MTL 100 (Calculus): Tutorial Sheet 1(a)

Taylors Theorem

1. Show that

a2 −b2 2 a(a2 −3b2 ) 3

(a) eax cos bx = 1 + ax + 2!
x + 3!
x +···
x3 x5 x7
(b) tan−1 x = x − 3
+ 5
− 7
+···
(x− π2 )2 (x− π2 )4
(c) sin(x) = 1 − 2!
+ 4!
−···
x3 2 5
(d) tan(x) = x + 3
+ 15
x +···
x3
(e) sin−1 x = x + 6
+···

2. (a) If f (x) = x8 − 2x7 + 5x6 − x + 3, find three terms of the expansion by Taylor’s formula
about the point 2 and show that f (2.02) and f (1.97) are approximately 343.4 and
289.9.
x2 x3 x4
(b) Using log(1 + x) ≈ x − 2
+ 3
− 4
, find log(1.5) and estimate the error.

3. Using Taylor’s formula, compute the following:

2 2
(a) limx→0 (ln(1+x)) −sin
1−e−x2
x

(b) limx→0 sinx2x−cos

sin x
x

4. Let n be the degree of the approximating polynomial.

(a) Write down the Maclaurin’s formula for
√
(i) f (x) = 1 + x, n = 2; (ii)f (x) = cos2 (x), n = 4
1
(iii) f (x) = sin(x3 ), n = 4; (iv)f (x) = 1+x+x2 +x3
, n=3
√
(b) Write down the Taylor’s formula for f (x) = x about 1, for n = 3.

5. Estimate the error in the following:

2 x4
(a) ln(cos x) ≈ − x2 − 12
q
5x3
(b) ln(x + (1 − x2 )) ≈ x − x2 + 6

6. Prove that if x > 0 then

(2x+1)−3 (2x+1)−5
ln( x+1
x
) = 2((2x + 1)−1 + 3
+ 5
+ · · ·))
Given that ln 2=0.69315, show without using log tables that ln(17)=2.8332.

7. In Maclaurin’s expansion, show that if f (n+1) (x) 6=0 is continuous and θn is a number
xn (n) 1
between 0 and 1 that appears in Rn (x) = n!
f (θn x), then θn → n+1
as x → 0.