APPARATUS : DC Supply, Resistor or Rheostats, Multimeter THEORY : According to it, "the algebraic sum of the currents entering into a junction of an electrical circuit is zero". Mathematically, at a junction, ZI = 0. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: R 1, ; * yeh +()} 1y tye —— DC supply R ve ‘s To verify kirchhoff's current law (Fig. E 4.1) PROCEDURE: . Connect the circuit as per the diagram as shown in the Fig. E 1.1 2. The current flowing through each branch as measured by respective ammeters is noted for a particular value of supply voltage and resistances. 3. Adjust the value of applied voltage. For different values of applied voltages, current through each branch is measured. For the circuit considered II: OBSERVATIONS: S.No. (mA) L(mA) I(mA) L= bth %Error ale «100 1 43 0.8 3.5 43 0 2 5 0.9 4.1 5 0 3 5.7 Ll 4.6 57 0 4 64 1.2 5.2 6.4 0 5 7A 1.4 5.7 7 0 Name:- Dipu Ranjan Roll. No. :- 19EC35L. 3Lingaya’s Vidyapeeth, Faridabad Network Theory Lab EXPERIMENT NO-2 AIM: To Verify Kirchhoff's voltage law. APPARATUS : DC Supply, Resistor or Rheostats, Multimeter THEORY : According to it, "the algebraic sum of the voltage drops in a close loop of an circuit is zero. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: Applied (V) Voltage Te verity kirchoff's Voltage Law (Fig. E 1.2) PROCEDU! 1. Connect the circuit as per the diagram as shown in the Fig. E 1.2 2. The voltage drops across cach measured with the help of voltmeters and the source voltage also measured. 3. Adjust the value of applied voltage. For different values of applied voltage, the voltage drop across each resistance is measured. 4. For the circuit considered V-V\-V2-V3 = 0 Where V = IR,, V2= IRs, Vs = IRs, OBSERVATIONS: S. V(volts) | Vi(volts) | V,(volts) Va(volts) | Va= VitV2tVs %Error No. Yo¥s5<100 v 1 9.35 2.59 5.48 1.47 9.54 2.03 2 8 2.17 4.59 1.23 7.99 1 3 7 1.90 4.02 1.07 6.99 1 4 11.05 3 6.34 1.70 11.04 1 5 12.30 3.34 7.05 1.89 12.26 4 Name:- Dipu Ranjan Roll. No. :- 19EC35L. 4Lingaya’s Vidyapeeth, Faridabad Network Theory Lab EXPERIMENT NO-3 AIM: To determine and verify Thevenin’s Theorem. APPARATUS : Power Supply, Bread Board, Connecting Leads, Multimeter THEORY : Thevenin's Theorem is a way to reduce a network to an equivalent circuit composed of a single voltage source, series resistance, and series load. As applied to the network ckt may be stated as the current flowing through a load resistance Ri connected across any two terminals A and B of a linear bilateral network is given by Vin /Riu +R: where Vu is the open ckt volatge and Rim is the internal resistance of the network from the terminal A to B with all volatge sources replaced with their internal resistances and current sources with infinite resistance. R, Ry Rs Fig. 3 (a) 4 (CKT. DGM. 1) Ri, Ro Rs Variable DC Supply R Ry Ry - Removed Fig. 3 (b) 2 ( CKT. DGM. II) R Fig. 3 (c) 3 (CKT. DGM. III) 1-Voc(as measured from CKT, DGM.L) for each value of applied voltage. Name:- Dipu Ranjan Roll. No. :- 19EC35L. 5Lingaya’s Vidyapeeth, Faridabad Network Theory Lab PROCEDURE: 1. Connect the variable voltage source to the input port of the circuit. 2. Remove the load resistance, 3. Adjust the input voltage source and set the open circuit voltage to Voc. 4, Connect the load resistance in series with an ammeter and find the load current. 5. For different values of open circuit voltage, load current is measured. 6. In Thevenin's equivalent circuit, set the voltage source as that of open circuit voltage and the Thevenin's equivalent resistance is connected in series with an ammeter and the load resistance which was removedearlier.Then the load current is to be measured. 7. All the above steps should be repeated for more set ofreadings. OBSERVATIONS: Voe open circuit voltage 1, Load current (actual current flowing through R) I! Load current as measured from Thevenin's equivalent S.No. Voc (Volts) 1. (mA) 1(mA) % Error 1 1.39 1.35 1.38 22 2 2.99 2.92 2.94 0.68 3 2.02 1.96 1.99 1.53 4 2.98 2.90 2.84 2.06 5 2.24 2.17 2.22 23 Name:- Dipu Ranjan Roll. No. :- 19EC35L. 6Lingaya’s Vidyapeeth, Faridabad Network Theory Lab EXPERIM! NO-4 AIM: To determine and verify Norton’s Theorem. APPARATUS : Power Supply, Bread Board, Connecting Leads, Multimeter THEORY : Norton's Theorem is a way to reduce a network to an equivalent circuit composed of a single current source, parallel resistance, and parallel load. Norton’s Theorem replaces the electrical network by an equivalent constant current source and a parallel resistance. Norton’s equivalent resistance Rw = Ri x Ro/ Ri +Ro. Actual load current in the circuit [,; theoretical load current Ii2 = Isc x Rw/( Rw +R), Isc is the short circuit current. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: Ri R Re Ry Rs Re Fig E3(b) 1 R R Re Isc we Ry Rs FR. Removed 4 Fig. 3 (b)2 L RRENT/~ cul SOURCE (1) Rw Ru lw Fig.3 (6) 3 Name:- Dipu Ranjan Roll. No. :- 19EC35L. 7Lingaya’s Vidyapeeth, Faridabad Network Theory Lab PROCEDURE: 5. Set the input voltage at a particular value and measure the load current (Iz) with an ammeter, 6. Short circuit the load resistance and measure the short circuit current flowing through the circuit 7. Set the current source value in the Norton's equivalent circuit to measure Isc value. 8. Now Connect the same load resistance across the output port terminals of the equivalent network and the load current is measured by connecting an ammeter in series with the load resistance. 9. Repeat all the above steps for number of applied emfs. OBSERVATIONS: Isc Short circuit current I, Load current ( in original network) I.' Load current ( from Norton's equivalent circuit ) S.No. Isc (mA) I, (mA) I\(mA) % Error 1 Ll 0.8 0.7 12.5 2 14 1 0.9 10 3 1.6 Ll 1.0 9.0 4 17 1.3 12 4.6 5 1.5 1 1 0 Name:- Dipu Ranjan Roll. No. :- 19EC35L. 8Lingaya’s Vidyapeeth, Faridabad Network Theory Lab EXPERIMENT NO-5 AIM: To Verify Maximum Power Transfer Theorem In De Circuit And Ac Circuit. APPARATUS : AC & DC Supply, Variable Resistors, Breadboard, Multimeter THEORY : In any active linear, bilateral network, the maximum power will be transferred when the load resistance is equal to the internal resistance of the voltage source in case of d.c. circuits. In case of a.c circuits, the load impedance should be conjugate of the internal impedance of the a.c source. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: PROCEDURE: 1. Perform the experiment as per Thevenin theorem verification Ry Fig. 4 (a) 2. Connect the variable load and measure the current by varying load resistor. 3. The maximum power will be transferred when the load resistance is equal to Rr OBSERVATIONS: Ss. é Ru 100. 200 300 400 500 600 700 YA NR wWwN RD Name:- Dipu Ranjan 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 kL 8.45 76 6.6 5.6 5.3 4.6 44 Roll. No. :- 19EC35L. P=Vi_Lingaya’s Vidyapeeth, Faridabad Network Theory Lab EXPERIMENT NO-6 ALM: To Verify Reciprocity Theorem. APPARATUS : AC & DC Supply, Resistors, Breadboard, Multimeter THEORY : In any active, linear, bilateral network if the voltage source and the ammeter are interchanged then the current reading in the ammeter will not be changed. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: Fig. 5 (a) 1 Circuit Diagram Ry Fig. 5 (a) 2 Circuit Diagram PROCEDURE . Connections are to be made as per the circuit diagram. . Voltage source is connected at one branch of the circuit. . Ammeter is connected at the other branch of the circuit. |. Voltage source is set to a particular value. . Current is measured by an ammeter in any other branch. . The voltage source and an ammeter are to be interchanged. . With the same set of voltage values ammeter reading should in both the posi- tions NOusUne Name:- Dipu Ranjan Roll. No. :- 19EC35L. 10Lingaya’s Vidyapeeth, Faridabad Network Theory Lab OBSERVATIONS: S.No. | Voltage (Volts) | Current (mA) Vas Ico 1 9.43 18.82 2 6.43 13.56 3 4.13 8.79 Voltage (Volts) | Current (mA) Vaw Teo 9.43 18.69 6.43 13.56 4.13 8.20 Name:- Dipu Ranjan Roll, No, :- 19EC35L.Lingaya’s Vidyapeeth, Faridabad Network Theory Lab EXPERIMENT. AIM: To Verify Super Position Theorem. APPARATUS : AC & DC Supply, Resistors, Connecting wires, Breadboard, Multimeter THEORY Superposition theorem states that in a linear bilateral network containing several sources of Current and voltage (including dependent sources), the overall response of the network (current in any branch or voltage of a point) equals the sum of response of each individual source considered separately with all other sources made inoperative (current sources open circuited and voltage sources replaced by their internal resistance.) CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: Va Figs @0 ese)? Tess PROCEDU. 1. Identify the terminals for the branches of the circuit (I),[.,[s) and terminals of the variable voltage sources (V) ,V2) 2. First fix up some values for V; and V2. 3. Measure the current I through R; resistance when both the voltage source V; and V> are connecting in the circuit simultaneously. 4. Now again measure the current I), through resistance R; when only V, voltage source connecting the circuit. 5. Measure the current I> through resistance Rs when only V> voltage is connect- ing in the circuit. 6. Verify I should be equal to the Algebraic sum of I; and Ip 7. Repeat this procedure four or five times for different value of V; and V>. Name:- Dipu Ranjan Roll. No. :- 19EC35L. 12Lingaya’s Vidyapeeth, Faridabad Network Theory Lab OBSERVATIONS: S.No. Ammeter Ammeter — Sumof | Ammeter % Error reading with reading with = +1: | reading with source V; source V; source V+ V2 Ima) 1,(mA) (mA) 1A) 2.38 3.20 5.58 5.62 0.71 2 2.68 4.05 6.73 6.74 0.10 3 4.39 4.70 9.09 9.10 0.29 Name:- Dipu Ranjan Roll, No, :- 19EC35L.