Cad Cam Full Subject

CAD - CAM
Shijil p k
MODULE I
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
MOTIVATION FOR THE STUDY OF CAD
Application of CAD/CAM
○ Aerospace
○ Automotive
○ Chemical & Process
○ Communications
○ Computers & IT
○ Electrical & Electronics
○ Medical & Pharma
○ Military & Defence
○ Rail & Marine
○ Structural & Civil
○ Apparel and Textile
DESIGN
DESIGN
THE DESIGN PROCESS
1. Need
2. Concept
3. Modelling and Simulation
4. Analysis – FEM (Geometrical Data)
5. Optimize – Shape / Structure / Topology
6. Evaluate – testing / Inspection / Comparison
7. Communicate – prepare drawings and details
CAD
● Computer aided Design is a subprocess of Design process
CAD
CAD
CAD
ADVANTAGES OF CAD OVER MANUAL DRAFTING
CAD
CAD
CAD
CAD
CAD
CAD
CAD
CAD HARDWARE
CAD
INPUT-OUTPUT
DEVICES
INPUT-OUTPUT DEVICES
INPUT DEVICES
● Keyboard
● Mouse
● Digitizer
● Joystick
● Light pen
● scanner
INPUT-OUTPUT DEVICES
OUTPUT DEVICES
● CRT monitor
● Direct-view storage tubes
● LCD monitor
● Plasma monitor
● LED monitor
● Printers
● Plotters
INPUT DEVICES
1. KEYBOARD
● It is the most common input device used for entering data and information into
the computer system. This is the standard input device attached to all
computers.
● The keyboard is a primary device for inputting text by pressing a set of keys. All
the keys are neatly mounted in a keyboard connected to the computer system.
● Keyboard devices can be classified into two types General purpose keyboards
and Special purpose keyboards. General purpose keyboard are standard
keyboards used with most computer system
INPUT DEVICES
1. KEYBOARD
● The layout of keyboard is just like the traditional typewriter of the type QWERTY.
It also contains some extra command keys and function keys. It contains a total
of 101 to 104 keys
● In general, a computer keyboard has following keys :
○ Alphanumeric Keys: It includes letters and numbers.
○ Punctuation Keys: These include comma, period, semicolon etc.
○ Special Keys: These can be function keys, control keys, arrow keys and Caps
lock keys etc
INPUT DEVICES
1. KEYBOARD
INPUT DEVICES
2. MOUSE
● A Mouse is a handy device which can be moved on a smooth surface to cause
the movement of a cursor on the screen.
● It is a pointing device which is used to input data and information into the
computer system by pointing on it.
● Physically, a mouse contains a small case, held under one of the user’s hands
with one or more buttons. For GUI-based systems a mouse is an essential
pointing-device.
● The cursor of the mouse moves in the same direction in which the mouse ball
rolls
INPUT DEVICES
2. MOUSE
Types of Mouse
○ Mechanical Mouse
○ Optical Mouse
○ Cord-Less Mouse
INPUT DEVICES
3. DIGITIZING (GRAPHIC) TABLET
● Digitizing or Graphics’ tablet is a computer input device that allows one to hand-
draw images and graphics, similar to the way one draws images with a pencil and
paper.
● These tablets may also be used to capture data of handwritten signatures. Some
tablets are intended as a general replacement for a mouse as the primary
pointing and navigation device for desktop computers.
● These are used by architects, engineers and designers in Computer Aided Design
(CAD) for designing purposes, such as buildings, cars, mechanical parts, robots
etc. These are also used in Geographical Information System (GPS) for digitizing
of maps
INPUT DEVICES
3. DIGITIZING (GRAPHIC) TABLET
● Graphics tablet is most suited for artists and those who want the natural feel of a
pen-like object to manipulate the cursor on their screen. Wacom is the most well
known manufacturer of graphics tablets, and is incredibly well respected.
INPUT DEVICES
4. JOYSTICK
● Joystick is a remote control device for a computer which is used for playing video
games to indicate the position. It has a stick that pivots on a base and is used for
controlling the action in video games.
● The User moves a spherical ball with the help of a stick in the joystick as opposed
to the trackball where fingers are used for moving the ball.
● Joysticks are also used for controlling machines such as cranes, trucks,
underwater unmanned vehicles, flight simulators, industrial robots etc
INPUT DEVICES
4. JOYSTICK
INPUT DEVICES
5. LIGHT PENS
● A Light pen is a pen like light-sensitive device. It is connected by a wire to the
computer terminal to detect the CRT beam when pointed towards the screen
and generate a narrow electrical pulse that can be fed to the computer as an
input signal.
● It is used to draw on the screen or to point to the displayed objects. It operates
by detecting the light emitted by the screen phosphors.
● A light pen can work with any CRT monitor but not with LCD monitors. It is used
by architects and engineers for CAD applications and editing
INPUT DEVICES
5. LIGHT PENS
INPUT DEVICES
6. SCANNERS
● A Scanner is an input device and is used to input data into the computer system
in the form of pictures. It optically scans images, printed text, handwriting, or an
object, and converts it to a digital image.
● Examples of scanners are a desktop or flatbed scanner. In scanners the
document is placed on a glass window for scanning. Mechanically driven
scanners that move the document are typically used for large-formatted volume
of documents.
● Another type of scanner is a planetary scanner. This scanner takes photographs
of books and documents. Three dimensional scanners are used for producing
three-dimensional models of objects
INPUT DEVICES
6. SCANNERS
OUTPUT DEVICES
1. CATHODE RAY TUBE MONITORS (CRT)
OUTPUT DEVICES
● It is an evacuated glass tube.
● An electron gun at the rear of the tube produce a beam of electrons which is
directed towards the screen of the tube by a high voltage typically 15000 to
20000 volts
● Inner side screen is coated with phosphor substance which gives light when it is
stroked bye electrons.
● Control grid controls velocity of electrons before they hit the phosphor.
● The control grid voltage determines how many electrons are actually in the
electron beam. The negative the control voltage is the fewer the electrons that
pass through the grid
OUTPUT DEVICES
● Thus control grid controls Intensity of the spot where beam strikes the screen.
● The focusing system concentrates the electron beam so it converges to small
point when hits the phosphor coating.
● Deflection system directs beam which decides the point where beam strikes the
screen.
● Deflection system of the CRT consists of two pairs of parallel plates which are
vertical and horizontal deflection plates.
● Voltage applied to vertical and horizontal deflection plates is control vertical and
horizontal deflection respectively
OUTPUT DEVICES
● There are two techniques used for producing images on the CRT screen
○ Vector scan/Random scan display.
○ Raster scan display
OUTPUT DEVICES
1. CATHODE RAY TUBE MONITORS (CRT):VECTOR SCAN/RANDOM SCAN DISPLAY
● Vector scan display directly traces out only the desired lines on CRT.
● If we want line between point p1 & p2 then we directly drive the beam
deflection circuitry which focus beam directly from point p1 to p2.
● If we do not want to display line from p1 to p2 and just move then we can blank
the beam as we move it.
● To move the beam across the CRT, the information about both magnitude and
direction is required. This information is generated with the help of vector
graphics generator.
● shows architecture of vector display. It consists of display controller, CPU, display
buffer memory and CRT
OUTPUT DEVICES
1. CATHODE RAY TUBE MONITORS (CRT):VECTOR SCAN/RANDOM SCAN DISPLAY
OUTPUT DEVICES
CATHODE RAY TUBE MONITORS (CRT):RASTER SCAN DISPLAY
● Figure shows the architecture of Raster display. It consists of display controller,
CPU, video controller, refresh buffer, keyboard, mouse and CRT.
● The display image is stored in the form of 1’s and 0’s in the refresh buffer.
● The video controller reads this refresh buffer and produces the actual image on
screen.
● It will scan one line at a time from top to bottom & then back to the top.
● In this method the horizontal and vertical deflection signals are generated to
move the beam all over the screen in a pattern shown in figure.
OUTPUT DEVICES
1. CATHODE RAY TUBE MONITORS (CRT):RASTER SCAN DISPLAY
OUTPUT DEVICES
OUTPUT DEVICES
OUTPUT DEVICES
2. DIRECT-VIEW STORAGE TUBES (DVST)
OUTPUT DEVICES
● In raster scan display we do refreshing of the screen to maintain a screen image.
● DVST gives alternative method for maintaining the screen image.
● DVST uses the storage grid which stores the picture information as a charge
distribution just behind the phosphor coated screen.
● DVST consists two electron guns a primary gun and a flood gun.
● A primary gun stores the picture pattern and the flood gun maintains the picture
display.
● A primary gun emits high speed electrons which strike on the storage grid to
draw the picture pattern.
OUTPUT DEVICES
● As electron beam strikes on the storage grid with high speed, it knocks out
electrons from the storage grid keeping the net positive charge.
● The knocked out electrons are attracted towards the collector.
● The net positive charge on the storage grid is nothing but the picture pattern.
● The continuous low speed electrons from flood gun pass through the control grid
and are attracted to the positive charged area of the storage grid.
● The low speed electrons then penetrate the storage grid and strike the phosphor
coating without affecting the positive charge pattern on the storage grid.
● During this process the collector just behind the storage grid smooth out the
flow of flood electrons
OUTPUT DEVICES
Advantage of DVST
○ Refreshing of CRT is not required.
○ Very complex pictures can be displayed at very high resolution without
flicker.
○ Flat screen.
Disadvantage of DVST
○ They do not display colour and are available with single level of line intensity.
○ For erasing it is necessary to removal of charge on the storage grid so erasing
and redrawing process take several second.
○ Erasing selective part of the screen cannot be possible.
OUTPUT DEVICES
Disadvantage of DVST
○ Cannot used for dynamic graphics application as on erasing it produce
unpleasant flash over entire screen.
○ It has poor contrast as a result of the comparatively low accelerating potential
applied to the flood electrons.
○ The performance of DVST is somewhat inferior to the refresh CRT
OUTPUT DEVICES
3. PLASMA PANELS DISPLAYS
OUTPUT DEVICES
● This is also called gas discharge displays.
● It is constructed by filling the region between two glass plates with a mixture of
gases that usually includes neon.
● A series of vertical conducting ribbons is placed on one glass panel and a set of
horizontal ribbon is built into the other glass panel.
● Firing voltage is applied to a pair of horizontal and vertical conductors cause the
gas at the intersection of the two conductors to break down into glowing plasma
of electrons and ions.
OUTPUT DEVICES
● Picture definition is stored in a refresh buffer and the firing voltages are applied
to refresh the pixel positions, 60 times per second.
● Alternating current methods are used to provide faster application of firing
voltages and thus brighter displays.
● Separation between pixels is provided by the electric field of conductor.
● One disadvantage of plasma panels is they were strictly monochromatic device
that means shows only one colour other than black like black and white.
OUTPUT DEVICES
4. LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY (LCD)
● First introduced in watches and clocks in the1970’s, LCDs are now used to
display images in monitors.
● A newer technology in computer screens is TFT LCD monitors. These are light
weight monitors and are used in laptop computers.
● Active matrix structure is used by most of the modern LCD monitors and
television sets. In this technology, a matrix of thin-film transistors (TFT) is added
to the polarizing and colour filters.
● It enhances the display to make it look brighter and sharper. It can also produce
much better images and have quicker response times.
OUTPUT DEVICES
4. LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY (LCD)
OUTPUT DEVICES
5. LIGHT EMITTING DIODE (LED) DISPLAY
OUTPUT DEVICES
● Light Emitting Diodes (LED) is the latest technology which is being used now a
days for making high definition TV screens and monitors.
● It is a semi-conductor light source. In this technology diodes are used to light up
the screen instead of liquid crystal Diodes. LED is known as light emitting diode.
● It is an electronic device that lights up when electricity is passed through it. LEDs
are usually red. They are good for displaying images because they can be
relatively small, and they do not burn out. However, they require more power
than LCD monitors. LED is light weight monitors and is used in laptop computers
and in TV.
OUTPUT DEVICES
● The Life of LED monitors is three times than that of LCD monitors and they have
less warm up time than that of CRT or LCD monitors. These monitors require less
space on the desk, less power consumption and have flicker free screen.
● In this display a matrix of multi-colour light emitting diode is arranged to form
the pixel position in the display. And the picture definition is stored in refresh
buffer.
● Similar to scan line refreshing of CRT information is read from the refresh buffer
and converted to voltage levels that are applied to the diodes to produce the
light pattern on the display
OUTPUT DEVICES
6. PRINTERS
● Printers are used for producing output on paper. There are a large variety of
printers and printing devices which can be classified according to the print
quality and printing speed
● On the basis of speed printers are of following types
1. Character Printer : These printers can print only one character at a time. They
work similar to a typewriter. The examples are Daisy Wheel Printer, Dot Matrix
Printer and Inkjet Printer.
○ (a) Daisy-Wheel Printer : This printer is similar to a ball-head typewriter. This
type of printer has a plastic or metal wheel on which the shape of each
character is embossed.
OUTPUT DEVICES
6. PRINTERS
○ (b) Dot-Matrix Printer : This is one of the most popular printers used for
personal computing systems. These printers are relatively cheaper compared
to other technologies and use impact technology.
DAISY WHEEL PRINTER DOT MATRIX PRINTER

OUTPUT DEVICES
6. PRINTERS
2. Line Printer: As the name suggests a line printer is a high speed printer which is
used to print one entire line of text at a time. Line printers are used to print
large amount of data, printing labels, accounting work and other large business
printing applications in data centres. These are fast printers ranging in speed
from 300 to 2500 lines per minute. Examples are Drum Printers and Chain
Printers.
3. Page Printer: These are very high speed printers which produce high quality
output. Their speed ranges from10-25 pages per minute. These printers are
commonly used today. They use modern Laser Printer technology and print a
whole page at one go.
OUTPUT DEVICES
6. PRINTERS
● The various types of printers based on print quality are as follows
1. Ink-jet Printer: The Inkjet printer works on inkjet technology and produces
better quality printouts than dot matrix printers. These print by spraying a
controlled stream of tiny ink droplets accurately on the paper forming either
dot matrix or solid characters
OUTPUT DEVICES
6. PRINTERS
2. Laser Printer
OUTPUT DEVICES
6. PRINTERS
2. Laser Printer : This is a high quality, high speed and high volume technology
printer. In laser printers, a laser beam is used to produce an image on a drum.
○ The light of the laser alters the electrical charge on the drum wherever it hits
it. The drum is then rolled through a reservoir of toner, which is picked up by
the charged portions of the drum.
○ Finally, the toner is transferred to the paper through a combination of heat
and pressure. Laser printers produce very high quality text and graphics but
are expensive. The technology used by them is the same as that of
photocopying machines.
OUTPUT DEVICES
6. PRINTERS
2. Laser Printer:
● The speed of laser printers varies from 10 pages per minute to 200 pages per
minute. Laser printers are also called page printers; because they print a whole
page at one go.
● Standard laser printers can be classified into two categories in terms of color:
○ Monochrome laser printer, and
○ Colour laser printer
OUTPUT DEVICES
6. PRINTERS
2. Laser Printer:
● Monochrome laser printers use a single toner.
● Colour laser printers use four toners to print in full colour. These printers are
about five to ten times as expensive as their monochrome siblings.
● Colour laser printers are popular and are being widely used, in spite of their cost.
To print documents with graphics and photographs a colour laser printer is a
good option. Print speed, quality, printer resolution, reliability and the costs of
toner are the major deciding factors for choosing a printer
OUTPUT DEVICES
7. PLOTTERS
● A Plotter is a device that draws pictures on a page as output, after receiving a
print command from the computer. It is also called a graph plotter. In plotters
pens are used to draw lines on the paper, which is placed in the plotter
● Plotters produce high quality diagrams on the paper and their output quality is
good. Engineers, architects and planners use plotters to generate high quality,
high-precision graphic output of different sizes. For several design applications
such as design of layout of an aircraft, car, and architectural design of a building
and in other computer-aided design applications plotter are very useful
OUTPUT DEVICES
7. PLOTTERS
● Plotter is of three types:
○ Drum Plotter
○ Flat-Bed Plotter
○ Electrostatic Plotters
1. Drum Plotter: In this plotter is mounted on the surface of drum. The drum
rotates back and forth to produce vertical motion and the plotters pens are
horizontally positioned over the target are. Under the control of the computer,
the drum and the pen(s) move simultaneously to produce the graphic or design.
Because of complex mechanism the printing speed of this printer is slow
OUTPUT DEVICES
7. PLOTTERS
2. Flat-Bed Plotter: A flatbed plotter plots on papers that are spread and fixed over
a rectangular flatbed surface. Normally, the paper does not move and all the
motion is provide by pen – holding mechanism. The pen mechanism moves the
pen left, right, top and bottom side. The plot size is restricted by the area of the
bed. It is used to draw Cars, Ships, Airplanes ,Road and highway design etc.
3. Electrostatic Plotters: They use electrostatic charges to create images out of
very small dots on specially treated paper. The paper is run through a developer
to allow the image to appear. These are faster than pen plotters and can
produce images of very high resolution.
OUTPUT DEVICES
7. PLOTTERS
STORAGE DEVICES
STORAGE DEVICES
● Permanent storage of programme and of data generated during various sessions
of CAD/CAM requires a large amount of storage space.
● The memory of computer is two types -
1. Primary Memory
2. Secondary Memory
● Primary Memory is the volatile memory and the Secondary Memory is the non-
volatile memory.
● The volatile memory is erasable and the non-volatile memory stores the content
that cannot be erased.
● Basically, when we talk about the data storage devices it is generally assumed to
be those of secondary memory
STORAGE DEVICES
PRIMARY MEMORY
● Primary Memory is accessible directly by the processing unit.
● Also known as main memory.
● Main memory is directly or indirectly connected to the central processing unit via
a memory bus.
● The CPU continuously reads instructions stored there and executes them as
required.
● As soon as the computer is turned off, the contents of the primary memory
would be lost.
STORAGE DEVICES
PRIMARY MEMORY
● You can store and retrieve data much faster with primary memory compared to
secondary memory. And Primary memory is also more expensive than secondary
memory as the size of primary memory is lesser than that of secondary memory
● Example
○ RAM
○ ROM
STORAGE DEVICES
PRIMARY MEMORY
1. Random Access Memory (RAM)
● The primary storage is called as Random Access Memory (RAM) because it is
possible to randomly select and use any location of the memory, directly store
and retrieve data. It takes same time to reach any address of the memory as it
takes for the first address.
● It is also called read / write memory. The storage of data and instructions inside
the primary storage are temporary. They disappear from RAM as soon as the
power to the computer is turned off.
● The memories, which lose their content on failure of power supply, are known as
volatile memories. So, we can say that RAM is a volatile memory
STORAGE DEVICES
PRIMARY MEMORY
1. Random Access Memory (RAM)
STORAGE DEVICES
PRIMARY MEMORY
2. Read Only Memory (ROM)
● There is another memory in computer, which is called Read Only Memory
(ROM). The storage of program and data in the ROM is permanent.
● The ROM stores some standard processing programmes supplied by the
manufacturers to operate the personal computer. The ROM can only be read by
the CPU but it cannot be changed.
● The basic input/ output programme is stored in the ROM that examines and
initialises various equipment attached to the PC when the switch is made ON.
The memories, which do not lose their content on failure of power supply, are
known as non-volatile memories. ROM is non-volatile memory.
STORAGE DEVICES
PRIMARY MEMORY
STORAGE DEVICES
SECONDARY MEMORY
● It is not directly accessible by the CPU
● Computer usually uses its input/output channels to access secondary storage
and transfers the desired data using intermediate area in primary storage.
● Secondary Memory is used for permanent storage of data in the computer.
1. Floppy Discs
2. Fixed Hard Discs (HDD)
3. Portable Hard Discs
4. Magnetic Tapes
5. Optical backing storage media such as CDs and DVDs
6. Memory Sticks/Pen Drives
7. Flash Memory Cards
STORAGE DEVICES
SECONDARY MEMORY
1. Floppy Discs
STORAGE DEVICES
SECONDARY MEMORY
1. Floppy Discs
● Floppy Disks, which are soft magnetic disks, (often also called Floppies or
Diskettes) are portable. They can be removed from a disk drive. Disk drives for
floppy disks are called Floppy Drives.
● Floppy Disks are slower to access than hard disks and would have less storage
capacity, however, they are much cheaper when it comes to cost. Floppies come
in three basic sizes: Floppy Disks, initially as 8-inch (200 mm) media and later in
5.25-inch (133 mm) and 3.5-inch (90 mm) sizes
STORAGE DEVICES
SECONDARY MEMORY
STORAGE DEVICES
SECONDARY MEMORY
● A Hard Disk Discs (HDD) is a data storage device used for storage and retrieving
such stored digital information using rapidly rotating disks (Platters) coated with
magnetic material.
● An HDD retains its data even when powered off. Data is read in a random-access
manner, meaning individual blocks of data can be stored or retrieved in any
order rather than sequentially. Hard Disk Drives can be used for storing
operating systems software and working data.
STORAGE DEVICES
SECONDARY MEMORY
● These are suitable for any application which requires very fast access to data for
both reading and writing too. However, Hard disk drives may not be suitable for
applications which need portability.
● Almost all computers used a fixed hard disc. Used for on-line and real time
processes requiring direct access. Used in file servers for computer networks to
store large amount of data
STORAGE DEVICES
SECONDARY MEMORY
STORAGE DEVICES
SECONDARY MEMORY
● Portable Hard Discs are good fun because you can carry data all over the place
and transfer information, programmes, pictures between computers
● Portable Discs are used to store very large files which need transporting from
one computer to another and price is not an issue.
● Hard drives have to be handled quite carefully and when being transported
should be wrapped in something soft and put in a padded bag. These are more
expensive than other forms of removable media
STORAGE DEVICES
SECONDARY MEMORY
4. Magnetic Tapes
● Magnetic Tape has been used for data storage for over 50 years. When storing
large amounts of data, tape can be substantially less expensive than disk or other
data storage options.
● Tape storage has always been used with large computer systems. Modern usage
is primarily as a high capacity medium for backups and archives
● Magnetic tapes are used for applications which require extremely large storage
STORAGE DEVICES
SECONDARY MEMORY
4. Magnetic Tapes
● capacity where speed of access is not an issue. It is commonly used for backups
of file servers for computer networks, in a variety of batch processing
applications such as reading of bank cheques, payroll processing and general
stock control. Writing and retrieving data is slow. It uses serial access for reading
and writing
STORAGE DEVICES
SECONDARY MEMORY
● CDs are used for large files (but smaller than 1GB) which are too big for a floppy
disc to hold such as music and general animation
● DVDs are used to hold very large files (several GB) such as movies. Both CDs and
DVDs are portable i.e. they can be transported from one computer to another.
Both can be used to store computer data
STORAGE DEVICES
SECONDARY MEMORY
● CD ROM/DVD ROM Applications which require the prevention of deletion of

data, accidental or otherwise CDs used by software companies for distributing
software programs and data; by Music companies for distributing music albums
and by book publishers for distributing encyclopaedias, reference books etc.
DVDs used by film distributors
STORAGE DEVICES
SECONDARY MEMORY
6. Memory Sticks/Pen Drives
● USB flash drives are typically removable and rewritable, much smaller than a
floppy disk. Storage capacities typically range from 64 MB to 64 GB.
● USB flash drives offer potential advantages over other portable storage devices,
particularly the floppy disk. They have a more compact shape, operate faster,
hold much more data, have a more durable design and operate more reliably
due to their lack of moving parts.
● Flash drives are widely used to transport files and backup data from computer to
computer
STORAGE DEVICES
SECONDARY MEMORY
7. Flash Memory Cards
● A Memory Card or Flash Memory Card is a solid-state electronic flash memory

data storage device used with digital cameras, handheld and Mobile computers,
telephones, music players, video game consoles and other electronics.
● These days, most of the new PCs have built-in slots for a variety of memory
cards; Memory Stick, Compact Flash, SD etc. Some digital gadgets support more
than one memory card to ensure compatibility
CAD PLATFORMS
CAD PLATFORMS
● In general, we can run CAD software on three different CAD platforms:
1. Mainframe Platform
2. Workstation Platform
3. PC Platform
● When the CAD programs first became available, they could only be run on a
mainframe computer.
● However, as the PCs have become faster and cheaper, almost all the CAD
vendors have introduced a version of their CAD software that will effectively run
on a Pentium or higher computer.
CAD PLATFORMS
● Currently, the most popular platforms are PCs and Workstations.
● Popularity of Workstations stems from their ability to network easily with other
computers, and also, due to their large memory storage capability.
● However, PC platform is still the most preferred medium for most engineers.
Increasing popularity of the PC platform can be attributed to several factors,
including, total user control, the speed, capability of storing large memory, ease
of hardware upgrading and maintenance, and the overall reasonable cost
CAD PLATFORMS
CAD SOFTWARE
CAD SOFTWARE
● CAD software is written in FORTRAN and C languages.
● FORTRAN provides the number crunching, whereas, C language provides the
visual images.
● Early CAD packages were turnkey systems, i.e., the CAD packages were sold as an
integrated software and hardware package, with no flexibility for using second
vendor hardware (1970s and 80s).
● These systems were based on 16-bit word, and were incapable of networking.
The modern CAD software utilizes the open architecture system, i.e., software
vendors do not design and manufacture their own hardware.
CAD SOFTWARE
● Third party software can be used to augment the basic CAD package. Most
popular CAD package will facilitate integration of the Finite Element Analysis and
other CAD software from more than one vendor. For example, IDEAS pre-
processor can work with almost all the FEA packages for pre and post analyses.
● Networking is an important consideration in applications of CAD software. A
model created by one engineer must be readily accessible to others in an
organization, which is linked by a LAN or other means.
● The designer, analyst, management, marketing, vendor, and others generally
share a model. This is the concurrent engineering in action, mentioned earlier
COMPUTER NETWORK
TOPOLOGIES
COMPUTER NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
● A Network Topology is the arrangement with which computer systems or
network devices are connected to each other.
● Topologies may define both physical and logical aspect of the network. Both
logical and physical topologies could be same or different in a same network.
1. Point-to-Point
2. Bus Topology
3. Star Topology
4. Ring Topology
5. Mesh Topology
6. Tree Topology
7. Daisy Chain
8. Hybrid Topology
1. POINT-TO-POINT
1. POINT-TO-POINT
● Point-to-point networks contains exactly two hosts such as computer, switches,
routers, or servers connected back to back using a single piece of cable. Often,
the receiving end of one host is connected to sending end of the other and vice
versa
● If the hosts are connected point-to-point logically, then may have multiple
intermediate devices. But the end hosts are unaware of underlying network and
see each other as if they are connected directly
2. BUS TOPOLOGY
2. BUS TOPOLOGY
● In case of Bus topology, all devices share single communication line or cable. Bus
topology may have problem while multiple hosts sending data at the same time.
● Therefore, Bus topology either uses CSMA/CD technology or recognizes one host
as Bus Master to solve the issue. It is one of the simple forms of networking
where a failure of a device does not affect the other devices.
● But failure of the shared communication line can make all other devices stop
functioning
● Both ends of the shared channel have line terminator. The data is sent in only
one direction and as soon as it reaches the extreme end, the terminator removes
the data from the line
3. STAR TOPOLOGY
3. STAR TOPOLOGY
● All hosts in Star topology are connected to a central device, known as hub
device, using a point-to-point connection. That is, there exists a point to point
connection between hosts and hub. The hub device can be any of the following:
○ Layer-1 device such as hub or repeater
○ Layer-2 device such as switch or bridge
○ Layer-3 device such as router or gateway
● As in Bus topology, hub acts as single point of failure. If hub fails, connectivity of
all hosts to all other hosts fails. Every communication between hosts takes place
through only the hub. Star topology is not expensive as to connect one more
host, only one cable is required and configuration is simple
4. RING TOPOLOGY
4. RING TOPOLOGY
● In ring topology, each host machine connects to exactly two other machines,
creating a circular network structure.
● When one host tries to communicate or send message to a host which is not
adjacent to it, the data travels through all intermediate hosts.
● To connect one more host in the existing structure, the administrator may need
only one more extra cable.
● Failure of any host results in failure of the whole ring. Thus, every connection in
the ring is a point of failure. There are methods which employ one more backup
ring
5. MESH TOPOLOGY
5. MESH TOPOLOGY
● In this type of topology, a host is connected to one or multiple hosts. This
topology has hosts in point-to-point connection with every other host or may
also have hosts which are in point-to-point connection with few hosts only.
● Hosts in Mesh topology also work as relay for other hosts which do not have
direct point-to-point links. Mesh technology comes into two types:
○ Full Mesh: All hosts have a point-to-point connection to every other host in
the network. Thus for every new host n(n-1)/2 connections are required. It
provides the most reliable network structure among all network topologies.
○ Partially Mesh: Not all hosts have point-to-point connection to every other
host. Hosts connect to each other in some arbitrarily fashion.
6. TREE TOPOLOGY
6. TREE TOPOLOGY
● Also known as Hierarchical Topology, this is the most common form of network
topology in use presently. This topology imitates as extended Star topology and
inherits properties of Bus topology.
● This topology divides the network into multiple levels/layers of network. Mainly
in LANs, a network is bifurcated into three types of network devices. The
lowermost is access-layer where computers are attached.
● The middle layer is known as distribution layer, which works as mediator
between upper layer and lower layer. The highest layer is known as core layer,
and is central point of the network, i.e. root of the tree from which all nodes fork
6. TREE TOPOLOGY
● All neighbouring hosts have point-to-point connection between them. Similar to
the Bus topology, if the root goes down, then the entire network suffers even
though it is not the single point of failure. Every connection serves as point of
failure, failing of which divides the network into unreachable segment
7. DAISY CHAIN
7. DAISY CHAIN
● This topology connects all the hosts in a linear fashion. Similar to Ring topology,
all hosts are connected to two hosts only, except the end hosts. Means, if the
end hosts in daisy chain are connected then it represents Ring topology
● Each link in daisy chain topology represents single point of failure. Every link
failure splits the network into two segments. Every intermediate host works as
relay for its immediate hosts
8. HYBRID TOPOLOGY
8. HYBRID TOPOLOGY
● A network structure whose design contains more than one topology is said to be
hybrid topology. Hybrid topology inherits merits and demerits of all the
incorporating topologies
● The above picture represents an arbitrarily hybrid topology. The combining
topologies may contain attributes of Star, Ring, Bus, and Daisy-chain topologies.
Most WANs are connected by means of Dual-Ring topology and networks
connected to them are mostly Star topology networks. Internet is the best
example of largest Hybrid topology
GEOMETRIC MODELING
GEOMETRIC MODELING
● Geometric modeling is as important to CAD as governing equilibrium equations
to classical engineering fields as mechanics and thermal fluids.
● Geometric modeling is only a means not the goal in engineering.
● Engineering analysis needs product geometry; the degree of detail depends on
the analysis procedure that utilizes the geometry.
● There is no model that is sufficient to study all behavioural aspects of an
engineering component or a system.
● Attributes facilitate analysis and grow with applications
GEOMETRIC MODELING
GEOMETRIC MODELING
General Requirements:
● Complete part representation including topological and geometrical data
○ Geometry: shape and dimensions
○ Topology: the connectivity and associativity of the
● object entities; it determines the relational information between object entities
● Able to transfer data directly from CAD to CAE and CAM.
● Support various engineering applications, such as mass properties, mechanism
analysis, FEA/FEM and tool path creation for CNC, and so on.
GEOMETRIC MODELING
Basic Geometric Modeling Techniques
1. 2-D Projection (Drawings)

2. Wireframe Modeling
3. Surface Modeling
4. Solid Modeling
GEOMETRIC MODELING
1. 2-D PROJECTION (DRAWINGS)
Problems
○ Training is necessary to understand the drawing
○ Mistakes often occur
○ Does not support subsequent applications such as finite element analysis
(FEA) or NC part programming.
GEOMETRIC MODELING
2. WIREFRAME MODELING
● A wireframe representation is a 3-D line drawing of an object showing only the
edges without any side surface in between.
● A frame constructed from thin wires representing the edges and projected lines
and curves
● Model consists entirely of points, lines, arcs and circles, conics, and curves.
● In 3D wireframe model, an object is not recorded as a solid. Instead the vertices
that define the boundary of the object, or the intersections of the edges of the
object boundary are recorded as a collection of points and their connectivity
GEOMETRIC MODELING
● A wireframe model of an object is the simplest and represents mathematically in
the computers.
● It is most commonly used technique and all commercial CAD/CAM systems are
wire-frame based.
GEOMETRIC MODELING
Advantages
● Can quickly and efficiently convey information than multiview drawings.
● The only lines seen are the intersections of surfaces.
● Can be used for finite element analysis.
● Can be used as input for CNC machines to generate simple parts.
● Contain most of the information needed to create surface, solid and higher order
models
GEOMETRIC MODELING
Disadvantages
● Geometric entities are lines and curves in 3D
● Volume or surfaces of object not defined
● Easy to store and display
● Hard to interpret – ambiguous
● Hidden lines are not removed
● For complex items, the result can be a jumble of lines that is impossible to
determine.
GEOMETRIC MODELING
3. SURFACE MODELING
GEOMETRIC MODELING
3. SURFACE MODELING
● A surface model represents the skin of an object, these skins have no thickness
or material type.
● Surface models define the surface features, as well as the edges, of objects.
● A mathematical function describes the path of a curve (parametric techniques).
● Surfaces are edited as single entities
● In general, a wireframe model can be extracted from a surface model by deleting
or blanking all surface entities
● Shape design and representation of complex objects such as car, ship, and
airplane bodies as well as castings
GEOMETRIC MODELING
3. SURFACE MODELING
Advantages
● Eliminates ambiguity and non-uniqueness present in wireframe models by hiding
lines not seen.
● Renders the model for better visualization and presentation, objects appear
more realistic.
● Provides the surface geometry for CNC machining.
● Provides the geometry needed for mold and die design.
● Can be used to design and analyze complex freeformed surfaces (ship hulls,
airplane fuselages, car bodies, …).
GEOMETRIC MODELING
3. SURFACE MODELING
Advantages
● Surface properties such as roughness, colour an reflectivity can be assigned and
demonstrated
Disadvantages
● Surface models provide no information about the inside of an object.
● Complicated computation, depending on the number of surfaces
GEOMETRIC MODELING
4. SOLID MODELING
● The solid modeling technique is based upon the "half-space“ concept.
● The boundary of the model separates the interior and exterior of the modelled
object.
● The object is defined by the volume space contained within the defined
boundary of the object.
● In general speaking, a closed boundary is needed to define a solid object.
● Informationally complete, valid, and unambiguous representation (Spatial
addressability)
○ points in space to be classified relative to the object, if it is inside, outside, or
on the object
GEOMETRIC MODELING
4. SOLID MODELING
● Store both geometric and topological information; can verify whether two
objects occupy the same space.
● Improves the quality of design, improves visualization, and has potential for
functional automation and integration
GEOMETRIC MODELING
4. SOLID MODELING
MODULE II
CAM
CAD
● Use of computers for designing products, processes or systems.
● It has the capacity to experiment with a large numbers design parameters and
usual view of different designs on the screen.
● Applications include designing air craft, engine parts, printed circuit boards,
casting moulds etc.
ADVANTAGES
● Improved productivity
● More standard design
● Fewer errors in NC part programming
● Lead time can be reduced
● Cost saving in tool design
CAM
COMPUTER AIDED MANUFACTURING
● Implies the use of computers to monitor and controls the manufacturing process
as a whole.
● CAD/CAM can prove to be cost effective if both are properly integrated.
● CAD systems offers the opportunity to develop a data base to manufacture the
designed products.
● CAM systems creates NC instructions for machine tools and produces process
plans for complete manufacture and assembly.
CAM
FUNCTIONS
1. NUMERICAL CONTROL
2. PROCESS PLANNING
3. ROBOTICS
4. FACTORY MANAGEMENT
1. NUMERICAL CONTROL: The computer can generate an NC program from a

geometric model or part. Design data is transferred to manufacture through a
database
CAM
FUNCTIONS
2. PROCESS PLANNING: In CAM, system is able to produce process plans directly
from the geometric model data base with almost no human assistance.
3. ROBOTS: A robot is a mechanical device that can be programmed to perform a
wide variety of manufacturing tasks using human like capabilities. Integration
of robots in the manufacturing systems results many advantages
4. FACTORY MANAGEMENT: Factory management uses interactive factory data
collection to get timely information from the factory floor. At the same time it
uses these data to ensure that the master production schedule is being
schedule is being properly executed. The system can also be directly modified
to safety need without calling computer programming experts
CAM
FEATURES
● CAM uses the computer systems to plan, manage and control the operations of
manufacturing industry. The two distinct features of CAM are
○ Use of computers to monitor and control the process
○ Use of computers to manufacturing
● No direct interaction between the computers and manufacturing process.
● Manufacturing support applications include NC part programming, computer
aided process planning, shop floor process report by computer etc..
CAM
APPLICATIONS
● Programming for NC,CNC and industrial robots
● Design of dies and moulds for casting and complex dies for sheet metal
operations
● Design of tool & fixtures
● Quality control and process planning
● Inspection and scheduling
CAPP
CAPP
COMPUTER AIDED PROCESS PLANNING
● Process planning is concerned with determining the sequence of individual
manufacturing operations needed to produce a given part or product.
● The resulting operation sequence is documented on a form is known as route
sheet.
● Route sheet is a listing of the production operations and associated machine
tools for a work part or assembly.
● Process planning is also related to the functions of determining appropriate
conditions for the machining operations and setting time standards for the
operations
CAPP
● Now-a-days, rapid progress is being made in the automation of actual
production process and also the product design element.
● However, the interface between design and production presents the greatest
difficulty in accomplishing integration. CAPP has the potential to achieve this
integration.
● In general, a complete CAPP system has following steps
1. Design input
2. Material selection
3. Process selection
4. Process sequencing
CAPP
5. Machine and tool selection
6. Intermediate surface determination
7. Fixture selection
8. Machining parameter selection
9. Cost/time estimation
10. Plan preparation
11. Mc tape image generation.
CAPP
● A computer aided process planning(CAPP) system aims to integrate design and
production data into a system that generates process plans which are rational
consistent and optimal.
● The two approaches used to generate CAPP are
1. Variant or Retrieval type CAPP system
2. Generative CAPP system
CAPP
1. VARIANT PROCESS PLANNING
● This system uses the similarity among components to retrieve the existing
process plans.
● A process plan that can be used by a family of components is called a standard
plan.
● A standard plan is stored permanently with a family number as its key.
● Some form of parts classification and coding system is required to organize the
computer files and to permit efficient retrieval of the appropriate process plan
for a new work part
● The user enter a part code number at a computer terminal
● CAPP searches the part family matrix file to determine if a match exists
CAPP
● If the file contains an identical code number, the standard machine routing and
operation sequence are retrieved from the respective computer files for display
to the user.
● The standard process plan is examined by the user to permit any necessary
editing of the plan to make it compatible with the new part design.
● After editing, the process plan formatter prepares the paper document in the
proper form
CAPP
● If an exact match cannot be found between the code numbers in the computer
file and the code number for the new part, the user may search the machine
routing file and the operation sequence file for similar parts that could be used
to develop the plan for the new part.
● Once the process plan for a new part code number has been entered , it
becomes the standard process for future parts of the same classification.
● It is easier to find a match in the machine routing file than in the operation
sequence file.
● The process plan formatter may use other applications programs like programs
to compute machining conditions, work standards & standard costs.
CAPP
CAPP
2. GENERATIVE CAPP SYSTEM
● This system synthesizes process information in order to create a process plan for
a new component automatically.
● In a generative planning system, process plans are created from information
available in manufacturing database without human intervention.
● Upon receiving the design model, the system can generate the required
operations and operation sequence for the component.
● Knowledge of the manufacturing must be captured and encoded into efficient
software.
● Other planning functions such as machine selection, tool selection, process
optimization etc… can also be automated using generative planning techniques.
CAPP
METHODS
a) Forward & backward planning
b) The input format
c) CAD models
d) Decision logic -(a) Decision trees & (b) Decision tables
e) Artificial intelligence
CAPP
a) FORWARD & BACKWARD PLANNING
● In generative process planning, when process plans are generated, the system
must define an initial state in order to reach the final state(goal). The path taken
represents the sequence of processes.
● A planner works in modifying the raw work piece until it takes on the final design
qualities. This is called forward planning. Backward planning uses the reverse
procedure.
● For forward planning, the successor surface must be known before selecting a
process, because the post condition of the first process becomes the
precondition for second process.
CAPP
a) FORWARD & BACKWARD PLANNING
● Backward planning eliminates this conditioning problem since it begins with the
final surfaces from and processes are selected to satisfy the initial requirements.
● In forward planning the objective surface must be taken to guarantee the
results.
● Backward planning starts with the final requirements and searches for the initial
condition etc…
CAPP
b) THE INPUT FORMAT
● The input format of a process planning system affects the ease with which a
system can be used, and the capability of the system.
● The translational form from the original design(engineering drawing or cad
model) to a specific input format is tedious and difficult to automate
CAPP
c) CAD MODELS
● Using a cad model as input to a process planning system can eliminate the
human effort of translating a design into code and other descriptive form.
● A cad model contains all the details about a design
● Additional code is needed to specify the machined surface shape from raw
material shape
CAPP
d) DECISION LOGIC
● This determines how a process or processes are selected.
● The major function is to match the process capabilities with the design
specifications.
● The different techniques in decision logic are decision trees and decision tables.
● These are methods of describing or specifying the various actions associated
with the combinations of input conditions
CAPP
e) ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE(AI)
● It can be defined as the ability of a device to perform functions that are normally
associated with the human intelligence. These functions include reasoning,
planning and problem solving.
● There are 2 types of knowledges involved in process planning system.They are
component knowledge and process knowledge
● Component knowledge defined the current state of the problem to be solved.
The knowledge of processes defines how the component can be changed by
processes(procedural knowledge)
CAPP
ADVANTAGES
1. PROCESS RATIONALIZATION
○ Computer automated preparations of operation routings is more consistent
logical and optimal.
○ The process plans will be consistent because the same computer software is
being used by all planners.
○ The process plans tend to be more logical & optimal because the company
has presumably incorporated the experience and judgement of its best
manufacturing people into the process planning software.
CAPP
ADVANTAGES
2. INCREASED PRODUCTIVITY OF PROCESS PLANNERS
○ With CAPP there is reduced clerical effort, fewer errors are made, and the
planners have immediate access to the process planning database. These
benefits translate into higher productivity of process planners.
3. REDUCED TURN AROUND TIME
○ Working with the CAPP system, the process planner will be able to prepare a
route sheet for a new part in less time compared to manual preparation,
there by leading to overall reduction in the manufacturing lead time.
CAPP
ADVANTAGES
4. IMPROVED LEGIBILITY
○ CAPP documents are neat and easier to read as they employ standard text,
which facilitate interpretation of the process plan in the factory.
5. INCORPORATION OF OTHER APPLICATION PROGRAMS
○ The process planning system can be designed to operate in conjunction with
other software packages to automate many of the time consuming
manufacturing support functions.
DESIGN FOR
MANUFACTURING &
ASSEMBLY
DESIGN FOR MANUFACTURING & ASSEMBLY
PRINCIPLES AND GUIDELINES
1. Minimize number of components
● Assembly costs are reduced.
● The final product is more reliable because there are fewer connections.
Disassembly for maintenance and field service is easier.
● Reduced part count usually means automation is easier to implement. Work-in-
process is reduced, and there are fewer inventory control problems.
● Fewer parts need to be purchased, which reduces ordering costs
2. Use standard commercially available components
● Design time and effort are reduced. Design of custom-engineered components is
avoided. There are fewer part numbers. Inventory control is facilitated. Quantity
discounts may be possible.
3. Use common parts across product lines
● There is an opportunity to apply group technology. Implementation of
manufacturing cells may be possible. Quantity discounts may be possible.
4. Design for ease of part fabrication
● Net shape and near net shape processes may be feasible. Part geometry is
simplified, and unnecessary features are avoided. Unnecessary surface finish
requirements should be avoided; otherwise, additional processing may be
needed
5. Design parts with tolerances that are within process capability
● Tolerances tighter than the process capability should be avoided; otherwise,
additional processing or sortation will be required. Bilateral tolerances should be
specified.
6. Design the product to be fool proof during assembly
● Assembly should be unambiguous. Components should be designed so they can
be assembled only one way. Special geometric features must sometimes be
added to components to achieve fool proof assembly
7. Minimize use of flexible components
● Flexible components include parts made of rubber, belts, gaskets, cables, etc.
Flexible components are generally more difficult to handle and assemble
8. Design for ease of assembly
● Part features such as chamfers and tapers should be designed on mating parts.
Design the assembly using base parts to which other components are added. The
assembly should be designed so that components are added from one direction,
usually vertically.
9. Use modular design
● Each subassembly should consist of five to fifteen parts. Maintenance and repair
are facilitated. Automated and manual assembly are implemented more readily.
Inventory requirements are reduced. Final assembly time is minimized
10. Shape parts and products for ease of packaging
● The product should be designed so that standard packaging cartons can be used,
which are compatible with automated packaging equipment. Shipment to
customer is facilitated.
11. Eliminate or reduce adjustment required
● Adjustments are time-consuming in assembly. Designing adjustments into the
product means more opportunities for out-of-adjustment conditions to arise
PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT CYCLE
PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT CYCLE
SEQUENTIAL &
CONCURRENT
ENGINEERING
SEQUENTIAL ENGINEERING
● Sequential engineering is a type of engineering production method where a
project is completed in a linear format.
● In sequential engineering, each step is worked on in a certain order. All attention
is put toward completing the first step of the project until it is complete.
● Once the first step is complete, the engineering team will then move on to the
second step of the project.
● Sequential engineering is sometimes referred to as "throw-it-over-the-wall"
engineering, because of the linear order in which a project is completed
PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT
● A typical flow chart of a sequential engineering project would follow a series of
certain steps.
● First, the product would be defined and the subsequent steps would be outlined.
● Then, the design of the product would take place, and after the design was
complete, the process of verification would occur.
● After verification, a prototype would be created. Only after the prototype is
created would a redesign occur.
● The product would then be re-verified and re-prototyped before being sent for
testing, manufacturing and production
ADVANTAGES
● It is a simple, well-defined method and allows everyone to remain on the same
page.
● It is an enforced-discipline approach
DISADVANTAGES
● There is always some uncertainty at the beginning of a project.
● Changes that occur later in the project are difficult and oftentimes expensive.
● A customer does not see a working product until the end, and if any changes
need to be made at that point it can be costly and time-consuming.
CONCURRENT ENGINEERING
● “The simultaneous performance of product design and process design. Typically,
concurrent engineering involves the formation of cross functional teams. This
allows engineers and managers of different disciplines to work together
simultaneously in developing product and process design.”
● “Concurrent engineering methodologies permit the separate tasks of the
product development process to be carried out simultaneously rather than
sequentially. Product design, testing, manufacturing and process planning
through logistics, for example, are done side-by-side and interactively.
● Potential problems in fabrication, assembly, support and quality are identified
and resolved early in the design process.”
● Concurrent Engineering = Teamwork -The more communication exists, the better the
product.
● Balances Needs -Customer, Supplier, Engineers, Marketing, and Manufacturing needs
● Simultaneous development of product and process.
● Most important aspect is communication and formation of teams
● Management support is vitally important
● Don’t be afraid to change current processes and technologies
BASIC GOALS
○ Dramatic improvements in time to market and costs
○ Improvements to product quality and performance
○ Do more with less
BENEFITS
● Reduces time from design concept by 25% or more.
● Reduces Capital investment by 20% or more.
● Continuous improvement of product quality.
● Increases Product Life Cycle Profitability
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SEQUENTIAL &
RAPID PROTOTYPING
RAPID PROTOTYPING
● A prototype is a draft version or an approximation of a final product. Prototypes
are developed for several reasons:
○ To identify possible problems.
○ To confirm the suitability of a design prior to starting mass production.
○ Provides a scale model to conduct tests and verify performance.
○ For visualization purposes.
○ Some prototypes are used as market research and promotional tools. And
most importantly
○ it is cheaper to manufacture, test and make changes to a prototype than it is
to a final product
RAPID PROTOTYPING
WHY RAPID PROTOTYPING ?
● Prototyping can improve the quality of requirements and provided to
developers.
● Reduced time and costs:
● Users are actively involved in the development.
● Quicker user feedback is available leading to better solutions.
● Errors can be detected much earlier.
● Missing functionality can be identified easily
RAPID PROTOTYPING
● All RP techniques employ the basic five-steps processes:
1. Create a CAD model of the design.
2. Convert the CAD model to STL format.
3. Slice the STL file into thin cross-sectional layers.
4. Construct the model one layer atop another.
5. Clean and finish the model
RAPID PROTOTYPING
RAPID PROTOTYPING
RAPID PROTOTYPING
RAPID PROTOTYPING
● STL: STANDARD TRIANGLE LANGUAGE
RAPID PROTOTYPING
RAPID PROTOTYPING
RAPID PROTOTYPING
RAPID PROTOTYPING
RAPID PROTOTYPING
RAPID PROTOTYPING
LIMITATIONS
● High precision RP machines are still expensive.
● RP systems are difficult to build parts with accuracy under +/- 0.02mm and wall
thickness under 0.5mm.
● The physical properties of the RP parts are normally inferior to those samples
that made in proper materials and by the traditional tooling.
● The RP parts are not comparable to (CNC) prototype parts in the surface
finishing, strength, elasticity, reflective index and other material physical
properties
RAPID PROTOTYPING
APPLICATIONS
1. DESIGN APPLICATIONS: Designers are able to confirm their design by building a
real physical model in minimum time using RP. Design benefits of RP:
○ Reduced lead times to produce prototypes
○ Improved ability to visualize part geometry
○ Early detection of design errors
○ Increased capability to compute mass properties
RAPID PROTOTYPING
APPLICATIONS
2.ENGINEERING ANALYSIS AND PLANNING: Existence of part allows certain
engineering analysis and planning activities to be accomplished that would be more
difficult without the physical entity.
○ Comparison of different shapes and styles to determine aesthetic appeal
○ Wind tunnel testing of streamline shapes
○ Stress analysis of physical model
○ Fabrication of pre-production parts for process planning and tool design.
RAPID PROTOTYPING
APPLICATIONS
3.TOOLING APPLICATIONS: Called rapid tool making (RTM) when RP is used to
fabricate production tooling.
● Two approaches for tool-making:
1. Indirect RTM method-Pattern is created by RP and the pattern is used to
fabricate the tool
○ Examples:
○ Patterns for sand casting and investment casting
○ Electrodes for EDM
RAPID PROTOTYPING
APPLICATIONS
2. Direct RTM method -RP is used to make the tool itself
○ Examples:
○ 3DP to create a die of metal powders followed by sintering and infiltration to
○ complete the die
RAPID PROTOTYPING
MODULE-IIIrd
NC, CNC, DNC
Assignment
● Explain the axes of lathe and vertical milling machine?

● List the advantages of higher axes machine?
● Explain CNC turning centre and its types?
5 axes CNC vertical axis machining centre
configuration
THE END
MODULE-IV
Elements of CNC machine
tools
DRIVES
 Basic function of a CNC machine is to provide automatic and
precise motion control to its elements such work table, tool
spindle etc.
 Drives are used to provide such kinds of controlled motion to
the elements of a CNC machine tool.
 A drive system consists of drive motors and ball lead-screws.
 The control unit sends the amplified control signals to
actuate drive motors which in turn rotate the ball lead-
screws to position the machine table or cause rotation of the
spindle.
POWER DRIVES
Electrical drives
 These are direct current (DC) or alternating current (AC)
servo motors. They are small in size and are easy to control.
Hydraulic drives
 These drives have large power to size ratio and provide
stepless motion with great accuracy.
 But these are difficult to maintain and are bulky. Generally
they employ petroleum based hydraulic oil which may have
fire hazards at upper level of working temperatures. Also
hydraulic elements need special treatment to protect them
against corrosion
POWER DRIVES
Pneumatic drives
 This drives use air as working medium which is
available in abundant and is fire proof.
 They are simple in construction and are cheaper.
However these drives generate low power, have less
positioning accuracy and are noisy.
POWER DRIVES
 In CNC, usually AC, DC, servo and stepper electrical
drives are used. The various drives used in CNC
machines can be classified as:
a. Spindle drives to provide the main spindle power for
cutting action
b. Feed drives to drive the axis
SPINDLE DRIVES
SPINDLE DRIVES
 The spindle drives are used to provide angular motion to the
workpiece or a cutting tool.
 Figure shows the components of a spindle drive. These drives
are essentially required to maintain the speed accurately
within a power band which will enable machining of a variety
of materials with variations in material hardness.
 The speed ranges can be from 10 to 20,000 rpm. The machine
tools mostly employ DC spindle drives. But as of late, the AC
drives are preferred to DC drives due to the advent of
microprocessor-based AC frequency inverter.
 High overload capacity is also needed for unintended
overloads on the spindle due to an inappropriate feed. It is
desirous to have a compact drive with highly smooth
operation
ELECTRICAL DRIVES
ELECTRICAL DRIVES
 Electric drives are mostly used in position and speed

control systems.
 The motors can be classified into two groups namely
DC motors and AC motors
DC motor
 A DC motor is a device that converts direct current (electrical
energy) into rotation of an element (mechanical energy).
 These motors can further be classified into brushed DC
motor and Brushless DC motors.
Brush type DC motor
 A typical brushed motor consists of an armature coil, slip
rings divided into two parts, a pair of brushes and horse
shoes electromagnet as shown in Fig.
 A simple DC motor has two field poles namely a north pole
and a south pole. The magnetic lines of force extend across
the opening between the poles from north to south.
 The coil is wound around a soft iron core and is placed in
between the magnet poles. These electromagnets receive
electricity from an outside power source.
 The coil ends are connected to split rings. The carbon
brushes are in contact with the split rings. The brushes are
connected to a DC source. Here the split rings rotate with the
coil while the brushes remain stationary.
Brush type DC motor
 The working is based on the principle that when a
current-carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic
field, it experiences a mechanical force whose
direction is given by Fleming's left-hand rule.
Brush type DC motor
Advantages of brushed DC motor
 The design of the brushed DC motor is quite simple
 Controlling the speed of a Brush DC Motor is easy
 Very cost effective
Disadvantages of brushed DC
motor
 High maintenance
 Performance decreases with dust particles
 Less reliable in control at lower speeds
 The brushes wear off with usage
Brushless DC motor
 A brushless DC motor has a rotor with permanent magnets
and a stator with windings.
 The rotor can be of ceramic permanent magnet type. The
brushes and commutator are eliminated and the windings
are connected to the control electronics.
 The control electronics replace the commutator and brushes
and energize the stator sequentially. Here the conductor is
fixed and the magnet moves
 The current supplied to the stator is based on the position of
rotor. It is switched in sequence using transistors. The
position of the rotor is sensed by Hall effect sensors. Thus a
continuous rotation is obtained
Brushless DC motor
Advantages of brushless DC motor
 More precise due to computer control
 More efficient
 No sparking due to absence of brushes
 Less electrical noise
 No brushes to wear out
 Electromagnets are situated on the stator hence easy to
cool
 Motor can operate at speeds above 10,000 rpm under
loaded and unloaded conditions
 Responsiveness and quick acceleration due to low rotor
inertia
Disadvantages of brushless DC motor
 Higher initial cost
 Complex due to presence of computer controller
 Brushless DC motor also requires additional system
wiring in order to power the electronic commutation
circuitry
AC motors
 AC motors convert AC current into the rotation of a
mechanical element (mechanical energy).
 As in the case of DC motor, a current is passed through the
coil, generating a torque on the coil. Typical components
include a stator and a rotor.
 The armature of rotor is a magnet unlike DC motors and the
stator is formed by electromagnets similar to DC motors. The
main limitation of AC motors over DC motors is that speed is
more difficult to control in AC motors.
 To overcome this limitation, AC motors are equipped with
variable frequency drives but the improved speed control
comes together with a reduced power quality
AC motors
 The working principle of AC motor is shown in fig.
 Consider the rotor to be a permanent magnet. Current
flowing through conductors energizes the magnets and
develops N and S poles.
 The strength of electromagnets depends on current. First
half cycle current flows in one direction and in the second
half cycle it flows in opposite direction. As AC voltage
changes the poles alternate.
AC motors
STEPPER MOTOR
 A stepper motor is a pulse-driven motor that changes the
angular position of the rotor in steps.
 Due to this nature of a stepper motor, it is widely used in low
cost, open loop position control systems.
Types of stepper motors
1. Permanent Magnet stepper motor
 Employ permanent magnet
 Low speed, relatively high torque
2. Variable Reluctance stepper motor
 Does not have permanent magnet
 Low torque
VARIABLE RELUCTANCE
STEPPER MOTOR
 Figure shows the construction of Variable Reluctance motor.
 The cylindrical rotor is made of soft steel and has four poles
as shown in Fig.
 It has four rotor teeth, 90⁰ apart and six stator poles, 60⁰
apart. Electromagnetic field is produced by activating the
stator coils in sequence. It attracts the metal rotor.
 When the windings are energized in a reoccurring sequence
of 2, 3, 1, and so on, the motor will rotate in a 30⁰ step angle.
 In the non-energized condition, there is no magnetic flux in
the air gap, as the stator is an electromagnet and the rotor is a
piece of soft iron; hence, there is no detent torque.
 This type of stepper motor is called a variable reluctance
stepper
VARIABLE RELUCTANCE STEPPER
MOTOR
PERMANENT MAGNET STEPPER
MOTOR
 In this type of motor, the rotor is a permanent magnet.
Unlike the other stepping motors, the PM motor rotor has no
teeth and is designed to be magnetized at a right angle to its
axis.
 Figure shows a simple, 90⁰ PM motor with four phases (A-D).
Applying current to each phase in sequence will cause the
rotor to rotate by adjusting to the changing magnetic fields.
 Although it operates at fairly low speed, the PM motor has a
relatively high torque characteristic.
 These are low cost motors with typical step angle ranging
between 7.5⁰ to 15⁰
PERMANENT MAGNET STEPPER
MOTOR
HYBRID STEPPER MOTOR
 Hybrid stepping motors combine a permanent magnet and a
rotor with metal teeth to provide features of the variable
reluctance and permanent magnet motors together.
 The number of rotor pole pairs is equal to the number of
teeth on one of the rotor’s parts.
 The hybrid motor stator has teeth creating more poles than
the main poles windings
 Rotation of a hybrid stepping motor is produced in the
similar fashion as a permanent magnet stepping motor, by
energizing individual windings in a positive or negative
direction
HYBRID STEPPER MOTOR
Advantages of stepper motors
 Low cost
 Ruggedness
 Simplicity of construction
 Low maintenance
 Less likely to stall or slip
 Will work in any environment
 Excellent start-stop and reversing responses
Disadvantages of stepper motors
 Low torque capacity compared to DC motors

 Limited speed
 During overloading, the synchronization will be
broken. Vibration and noise occur when running at
high speed.
SERVOMOTOR
SERVOMOTOR
 Servomotors are special electromechanical devices that
produce precise degrees of rotation.
 A servo motor is a DC or AC or brushless DC motor
combined with a position sensing device
 The servomotors are used in a closed-loop servo system as
shown in Figure .
 A reference input is sent to the servo amplifier, which
controls the speed of the servomotor.
 A feedback device is mounted on the machine, which is
either an encoder or resolver. This device changes mechanical
motion into electrical signals and is used as a feedback
SERVOMOTOR
 This feedback is sent to the error detector, which compares
the actual operation with that of the reference input.
 If there is an error, that error is fed directly to the amplifier,
which will be used to make necessary corrections in control
action.
 In many servo systems, both velocity and position are
monitored. Servomotors provide accurate speed, torque, and
have ability of direction control
 Two types- DC operated servomotor and AC operated
servomotor
Advantages of servo motors
 Provides high intermittent torque, high torque to
inertia ratio, and high speeds
 Work well for velocity control
 Available in all sizes
 Quiet in operation
 Smoother rotation at lower speeds
Disadvantages of servo motors
 More expensive than stepper motors
 Require tuning of control loop parameters
 Not suitable for hazardous environments or in vacuum
 Excessive current can result in partial demagnetization
of DC type servo motor
LINEAR MOTION DRIVES
 Linear motion drives are mechanical transmission systems
which are used to convert rotary motion into linear motion.
 The conventional thread forms like vee or square are not
suitable in CNC because of their high wear and less
efficiency. Therefore CNC machines generally employ ball
screw for driving their workpiece carriages.
 These drives provide backlash free operation with low
friction-wear characteristics.
 These are efficient and accurate in comparison with that of
nut-and-screw drives. Most widely used linear motion
drives are ball screws
Ball-screw based linear drives
Ball-screw based linear drives
 Ball screw is also called as ball bearing screw or recirculating
ball-screw.
 It consists of a screw spindle, a nut, balls and integrated ball
return mechanism a shown in Figure.
 The flanged nut is attached to the moving part of CNC machine
tool. As the screw rotates, the nut translates the moving part along
the guide ways
 When the screw shaft is rotating, as shown in Figure 4.4.1, a steel
ball at point (A) travels 3 turns of screw groove, rolling along the
grooves of the screw shaft and the ball nut, and eventually reaches
point (B).
 Then, the ball is forced to change its pathway at the tip of the
tube, passing back through the tube, until it finally returns to
point (A). Whenever the nut strokes on the screw shaft, the balls
repeat the same recirculation inside the return tube.
Characteristics of Ball screw
1. High mechanical efficiency
In ball screws, about 90% or more of the force used
to rotate the screw shaft can be converted to the force
to move the ball nut
2. Low in wear
Because of rolling contact, wear is less than that of
sliding contact
Advantages of Ball screws
 Highly efficient and reliable.
 Less starting torque.
 Lower co efficient of friction compared to sliding type screws and
run at cooler temperatures
 Power transmission efficiency is very high and is of the order of
95 %.
 Could be easily preloaded to eliminate backlash.
 The friction force is virtually independent of the travel velocity
and the friction at rest is very small; consequently, the stick-slip
phenomenon is practically absent, ensuring uniformity of motion.
 Has longer thread life hence need to be replaced less frequently.
 Ball screws are well -suited to high through output, high speed
applications or those with continuous or long cycle times.
 Smooth movement over full range of travel.
Disadvantages of Ball screws
 Tend to vibrate.
 Require periodic overhauling to maintain their
efficiency.
 Inclusion of dirt or foreign particles reduces the life of
the screws.
 Not as stiff as other power screws, thus deflection and
critical speed can cause difficulties.
 They are not self-locking screws hence cannot be used
in holding devices such as vices.
 Require high levels of lubrication
Applications of Ball screws
 Ball screws are employed in cutting machines, such as machining
centre and NC lathe where accurate positioning of the table is
desired
 Used in the equipment such as lithographic equipment or
inspection apparatus where precise positioning is vital
 High precision ball screws are used in steppers for semiconductor
manufacturing industries for precision assembly of micro parts.
 Used in robotics application where precision positioning is
needed.
 Used in medical examination equipment since they are highly
accurate and provide smooth motion.
Tool magazines and transfer systems
 Machining centers are used to carry out multiple operations
like drilling, milling, boring etc. in one set up on multiple
faces of the workpiece. These operations require a number of
different tools. Tool changing operation is time consuming
which reduces the machine utilization. Hence the tools
should be automatically changed to reduce the idle
time.
 This can be achieved by using automatic tool changer (ATC)
facility. It helps the workpiece to be machined in one setup
which increases the machine utilization and productivity.
 Large numbers of tools can be stored in tool magazines.
Tool magazines are specified by their storage capacity, tool
change procedure and shape. The storage capacity ranges
from 12 to 200.
Tool magazines
 Tool magazines are generally employed in CNC drilling and
milling machines.
 tool magazines can hold number of tools therefore proper
management of tools is essential.
 Duplication of the tools is possible and a new tool of same
type may be selected when a particular tool is worn off.
 The power required to move the tools in a tool magazine is
more.
 The following are some of the tool magazines used in
automation. -Disc or drum type , chain type, rack type
magazine
,
Disc type magazine
Disc type magazine
 The disc type tool magazine rotates to get the desired
tool in position with the tool change arm (Fig.).
 Larger the diameter of the disc/drum more the
number of tools it can hold.
 It has pockets where tool can be inserted.
 In case of drum type magazine which can store large
amount of tools, the pockets are on the surface along
the length. It carries about 12 to 50 tools
Chain type magazine
Chain type magazine
 When the number of tools is more than 50, chain type
of magazines are used (Fig).
 The magazine is mounted overhead or as a separate
column.
 In chain magazines the tools are identified either by
their location in the tool holder or by means of some
coding on the tool holder.
 These types of magazines can be duplicated
Rack type magazine
Rack type magazine
 Rack magazines are cost-efficient alternative to usual

tool magazine systems (Fig.).
 Set-up time can be optimized by utilizing the racks’
capacity of up to 50 tools.
 The high storage capacity of up to 400 tools permits a
large production capacity of varying work pieces
without tool changes.
 They can also be used to store work pieces.
Automatic Tool Changing (ATC)
Automatic Tool Changing (ATC)
The tool change activity requires the following motions:
1. The spindle stops at the correct orientation for the tool change
arm to pick the tool from the spindle.
2. Tool change arm moves to the spindle.
3. Tool change arm picks the tool from the spindle.
4. Tool change arm indexes to reach the tool magazine.
5. Tool magazine indexes so that the tool from the spindle can be
placed.
6. The tool is placed in the tool magazine.
7. The tool magazine indexes to bring the required tool to the tool
change position.
8. Tool change arm picks the tool from the tool magazine.
9. Tool change arm indexes to reach the spindle.
10. New tool is placed in the spindle.
11. Tool change arm moves back to its parking position
Advantages of ATC
 Increase in operator safety by changing tools
automatically
 Changes the tools in seconds for maintenance and
repair
 Increases flexibility
 Heavy and large multi-tools can easily be handled
 Decreases total production time
FEED BACK DEVICES
Feed back devices
Feed back devices
 The NC machine tools generally are run with a closed loop
control system.
 For this purpose it is necessary to provide appropriate
feedback in order to achieve accurate control of the
movement of the axes.
 The feedbacks that are normally used are the displacement
and velocities of the individual axes in the machine tool.
 The typical positional sensors used in the NC machine tools
are :
(a) Encoders, and
(b)Potentiometers
ENCODERS
 The encoder is a transducer that is connected directly

to the rotor or the lead screw.
 A device used to convert linear or rotational position
information into an electrical output signal.
ROTARY ENCODER
ROTARY ENCODER
 An optical rotary encoder converts the rotary motion of the motor
into a sequence of digital pulses.
 The pulses counted to convert to the position measurement. The
optical encoder consists of a disc with a number of accurately
etched equidistant lines or slots along the periphery.
 The encoder disc is attached to the shaft of the machine whose
rotary position needs to be measured.
 The disc is placed between a light source and a light-measuring
device.
 When the disc rotates the lines are interrupted and the light-
measuring device counts the number of times the light is
interrupted.
 By a careful counting and appropriate calculations it is possible to
know the position traversed by the shaft
ROTARY ENCODER
 If the lead screw has any backlash then that will be
reflected in the position indicated by the encoder.
 It therefore becomes mandatory to eliminate the
backlash in the lead screw to accurately get the
position of the axis.
 Also this requires that the pitch of the lead screw be
more accurate over its entire length for accurate
sensing of the position.
 Rotary Encoders are widely used with robotics
LINEAR ENCODER
 a device mounted on the machine table to measure the
actual displacement of the slide in such a way that
backlash of screws; motors etc. would not cause any
error in the feed back data.
 Linear scale, instead of rotary scale Glass is used
because of low sensitivity to temperature changes
 Linear encoders are widely used with machine tools
LINEAR ENCODER
Velocity feed back devices
 The actual speed of the motor can be measured in terms of
voltage generated from a tachometer mounted at the end of
the motor shaft.
 The voltage generated by the DC tachometer is compared
with the command voltage corresponding to the desired
speed.
 The difference of the voltages is used to actuate the motor to
eliminate the error.
CNC programming
CNC programming
Important things to know:
• Coordinate System
• Units, incremental or absolute positioning
• Coordinates: X,Y,Z, RX,RY,RZ
• Feed rate and spindle speed
• Coolant Control: On/Off, Flood, Mist
• Tool Control: Tool and tool parameters
Programming Key Letters
 O - Program number (Used for program identification)
 N - Sequence number (Used for line identification)
 G - Preparatory function
 X - X axis designation
 Y - Y axis designation
 Z - Z axis designation
 R - Radius designation
 F – Feed rate designation
 S - Spindle speed designation
 H - Tool length offset designation
 D - Tool radius offset designation
 T - Tool Designation
 M - Miscellaneous function
Table of Important G codes
Code Meaning Format
G00 Rapid Transverse N__G00 X___ Y___ Z___
G01 Linear Interpolation N__G01 X___ Y___ Z___ F___
G02 Circular Interpolation, N__G02 X__ Y__ Z___ R___ F___
CW N__G02 X___ Y__Z__I ___J __K __ F __
G03 Circular Interpolation, N__G03 X___ Y___ Z__R__F___
CCW N__G03 X__ Y__Z__I __J __K __ F __
G04 Dwell N__G04P___
G17 XY Plane
G18 XZ Plane
G19 YZ Plane
Code Meaning Format
G20/G70 Inch Unit
G21/G71 Metric Unit
G28 Automatic Return to Reference
Point
G40 Cutter compensation cancel
G41 Cutter compensation left N__G41D__
G42 Cutter compensation right N__G42D__
G43 Tool length compensation N__G43H__

(plus)
Code Meaning Format
G44 Tool length compensation N__G44H__
(minus)
G49 Tool length compensation
cancel
G80 Cancel canned cycles
G81 Drilling cycle N__G81 Z__R__F__
G90 Absolute positioning

G91 Incremental positioning
G92 Absolute preset, change the N__G92X__Y__Z__
datum position
Rapid traverse: G00
 G00:
 to make the machine move at maximum speed.
 It is used for positioning motion.
G90 G00 X20.0 Y10.0
End
G90:
(20,10)
absolute
coordinates (10,10)
Start (0,0)
Linear interpolation: G01
 G01:
 linear interpolation at feed speed.
G91 G0l X200.0 Y100.0 F200.0
Y
G91: End
incremental 100.0
coordinates
Start 200.0 X
Circular interpolation: G02, G03
 G02, G03:
 For circular interpolation, the tool destination and the circle
center are programmed in one block
 G02 is clockwise interpolation, G03 is counterclockwise
interpolation
G 02  R 
G17   X __ Y __   F __;
G 03  I __ J __ 
G 02  R 
G18  X __ Z __   F __;
 G 03  I __ K __ 
G 02  R 
G19 Y __ Z __   F __;
G 03  J __ K __ 
End Circle center, radius
point
Y
X R=-50mm
End Specify R with
sign before it:
180° +R
R=50mm >180° -R
Start
G91 G02 X60.0 Y20.0 R50.0 F300.0

G91 G02 X60.0 Y20.0 R-50.0 F300.0
Y  Specify Center with I, J, K
End
 I, J, K are the incremental
distance from the start of
X the arc;
 Viewing the start of arc as

Start the origin, I, J, K have
j positive or negative signs.
Center
i
N0010 G92 X200.0 Y40.0 Z0 ;
N0020 G90 G03 X140.0 Y100.0 I -60.0 F300；
N0030 G02 X120. 0 Y60.0 I- 50.0； G92:
Or To define working
N0010 G92 X200.0 Y40.0 Z0； coordinate
N0020 G90 G03 X140.0 Y100.0 R60.0 F300；
N0030 G02 X120.0 Y60.0 R50.0；
G90: Y
absolute 100 R50
coordinates 60 R60
40
X
O 90 120 140 200
Annotation for Circular Interpolation
 I0.0, J0.0, and K0.0 can be omitted.
 If X,Y,Z are all omitted in the program, that means
start and end of arc are same points.
N0020 G02 I20.0 (a full circle)
 If I, J, K, and R all appears in circular interpolation
instruction, R is valid and I, J, and K are invalid
Tool Compensation
 Tool-Radius Compensation
 Left hand G41
 Right hand G42
 Cancel tool-radius compensation G40
 Tool-Height Compensation
 Positive G43
 Negative G44
 Cancel tool-height compensation G49
Tool-Radius Compensation
 Tool-radius compensations make it possible to
program directly from the drawing, and thus eliminate
the tool-offset calculation
G41 (G42) D
 D: the radius of tool to compensate is saved in a memory unit that
is named D
 G41/G42 is directly related with direction of tool movement and
which side of part is cut.
Tool-Height Compensation
G43 (G44) H
 H: specified memory unit used to save height
compensation of tool.
 Positive compensation (G43):
real position = specified position + value saved in H
 Negative compensation (G44):
real position = specified position - value saved in H
Tool-Height Compensation
 Example:
 N0010 G91 G00 X12.0 Y80.0 G91:
 N0020 G44 Z-32.0 H02； incremental
coordinates
 If we put 0.5mm into H02,

 real position = -32.0 - 0.5 = -32.5
 Cancel tool-height compensation: G49

Table of Important M codes
 M00 Program stop
 M01 Optional program stop
 M03 Spindle on clockwise
 M04 Spindle on counterclockwise
 M05 Spindle stop
 M06 Tool change
 M08 Coolant on
 M09 Coolant off
 M10 Clamps on
 M11 Clamps off
 M02 or M30 Program stop, reset to start
Rules for programming
Block Format
N135 G01 X1.0 Y1.0 Z0.125 F5
Sample Block
• Restrictions on CNC blocks
• Each may contain only one tool move
• Each may contain any number of non-tool move G-codes
• Each may contain only one feed rate
• Each may contain only one specified tool or spindle speed
• The block numbers should be sequential
• Both the program start flag and the program number must be
independent of all other commands (on separate lines)
• The data within a block should follow the sequence shown
in the above sample block
Tool Home
Top
View
1.) X & Y Rapid To Hole Position

Front
View
Top
View 2.) Z Axis Rapid Move
Just Above Hole
3.) Turn On Coolant
4.) Turn On Spindle
.100”
Front
View
Top
View
5.) Z Axis Feed Move to
Drill Hole
Front
View
Top
View 6.) Rapid Z Axis Move
Out Of Hole
Front
View
Top
View 7.) Turn Off Spindle
8.) Turn Off Coolant
9.) X&Y Axis Rapid

Move Home
Front
View
Here’s The CNC Program! Tool At Home
Top O0001
View N005 G54 G90 S600 M03
N010 G00 X1.0 Y1.0
N015 G43 H01 Z.1 M08
N020 G01 Z-.75 F3.5
N025 G00 Z.1 M09
Front N030 G91 G28 X0 Y0 Z0
View N035 M30
Tool At Home
Top O0001
O0001
View Number Assigned to this program
Front
View
Tool At Home
Top O0001
View N005 G54 G90 S600 M03
N005 Sequence Number
G54 Fixture Offset
G90 Absolute Programming Mode
S600 Spindle Speed set to 600 RPM
M03 Spindle on in a Clockwise Direction
Front
View
Top O0001
View N005 G54 G90 S600 M03
N010 G00 X1.0 Y1.0
G00 Rapid Motion
X1.0 X Coordinate 1.0 in. from Zero
Y1.0 Y Coordinate 1.0 in. from Zero
Front
View
Top O0001
View N005 G54 G90 S600 M03
N010 G00 X1.0 Y1.0
N015 G43 H01 Z.1 M08
G43 Tool Length Compensation
H01 Specifies Tool length compensation
Z.1 Z Coordinate .1 in. from Zero
Front M08 Flood Coolant On
View
Top O0001
View N005 G54 G90 S600 M03
N010 G00 X1.0 Y1.0
N015 G43 H01 Z.1 M08
N020 G01 Z-.75 F3.5
G01 Straight Line Cutting Motion
Z-.75 Z Coordinate -.75 in. from Zero
Front F3.5 Feed Rate set to 3.5 in/min.
View
Top O0001
View N005 G54 G90 S600 M03
N010 G00 X1.0 Y1.0
N015 G43 H01 Z.1 M08
N020 G01 Z-.75 F3.5
N025 G00 Z.1 M09
Front G00 Rapid Motion
Z.1 Z Coordinate .1 in. from Zero
View M09 Coolant Off
O0001
N005 G54 G90 S600 M03
Top
View N010 G00 X1.0 Y1.0
N015 G43 H01 Z.1 M08
N020 G01 Z-.75 F3.5
N025 G00 Z.1 M09
N030 G91 G28 X0 Y0 Z0
G91 Incremental Programming Mode
Front G28 Zero Return Command
View X0, Y0, Z0
X,Y,& Z Coordinates at Zero
Top O0001
View N005 G54 G90 S600 M03
N010 G00 X1.0 Y1.0
N015 G43 H01 Z.1 M08
N020 G01 Z-.75 F3.5
N025 G00 Z.1 M09
Front N030 G91 G28 X0 Y0 Z0
View N035 M30
M30 End of Program
APT Language
 APT (Automatically Programmed Tools)
 The APT language consists of many different types of
statements made up of the following valid letters, numerals
and punctuation marks.
 Letters: ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
 Numerals: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
/ A slash divides a statement into two sections. eg.,
GO/PAST,
, A comma is used as a separator between the elements in
a statement generally to the right of the slash.
= An equals is used for assigning an entity to a symbolic
name, e.g., P1 = POINT/25,50,30.
Words
 The words to be used in the statements are built up from
one to six letters or numerals with the first one being a
letter. No special character is allowed in the words.

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CAD - CAM

DAISY WHEEL PRINTER DOT MATRIX PRINTER

● CD ROM/DVD ROM Applications which require the prevention of deletion of

● A Memory Card or Flash Memory Card is a solid-state electronic flash memory

1. 2-D Projection (Drawings)

1. NUMERICAL CONTROL: The computer can generate an NC program from a

● Explain the axes of lathe and vertical milling machine?

 Electric drives are mostly used in position and speed

 Low torque capacity compared to DC motors

 Rack magazines are cost-efficient alternative to usual

 The encoder is a transducer that is connected directly

G43 Tool length compensation N__G43H__

G90 Absolute positioning

G91 G02 X60.0 Y20.0 R50.0 F300.0

 Viewing the start of arc as

 If we put 0.5mm into H02,

 Cancel tool-height compensation: G49

N135 G01 X1.0 Y1.0 Z0.125 F5

1.) X & Y Rapid To Hole Position

4.) Turn On Spindle

8.) Turn Off Coolant

9.) X&Y Axis Rapid

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