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SUBJECT

Patria Filipinas D. Capa, MA, RCG, RPM

Objective

• Follow ethical standards in writing related

literature;
 Three Goals of Ethical Standards

1.Ensure accuracy of scientific

knowledge
2.Protecting the Rights and Welfare
of Research Participants
3. Protecting Intellectual Property
Rights
 Three Goals of Ethical Standards

1. Ensure accuracy of scientific

knowledge
I. Ethical Reporting of Research
Results

a. Do not fabricate or falsify data.

b. Do not modify results that

support hypotheses

c. Authors are responsible for

making errors public if errors are
discovered after publication.
 Three Goals of Ethical Standards

II. Data Retention and Sharing

a. Researchers must make

their data available to the
editor during the review
process if questions arise
with respect to the
accuracy of the report.

b. APA encourages the open

sharing of data among qualified
investigators.
III. Duplicate and Piecemeal of Data
a. Duplicate publication is
prohibited. It is publication
of the same data with
separate sources.

b. Piecemeal publication is
splitting of the findings from one
research into multiple articles.

IV. Plagiarism and Self-Plagiarism

a. Plagiarism is the
unacknowledged use of another’s
words and ideas.

b. Self-plagiarism is the
unacknowledged use of one’s
previous work in a current article.
2. Protecting the Rights and
Welfare of Research Participants
I. Rights and Confidentiality of the
Research Participants

a. Certification of standards

b. Protecting confidentiality

II. Conflict of Interest

a. Avoid positive and negative bias

a. . Reviewers of research reports

also have potential conflicts of
interest.
3. Protecting Intellectual Property
Rights
I. Publication Credit
a. Authorship is reserved for
persons who make a substantial
contribution and who accept
responsibility for published
works.

b. The collaborator should decide

which tasks is necessary for
project’s completion; how the work
and level of credit will be divided.

c. The general rule for the order

or authorship, name of the
principal contributor should
appear first, with subsequent
names in order of decreasing
contribution.
II. Reviewers
a. Editors and reviewers may
not, without the authors’
explicit permission to quote
from the manuscript under
review or circulate copies.

b. Editors and reviewers may not

use the material from an
unpublished word to advance
their own work or other’s work
without the authors’ consent.
III. Author’s Copyright on an
Unpublished Manuscript
a. Authors own the copyright
until they formally transfer.

b. To ensure copyright protection,

include copyright notice on all
published works.