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1 Civil Basics, Functions of Civil Engineer, Branches, Site Selection 121021-Converted-Combined
1 Civil Basics, Functions of Civil Engineer, Branches, Site Selection 121021-Converted-Combined
BUILDING PLANNING
• RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS,BUNGALOWS,FLATS
• ROADWAY,RAILWAY,AIRWAY ,WATERWAY AND
ROPEWAY
• TUNNELS
• INDUSTRIAL
• COMMERTIAL COMPLEXES
• WATER SUPPLY
• WASTE WATER –SEWAGE
• TOWERS,CHIMNEYS
• BUNKER AND SILO
• MAINTANENCE
• RECORDS PREPARATION
• RESEARCH
COLLECTION OF DATA
• AVAILABLITY OF LABOUR,MATERIALS,WATER
• LOCAL LABOURS,OTHER AREA/SITE LABOURS
• MATERIAL AVAILABLE LOCALLY /OTHER AREAS
• DEPTH OF WATER AVAILABLITY
• POTABLITY
• PROBLEMS TO BE FACED –HARD ROCK
TERRAIN,ELECRICAL OVER HEAD
LINES,ENCROCHMENT BY OTHERS (HUT)
• TECHNICAL PROBLEMS
• ECONOMY IN EXECUTION
Lay out
plots Main road
Water depth-150feet
Colony road
hut
• PREPARATION OF TENDER
• CALLING TENDER –NEWS PAPERS
• FINALIZING THE CONTRACT –CONSTRUCTION
COMPANIES
• ACTUAL WORK EXECUTION BY ENGINEERS
• DEPARTMENTAL-PWD,CPWD,TWAD,HIGHWAY,NHAI
• PRIVATE FIRMS
• SPECIFICATION,QUALITY,SAFETY OF WORKS
SUPEVISED AND MAINTAINED AS PER
STANDARDES
• EXECUTED BY DEPARTMENTS,PRIVATE
CONSTRUCTION COMPANIES
• GOVERNMENT BUILDINGS
SCHOOLS,HOSPITALS,OFFICES,JAIL, POST
OFFICE ,POLICE STATIONS,COURTS
• TYPES-ROUTINE,PERIODICAL,SPECIAL
MAINTANENCES
• LABORATORIES-NEERI,CRRL,SERC,CBRI
• TRANSPORTATION
• SURVEYING
• ARCHITECTURAL
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SOIL MECHANICS /FOUNDATION
ENGINEERING
GROUND LEVEL
O.5 M CLAY
1M SAND
O.3M GRAVEL
0.3M DIAMETER
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Load-sand bags
Loading platform
Ground level
Steel coloumn
plate
Plate load
test
BEAMS
THIRD FLOOR
SECOND FLOOR
FIRST FLOOR
GROUND
GROUND LEVEL
FLOOR
FOOTINGS
STRUCTURAL FRAME
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SINGLE COLOUMN
ISOLATED FOOTING
TWO COLOUMNS
Room 1
COMBAINED FOOTING
Room 2
Room 3
• DEAD LOAD
• LIVE LOAD
• WIND LOAD
• EARTH QUAKE VIBRATION
• DAMS-RIGID,NON RIGID
• RIVER/CANALS/FIELD SUPPLY CHANNELS
• HYDRO POWER GENERATION
• WATER SUPPLY SCHEMES
• HORBOUR/DOCKS
• IRRIGATION
• NAVIGATION
• SELECTION OF SITE
• SITUATED ON ELEVETED/LEVEL GROUND
• NOT TO BE LOCATED IN FLOOD PRONE AREAS
• GOOD BEARING CAPACITY 8-15 T/SQ.M
• CLAY/SAND/GRAVEL -PREFERED SOIL TYPES
• BLACK COTTON SOIL AREA -TO BE AVOIDED
• SHOULD NOT HAVE HIGH GROUND WATER
TABLE
• RECTANGULAR/SQUARE SHAPE
• IRREGULAR SHAPE,SHARP CORNER PLOTS –
TO BE AVOIDED
PLANNING REGULATIONS
BUILDING BYE LAWS
• ASPECT • CIRCULATION
• PROSPECT • SANITATION
• GROUPING • ELEGANCE
• PRIVACY • FLEXIBLITY
• FURNITURE • ECONOMY
REQUIREMENT
• ROOMINESS
ACHIVED BY
• SIMPLE ELEVATIONS
• STANDARD SIZES OF VARIOUS COMPONENTS
OF BUILDING
• USING LOCAL AVAILABLE MATERIALS
• MINIMIZING ALTERATIONS,CHANGES
• OBJECTIVES
• SERVES AS A STANDARD DOCUMENT BY THE
LOCAL BODIES
• PREVENT CONSTRUCTIONS IN A HAPHAZARD
MANNER
• LAY DOWN GUIDE LINES TO BE FOLLOWED BY
THE ENGINEERS AND ARCHITECTES
• BUILDINGS PLANNED ACCODING TO
REGULATIONS HAVE COMFORT LIVING
CONDITIONS,LIGHT AND VENTILATION,SAFETY
PLOT
ROAD
BUILDING
FRONT SPACE
REQUIREMENT
7.5 M WIDE ROAD -1.5
18M ROAD-3M
18-30 M ROAD-4.5 M
ABOVE 30M-60M
REAR SPACE -3M
SIDE SPACE- 1.5-3 M
DOORWAYS,STAIRCASES
RAMPS
BASICS
• QUARRAYING PROCESS
PROCESS OF REMOVAL OF STONE
BOULDERS FROM ROCK FORMATIONS
• PROCESS-
EXCAVATION,WEDGING,HEATING,BLASTING
• BLASTING –GUNPOWDER,DYNAMITE
GELATINE, GUN COTTON,DETONATORS,FUSES
25 MM DIA HOLES TO A DEPTH OF 0.6M-1M
MADE ON ROCKS
• HAMMER DRESS
• CHISEL DRESS
• TOOLED FINISH
• PUNCHED DRESS
• 1 GEOLOGICAL
valconic
EARTH CRUST
magma
IGNEOUS ROCKS
• 1 IMPACT TEST
STONE SAMPLE OF SIZE 25 MMDIA,25MM HT IS
PLACED IN THE IMPACT TEST MACHINE
A LOAD OF 2KG WEIGHT IS MADE TO FALL
AXIALLY OVER THE STONE SAMPLE
INITIAL TRIAL HEIGHT OF FALL =1CM
SECOND TRIAL HEIGHT =2CM (3CM,4CM ETC)
• DURABLITY TEST
STONE PIECES KEPT IN HYDRO CHLORIC ACID
TAKEN OUT AND CHECKED FOR WEIGHT LOSS,
POWDER FORMATION,COLOUR & TEXTURE
• UNIFORM COLOUR
• DURABLE
• SHARP,CLEAR EDGES
• EASILY DRESSED, CUT,MOULDED, CARVED
• RESISTANT TO FIRE,SMOKE,ACID
• GRANITE
IGNEOUS ROCK
QUARTS,MICA,FELSPAR COMPOSITION
SPECIFIC GRAVITY 2.6 - 2.7
C STRENGTH 77 -130 N /SQ MM
COLOUR- RED ,GREEN ,GREY,BLACK
• SAND STONE
STRATIFIED SEDIMENTARY ROCK
SAND CEMENTED WITH
ALUMINIUM,LIME,MAGNESIUM SILICATES
• LIME STONE
SEDIMENTARY WITH CALCIUM CARBONATE
S G 2-2.75, CS 55 N/SQ MM
COLOUR- PURE /DULL WHITE
• LATERITE
METAMORPHIC ROCK, SOFT, POROUS
S G 2.80,CS 2-3 N/SQ MM,CONTAINS IRON OXIDE
• GENISSES
HARDEST METAMORPHIC VARIETY
S G 2.65 , C S 210 N/ SQ MM
COLOUR –BLACK, GREY
• MARBLE
COMPACT ,DURABLE METAMORPHIC VARIETY
SG 2.65, CS 72 N /SQ MM
COLOUR – WHITE ,GEREEN, RED, GREY
PROCESS OF MANUFACTURE
TESTS, CLASSIFICATIONS
SPECIAL TYPES
BASICS
• ALUMINA
20-30%,IMPARTS PLASTICITY,EASY
MOULDING,EXESS QUANTITY MAKES RAW
BRICKS TO SHRINK / WARP DURING DRYING
• SILICA
50-60%,IMPARTS SHAPE , PREVENTS
CRAKING,SHRINKING, WARPING OF RAW
BRICKS
• LIME
SHOULD HAVE A SMALL QUANTITY OF
LIME,PERVENTS SHRINKAGE OF RAW BRICKS
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• IRON OXIDE
5-6% IS ALLOWED,IMPARTES RED COLOUR
• MAGNESIA
SMALL QUANTITY -1%,IMPARTES YELLOW
TINT, REDUCES SHRINKAGE
• PUG MILL
MECHANICAL KNEADING CARRIED OUT FOR
LARGE SCALE MANUFACTURE OF BRICKS IN
MILLS
IM DIA,2M HT IRON DRUM HAS CENTRAL
VERTICAL SHAFT WITH CUTTING KNIEFS
MIX FED INTO THE DRUM AND SHAFT
ROTATED TOR GETTING PUGGED CLAY
GROUND MOULDING
• GROUND CLEANED ,LEVELLED
• SAND SPRINKLED
• MOULD MADE OF TIMBER OR STEEL
IMMERSED IN WATER,KEPT ON GROUND,
FILLED WITH TEMPERED CLAY AND PRESSED
BY HAND
• EXESS SCRAPPED BY STRIKES
• FROG- MARK OR DEPTH 10- 20 MM MADE BY
PALLET BOARD
• SENT FOR DRYING
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MECHANICAL TEMPERING
PUG MILL
BURNT IN CLAMPS,KILNS
IMPARTS STRENGTH,HARDNESS,DURABLITY
PLAN
PLAN
SECTION
• STRUCTURE
• SOUNDNESS
• HARDNESS
• WATER ABSORBTION
• DROP
• SIZE
• HOMOGENOUS,COMPACT STRUCTURE
• STANDARD SIZE-20X10X10CM,19X9X9 CM
• SHOULD NOT ABSORB WATER MORE THAN
20% BY WEIGHT
• DROPPED FLAT FROM 1M HEIGHT ,SHOULD
NOT BREAK
• SOUND PROOF
• UNBURNT
MOULDED AND DRIED IN SUNLIGHT
TEMPORARY SHED CONSTRUCTION
• BURNT
CLAMP/KILN BURNING
• FIRST CLASS
TABLE MOULDED, KILN BURNT
C.S 14 N/SQMM
SUPERIOR WORKS
SIZE 20X10X10 CM,19X9X9CM
• THIRD CLASS
GROUND MOULDED, CLAMP BURNT
C.S- 3.5-5.5 N/SQ.MM
TEMP/UN IMPORTANT CONSTRUCTIONS
SIZE-22X10X5.5-6 CM
• PERFORATED
CONTAINS HOLES FOR THE FULL THICKNESS
LIGHT IN WEIGHT
HIGH HEAT/SOUND INSULATION
PANEL WALLS OF BUILDINGS(APARTMENTS)
• HOLLOW
SQURE/RECTANGULAR HOLES
BRICK SIDE THICKNESS 20-25 MM
LIGHT WEIGHT
HEAT INSULATION
• COSTLIER
• PRACTICED FOR ALL TYPE OF
CONSTRUCTIONS
MANUFACTURE PROCESS
TESTS, GRADES,
QUALITIES ,TYPES ,USES
OPC /PPC
• DRY PROCESS
LIME STONE / CLAY CRUSHED TO 25 MM SIZE
USING JAW CRUSHERS
GROUND IN BALL MILL TO POWDER
STORED IN SILO
• WET PROCESS
LIME STONE CRUSHED STORED IN SILOS
CLAY WASHED STORED IN BASINS
DRY LIME POWDER, WET CLAY GROUND IN
BALL MILL – SLURRY FORMATION
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION CORRECTED
• STORED IN SILOS
• PACKED TO 50KG BAGS
• CEMENT BAGS FORWARDED TO SITE
• CONSISTANCY
• VICAT APPARATUS
• SPECIFIC GRAVITY
NOT MORE THAN 3.2
TESTED IN CTM
C STRENGTH= MAX LOAD/ BEARING AREA
• GRADES
33 GRADE CEMENT – 33 N/ SQ MM MINIMUM
43 GRADE – 43 N / SQ MM
53 GRADE – 53 N / SQ MM
• UNIFORM COLOUR
• SHOULD SINK IF THROWN IN A BUCKET OF
WATER
• FREE FROM LUMPS
• FEEL COOL IF TOUCHED
• QUICK SETTING
• LOW HEAT
• HIGH ALUMINA
• EXPANDING
• RAPID HARDENING
• ACID RESISTANT
• WHITE
• COLOURED
• SULPHATE RESISTANT
• LOW HEAT
TRICALSIUM ALUMINATE,DICALCIUM SILICATE
ADDITIONS
REDUCES HEAT GENERATIONS
DAMS ,BRIDGES,HUGE VOLUME CONCRETE
WORKS
• EXPANDING
SULPHO ALUMINATE ADDED
CRACK REPAIR WORKS
EXPANDS ON ADDITION OF WATER
OTHER CEMENT SHINKS
• ACID RESISTANT
QUARTZ, SODIUM SILICATE, SODIUM
FLUOSILICATE ADDITIONS
CHEMICAL LABS,INDUSTRIAL USAGE
• SULPHATE RESISTANT
UPTO 5% OF TRICALCIUM ALUMINATE
ADDITIONS
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HAS RESISTING POWER AGAINST SULPHATE
ATTACK
• WHITE CEMENT
FREE FROM COLOURING INGREDIENTS
WHITE COLOUR
BURNT BY OIL FIRE
FOOOR /WALL TILES LAYING ,WHITE/ COLOUR
WASHING WORKS
COSTILIER
70 KG BAG COSTS RS 900
COBALT-BLUE
CHROMIUM OXIDE –GREEN
BASICS
TYPES
TESTS, USES
BASICS
• CEMENT
• LIME
• MUD
• SURKHI
• GAUGED
• SPECIAL
• COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
• GAUGED
PREPARED WITH LIME,CEMENT,SAND ,WATER
• GYPSUM MORTAR
PREPARED WITH CEMENT, SAND,GYPSUM
POWDER
HAS GOOD BINDING PROPERTY
PLASTER OF PARIS PRODUCTION
• FINE
SAND, MANUFACTURED SAND, SURKHI POWDER
PASS THROUGH 4.75 MM SEIVE,RETAINED ON
0.07MM SEIVE
USED TO PREPARE MORTARS, CONCRETE
• COARSE
CRUSHED STONE AGGREGATES, BRICKS BATS,
PASS THROUGH 75MM MESH, RETAINED ON 4.75
MM MESH
• FINENESS MODULAS
• ABRATION
• HARDNESS
• FLAKYNESS
• WATER ABSORBTION
• IMPACT
PROPORTION OF MIXES
GRADES, TESTS
TYPES
BASICS
• FINE AGGREGATES
PASS THROUGH 4.75 MM MESH,RETAINED IN
0.07 MM MESH
RIVER SAND, SURKHI POWDER
• COARSE AGGREGATES
PASS THROUGH 75 MM MESH,RETAINED IN
4.75 MM MESH
CRUSHED STONES,BROKEN BRICKS
• WATER
USED FOR MIXING CONCRETE
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WATER CEMENT RATIO
50 KGX 0.50
=25 KG ( 1KG =1 LITRE)
= 25 LITRES
• M 15 - 1:2: 4
• M 20 - 1:1.5:3
• FRESH STATE
SLUMP TEST
COMPACTION FACTOR
• HARDENEND STATE
DESTRUCTIVE – COMP STRENGTH
TENSILE STRENGTH
NON DESTRUCTIVE – REBOUND HAMMER
PULSE VELOCITY
• SLUMP CONE
• MEASURE OF WORKABLITY
• WATER REQUIREMENT FOR MIX
• CONE OF HEIGHT 30 CM,BOTTOM DIA
20CM,TOP DIA 10 CM FILLED WITH CONCRETE
• ROADS 20-40MM
• COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
• REBOUND HAMMER
STAGES OF PRODUCTION
• NO FINES
FINE AGGREGATE USAGE ELIMINATED
CONTAINS CEMENT , 3-6MM JELLY,WATER
INDUSTRIAL FLOORINGS
• WATER PROOF
W P AGENTS ACCOPROOF,IMPERMO ADDED
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MATERIAL - STEEL
PROPERTIES,USES,
HEAT TREATMENTS
TESTS, GRADES
• BASICS
• OXIDATION OF
IMPURITIES(SILICON,PHOSPHORUS,SULPHUR,
MANGANESE , CARBON )IS CARRIED OUT FOR
MOLTEN PIG IRON ,IN THE BESSEMER
CONVERTER FURNACE
• MILD STEEL
CARBON CONTENT 0.10 -0.25%
USED IN MAKING REINFORCEMENT ( RODS)
FOR CONCRETE WORKS
SHEET METAL,MOTOR BODY,MACHINE PARTS
TUBES,WIRES MANUFACTURE
• MEDIUM CARBON
CARBON 0.25-0.60 %
HAMMER ,RAIL LINES, STRUCTURAL STEEL –
BEAMS,COLOUMNS,DIES
DRILLING BITS
DIES, KNIFES, FORKS
FIBROUS
MAGNETISED PERMANENTLY
MALLEABLE
DUCTILE
FORGED
WELDED
SPECIFIC GRAVITY 7.8
MELTING POINT 14000C
COMP 8-12 T/CM2 ,TENSILE 6-8 T/ CM2
GRANULER
MAGNETISED
FORGED, WELDED
ELASTIC THAN MILD STEEL
HARDENED,TEMPERED
SPECIFIC GRAVITY 7.9
MELTING 13000 C
COMP 14 – 20 T /CM2, TENSILE 8-10 T/CM2
• CASE HARDENING
HEATED,KEPT IN CARBON MIXTURE
INNER CORE SOFT, OUTER SURFACE HARD
• TEMPERING
HEATED TO 600 DEG C, IMMERSED IN WATER;
HEATED, COOLED IN AIR
MAKES STEEL STRONG AND TOUGH
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• ANEALING
STEEL HEATED TO 3000 C
COOLED IN AIR
MAKES STEEL SOFT , IT CAN BE WORKED
EASILY
• NITRIDING
• ROUND BARS
AVAILABLE IN 8,12,16,20, 25, 32 MM DIAMETERS
COL, BEAM,SLAB STEEL MESH
• SQUARE BARS
SQ RODS 6 – 32 MM SIZE AVAILABLE
GRILL WORKS – WINDOW, COMPOUND GATES
• PLATES
SIZE 25X6, 50X 6, 100X6 MM SIZES
STEEL DOORS , WINDOW FABRICATION
JOINTING MEMBERS
• TOR STEEL
ROUND BARS PROVIDED WITH RIBS , FOR
BOND BETWEEN STEELAND CONCRETE
TENSILE TEST
• RTS BARS
• HYSD BARS-HIGH YIELD STRENGTH
DEFORMED BARS
• TOR 40
• TOR 50
• TMT BARS – THERMO MECHANICALLY
TREATED BARS
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TIMBER – WOOD
(STANDING, ROUGH , SIZED)
STRUCTURE,SEASONING
PROPERTIES ,USES
INDUSTRIAL / COMMERTIAL FORMS
BASICS
• FORM OF WOOD USED FOR ENGINEERING
PURPOSES
• SESONED
• USED FOR MAKING DOORS,
WINDOWS,FURNITURE,SPORTS
GOODS,RAILWAY WAGONS,BOATS,MATCHES
• STANDING TIMBER
• ROUGH
• SIZED
• ENDOGENOUS
GROWS BY FORMATION OF LAYERS OF NEW
WOOD CROSSING AND PENETRATING FIBRES
OF WOOD ALREADY FORMED
GROWS INWARD
BAMBOO, PALM ( PANAI),COCONUT TREES
• EXOGENOUS
GROWS OUTWARD BY ADDITION OF RINGS
CROSS SECTION SHOWS CONCENTRIC RINGS
STRONG ,HARD, USED IN ENGG WORKS
• CONIFERS
YEILD SOFT WOOD
CONE SHAPED FRUIT, SMALL LEAFS
WHITE IN COLOUR
PINE, DEODAR, SILVER OAK
• DESIDUOUS
BROAD LEAF,DARK COLOUR
YEILDS HARD WOOD
TEAK, SAL, ROSE WOOD, PADACK
• NATURAL / AIR
SAWN WOOD STACKED WITH SPACE FOR AIR
CIRCULATION FOR 6 M0NTHS T0 ONE YEAR
SLOW , CHEAP SIMPLE METHOD
• WATER
WOOD LOGS BUNDLED, FLOATED IN RIVER
WATER FOR 2 – 3 WEEKS
TAKEN OUT KEPT IN AIR TO DRY
• BOILING
KEPT IN BOILING WATER FOR 3-4 HOURS
TAKEN OUT , AIR DRIED
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• ELECTRICAL
CURRENT PASSED THROUGH TIMBER LOG
FOR HEATING AND DRYING, COSTLIER
PLY WOOD MANUFACTURE
• CHEMICAL
SOAKED IN SATURATED SALT SOLUTION
REMOVED, SESONED IN AIR
• KILN
STACKED IN KILNS , HEATED TO 40 – 90 DEG C
FOR 12 DAYS, PRACTICED IN TIMBER MILLS
• C STRENGTH 30 - 40 N / MM2
• T STRENGTH 2-3 N / MM2
• WITHOUT DEFECTS –KNOTS SHAKES
• AGRICULTURAL TOOLS
• SPORTS GOODS
• MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS
• TOYS
• MATCHES
• BOATS
• ROOFING MATERIALS
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INDUSTRIAL TIMBER
• VENEER
THIN SHEET OF WOOD 0.4 -6 MM
THICK,OBTAINED BY ROTATING WOOD
AGAINST A ROTARY CUTTER /KNIFE
• PLYWOOD
BOARDS OBTAINED BY GLUEING VENEER
SHEETS PLACED ONE OVER OTHER
DIRCTION OF GRAINS PLACED RIGHT ANGLE
TO EACH SHEETS
7 -14 KG / SQ CM PRESSURE APPLIED
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COMMERTIAL FORMS
• BATTEN BOARDS
WOODEN BATTENS PROVIDED AS CORE, PLY
COVER PROVIDED ON BOTH FACES OF
BOARDS ,USED FOR DOOR SHUTTERS
• LAMINATED BOARDS
CORE MADE OF MULTI PLY VENEERS
• FIBRE BOARDS
WOOD,CANE PIECES FILLED IN A VESSEL
STEAM UNDER PRESSURE ADMITTED
RELEASED SUDDENLY TO EXPLODE
• COMP STRENGTH
• TENSILE STRENGTH