Recommendation Systems
Usama Zaheer, Abdullah Muzafar, Hamza Arif Author: Dr.Fasil
Department of Computer Science & Information Technology,
Lahore Leads University, Lahore
Correspondence: Usamazaheer721@gmail.com,ch006429, arifhamza896@gmail.com
Abstract:
The Recommender System (RS) has emerged as
a major research interest that aims to help
users find items online by providing suggestions
that are closer to their interests. This paper
provides an in-depth study of RS that combines
different recommendation methods, related
problems, and methods used to retrieve
information. Due to its wide range of
applications, it has generated research interest
among a large number of researchers around
the world. The main purpose of this paper is to
identify research trends in RS. More than 1,000
research papers have been reviewed, published
by ACM, IEEE, Springer, and Elsevier from 2011
to the first half of 2017. Many of the exciting
findings come out of this study, which will help
current and future RS researchers to explore
and set their own research path. In addition,
this paper also looks at the future of RS which
may open up new research guidelines in this
field.
Content-Based Recommendation is made by
analyzing the content of all items. For example,
you may be recommended books that you may
like based on Natural Language Analysis.
Figure 1 Netflix Recommendation
On the other hand, Shared Filtering is done by
analyzing your previous reading habits and
recommending books based on that.
We have identified three possible reasons for
the ambiguity of the results. (A) Several tests
were limited. They were based on tightly signed
datasets, few participants in user surveys, or did
not use the appropriate foundations. (B) Some
authors have provided limited information
about their algorithms, making it difficult to
reuse methods. Therefore, the researchers used
different methods for the implementation of
the same recommendations. [3]
Which may lead to differences in results. (C)
Assume that small differences in data sets,
algorithms, or inevitable number of users lead
to significant differences in method
performance. Therefore, finding the most
promising alternatives is a challenge. As a
second limitation, we noted that many authors
neglect to pay attention to features without
precision, for example overall user satisfaction.
In addition, many methods (81%) neglected the
user matching process and did not provide
information automatically but allowed users to
provide keywords, text captions, or a single
page as included. Working time information is
provided in 10% of the methods. Finally, few
research papers have influenced plans to
recommend a research paper to performance.
We also identified the lack of authority and
interest in long-term research in the field: 73%
of the authors did not publish more than one
paper of commendation papers, and there was
little co-operation between the various authors'
groups. We concluded that a few actions could
improve the research environment.
Keywords:
Recommender Systems, Content-based
analyzing, Filtering User modeling · Research
paper recommender systems · Content based
filtering·Review·Survey
Introduction:
“Which phone should I buy?”, “Which movie
should I watch this weekend?”, “Where should
my family and I go to spend the next vacation?”,
“What books should I take with me during my
long vacation?” - Here are a few examples of
common self-determination we often seek
suggestions from our friends and celebrities.
Unfortunately, almost all of us have seen that
those friendly suggestions, even well-meaning
ones, do not always work as well as tastes of
others may mean agreeing with ours. These
suggestions can often be biased. Other weird
choices we can tolerate, such as making
professional decisions and experimenting with
complex ideas, going online and spending
countless hours dealing with confusing reviews
and suggestions, hiring an expert, traveling with
a herd, or just listening. our soul. The point is, it
can be very difficult to highlight accurate
suggestions on things that may interest us. It
would be good if we could have a personal
adviser who can help us by suggesting the best
option whenever we have to make a decision.
Thank you, we have one such version of the
web application known as Recommendation
System (RS). RS is an intelligent computer-based
system that predicts user-based and user-
friendly predictions and enables them to select
items from a large collection of online
resources. Many internet users have certainly
experienced RS in some way. For example,
Facebook recommends us, potential friends,
YouTube recommends videos harmoniously,
Glassdoor recommends similar services,
TripAdvisor recommends relevant tourist
destinations, Goodreads recommends
interesting books and much more. RS got
amazing results
acceptance in the case of e business. E-
Commerce sites (e.g., eBay, Amazon, etc.) use
RS to attract customers in line with products
that customers should, perhaps, like. This has
helped them find valuable sales. Not only online
businesses, but there are other applications
that benefit from RS, such as social networking
sites, online news sites, entertainment sites,
and other information management apps. [1]
Content-Based Recommendation Program
(CBRS)
CBRS uses CBF to recommend items by
matching user profile with item description.
User profile may include his previous search or
purchase history (Pazzani and Billsus, 2007). The
program learns to recommend things like these
that the user has liked in the past. The similarity
of items is calculated based on items related to
comparable items. For example, if a user has a
good rating of the comedy section, the program
can learn to recommend other movies of this
genre. For more information on CBRS, Lops et
al. (2010) can be submitted. [2]
Figure 1.2 Application RS
Memory-based collaborative recommender system
(CRS)
Memory-based collaborative recommender
system (CRS): similarity measure and the
prediction computation are the two main steps
used in the memory-based CRS, which is further
categorized into two parts based on their
similarity computation method as follows
(Badrul et al., 2001; Singh et al., 2019b):
Item-based CRS: similarity computation is
performed on a set of items (Singh et al.,
2019b).
Figure 1.3 Memory-based
Model-based CRS: in model-based CRS (Gong et
al., 2009), various machine learning algorithms
such as the Bayesian network, integration,
Markov decision process, vague feature
analysis, size reduction strategies, and law-
based methods , etc. , are used to create a
recommendation model.
In fact, the RSs got a new 16 P.K. Singh et al.
size in the way of communication between
users and Internet service providers. These
days, many companies are using RS strategies
as an additional value to enrich their clients'
services. Although the use of RS depends on the
specific recommendation received by the
application, the critical performance of RS
remains the same for all applications. The
primary purpose of RSs is to assist users in
making decisions to select an online item, by
supporting hand-based recommendations for
high accuracy (Jannach et al., 2011). [13]
The potential of RS in different domains has
attracted researchers to explore the possibilities
more fully. Individuals from a variety of fields
such as data mining, data retrieval, information
acquisition, artificial intelligence (AI),
measurement theory, forecasting theory,
information security and privacy, and business
and marketing have contributed significantly to
various research methods (Jannach et al.,
2011)). Much work has been done by the
research community to improve the usability
and effectiveness of RSs over the past few years
(Lu et al., 2015). New methods and algorithms
have been developed to address many technical
challenges such as producing more accurate
recommendations while reducing online
calculation time. A few recommendation
algorithms are proposed and are successfully
used in different domains. These algorithms
primarily follow demographic (DF), content-
based filtering (CBF), collaborative filtering (CF)
and mixed methods. Recently, RS has expanded
its exploration and uses social networks and
other contextual information to produce
flexible features in the recommendation. In
addition, new approaches, either novel or
compilation of existing methods, have been
continually proposed (Jannach et al., 2011). [3]
Collecting information about users
Recommendation Systems in Machine Learning
In the methods of unsupervised machine
learning, the task of machine or model is to
group the uncategorized data, according to
similarities, patterns and differences without
given any kind of training to the machine.
Recommendation system is a part of
unsupervised machine learning in which the
data is not labelled; so the hidden and cluster
information is revealed by unsupervised
learning methods. Many websites are using
recommendation systems to give a better
experience to the users.
Figure 1.4 User Data Collection

Figure 1.5 Application RS
Literature Review:
In this paper, we review the different types of
programs to recommend benefits and their
limitations. Content-based filtering methods are
only useful if the new user in these systems has
some limitations. Collaborative filtering
methods are divided into two parts where,
neighborly methods are used to recommend
simple content but cannot provide accuracy,
and model-based methods improve the quality
of the first cold problem. Interactive filter
systems are very popular because they have
many advantages. Hybrid systems overcome
your limitations in both content-based and
collaborative filtering systems, improving the
result and making the system more efficient.
Recommender Systems has become an integral
part of the educational textbook due to the
ever-expanding volume of research papers16.
Programs to recommend research papers are
mainly influenced by the frequency of the paper
or the relevance of its content to the user, while
making recommendations11. Methods based
on the frequency of the quote can deal with the
problem of cold start and that is why a
recommended plan based on Belief-
Propagation is proposed10. To improve the
quality of the recommendations some methods
use semantic data to recommend and create15.
A multidisciplinary research recommendation
system has been developed6 that uses the ideas
of co-authors and different users to make
recommendations. And since different
researchers may have their own specific needs
in terms of publishing date etc.,
recommendation systems based on recent
users' interests are important. To find the user's
interest, recommendation systems may use the
author's published work4 or may be customized
to capture comments from the user before
recommending the papers3. But the
recommended recommendation method in in3
has a problem of inefficiency because it relies
on a two-phase algorithm2 that does not
consider the growth status of the research
paper archive. To overcome this limitation we
recommend an EIHI-based recommendation
based on flexible data sets.[15]
Contribution of this paper:
This paper serves a fourfold purpose as
mentioned below:
1 This paper presents an overview of RSs that
cover the recommendation approaches,
information retrieval techniques, and
associated challenges and problems in RSs.
2 A brief survey of several survey papers on RS
covering different aspects has been laid. [6]
3 The primary aim of this paper is to study and
map the research directions in the area of RS.
As RS has attracted a lot of researchers from
diverse fields of study, the amount of research
publications on related topics is growing with a
steep curve. Inspired by the considerable
amount of attention the RS has purchased and
motivated by the famous article on systematic
reviews by Kitchenhand (2004), we have
endeavored to track down the past and ongoing
researches in the domain of RS. We have tried
to hit upon some statistics that will stimulate
and guide current and future researchers in the
related field. Our effort attempts to answer the
following questions:
 a What are the recommendation systems suggestions and guidance (Narayanan and
available in different applications? Charukesi, 2016). A good RS should be like
b Which issues and challenges have been someone who knows us better than we know
focused related to different filtering approaches ourselves. [10]
of RSs? effectiveness of recommendation approaches
Methodology We evaluated the effectiveness of stereotype
recommendations, CBF based on terms, and
This chapter introduces how we build the
CBF based on citations with an online
Docear Recommendation System, compare
evaluation, offline evaluation, and user study.
different test methods, find promising model
The user study and online evaluation both led
flexibility for a user's mind map, and create a
to the same ranking of the approaches51: Term-
way to match a user's specific mind map.
based CBF performed best, i.e. CTR, CTRSet,
Our goal was to find out how reasonable and
DTR, LTR, CiTR, and ratings were highest;
how much to show the same recommendations
citation-based CBF performed second best; and
to the same users. To answer this question we
the stereotype approach performed worst, but
have analyzed the evidence data from Docear's
still reasonable
literature management software which includes
a program to recommend a research paper. The
recommendation system recommends research
papers to users regardless of whether the
papers were previously recommended by users
or not. We analyzed how the click-through
ratings between the once-displayed
recommendations and the CTR of the most
frequently displayed recommendations differ.
CTR indicates how many percent of
recommendations submitted are clicked. For
example, if 12 recommendations out of 1,000
are submitted, the CTR will be 1.2%. CTR
basically measures the ‘accuracy’ of a
recommendation algorithm under the
assumption that a clicked recommendation is
‘good’, i.e. useful, a recommendation. For more
information on Docear and its recommendation
program (e.g. how recommendations are made
and presented) .[9]
Future directions of RSs To date almost all
RSs are designed for retailers, manufacturers,
and service providers, that is, designed to
attract potential customers. We believe that
future RSs will not only be in business, but will
have a profound impact on our daily lives
(Bourke, 2015). These programs will be truly
ubiquitous and an important tool in all areas of
our lives. Future RSs will not be limited to List of Recommendation System
applications for buying and selling products;
rather it will be a kind of personal advisor that
will help in all areas of life by providing valuable
Conclusions
Making a choice among numerable options and
based on the gigantic amount of online data is
always going to be a tough and confusing task.
Online RS help us to overcome this. To do its job
competently and accurately, RSs exert efficient
information retrieval and filtering mechanisms.
Over the past years, immense research work
has been devoted to meet these ends, and
several recommendation approaches and
techniques are proposed. In this paper, an
overview of the different recommendation
approaches used in RS such as content-based,
collaborative, demographic, hybrid, knowledge-
based, and context-aware recommendation has
been depicted. Various problems faced while
designing and implementing RS systems such as
limited content analysis, over-specialization,
cold start, sparsity, scalability, synonymy,
abbreviation, long tail, and black box problem
are also briefly described. Different information
retrieval techniques such as machine learning,
logistic regression, decision tree, association
rule learning, cluster analysis, Bayesian network
classifier, support vector machine, LDA, TF-IDF,
and deep learning are also mentioned briefly.
The main objective and major focus of this
paper is to track down the RS research trends.
Some interesting statistics have surfaced. For
instance, the majority of the research in RS is
focused on CF and knowledge-based approach.
The top contributing country in RS is China. And
the majority of the papers are published by
IEEE. It is also observed that RS research
reached its peak during the period of 2013–
2014. After that, probably due to saturation, the
popularity of research in this field has gradually
been declined. But we believe the RS research is
not dead yet. The technologies such as Iota, AI,
and cognitive computing have given it a fresh
vivacity. We are optimistic that in near future
research on RS will witness several new and
innovative avenues.[4]
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