GEN. PHYSICS 2 LECTURE NOTES
m
 Electric charge- It determines the
electric interaction and magnetic
interaction between subatomic
particles and other charged particles.
 Law of charges - It is stated as “like
charges repel each other; and unlike
charges attract each other.”
 Conductors- This are materials that
allow electrical charges to move
from one material to another.
 Charging by Rubbing- An
electrically neutral body can gain a
charge by rubbing or friction.
 Charging by Conduction- When a
negatively charged rod comes into
physical contact with a metal sphere,
some of the electrons of the rod
transfer to the sphere. Thus, the
metal sphere becomes more negative
than the rod.
 Charging by Induction- illustrates
when a negatively charged balloon is
placed near (but without physical
contact) a neutral tin can
 Charging by Grounding- It is a
process similar to conduction but it
includes a grounding wire that
connects the neutral body to the
ground, which is a reservoir of
charge.
 Polarization- It is a process wherein
an electrically neutral body becomes
polar by the rearrangement of the
molecules.
 Electric dipole- It is a body with a
positive charge on one end and a
negative charge on the other end.
 Point dipoles- This refer to atoms
bearing a positive side and a negative
side.
 Molecular dipoles- This type of
dipole involves a molecule having a
negatively charged side and a
positively charged side.
 Temporary dipole- It is an atom or
a molecule with most of its negative
charges shifted only to one side as a
result of their random movement.
 Electrostatic force- It is an
attraction and repulsion between
electric charges.
9 N.
2
 8.99 x 10 2 - Coulomb’s
C
constant
 Coulomb’s Law- It quantifies the
electrostatic force between two
charges.
 Superposition principle- This
essentially means that the overall
effect or net effect of the presence of
electric charges in a given system is
equal to the individual effects of
each pair of charges in the system.
 Electric field- It is an area or a field
around a charge where the
electrostatic force is experienced.
 Test charge- It is a single charge
whose behavior is measured or
determined based on the presence of
external factors or stimuli.
 Source charge- It is the charge from
where the electric field comes from.
 Electric field lines- This are
represented by arrows showing the
direction of the electric field from
the positive charge to the negative
charge.
 Electric field - This is a flow of an
electric field through a given area.
 Gauss’s law- It states that the
electric flux through any closed
surface is equal to the net charge
inside the surface divided by the
permittivity of free space.
 Potential- This word implies that
something is about to happen.
 Energy- It is defined as the capacity
to do work.
 Potential energy - It is the energy of
a body due to its position and
normally converted into useful work.
 Gravitational potential energy- It
is a type of potential energy due to a
body’s elevation from the ground.
 Electric Potential- It is the amount
of electric potential energy per unit
charge.
 Equipotential lines- This are loops
drawn around a charge to represent
the electric potential around it.
 Electron Guns in CRT TV Picture
Tubes - This is one of the
application of electric potential
wherein the technology of these TV
 screens has always been governed by
the concept of electric potential.
 Van de Graaff Generators- It is
developed as particle accelerators
before being outdated by modern
technology and it is still being used
in demonstrations inside science
laboratories.
 Drift velocity - This movement is
possible because of the electric field
around the negative charges.
 Electric current- This flow is
regulated and made to move
continuously in one direction.
 Electrical conductor- It is any
material that allows the free flow of
electric current.
 Resistance- It is referred to as the
limitation to current flow.
 Electrical resistivity - It is an
intrinsic property of the material that
describes how it resists the electric
current flowing through it.
 Electrical conductivity- It is one of
the factor that affect the resistance
and current flow wherein it is the
counterpart of electrical resistivity.
 Temperature- the conductor has this
increasing variable, its resistance
will also increase and the amount of
current that can flow through it
decreases
 Length of Conductor- This is
another factor that affects the
resistance and current flow of a
material where in the longer
conductors provide more resistance
to the current flow, the less current
can flow through it.
 Electromotive force- It is a potential
energy given to a unit charge to
make it flow through a conductor or
around a complete circuit.
 Potential difference- It is an actual
consideration of the potentials in the
circuit.
 Electric current- It is the pathway
for the current to move to and from
the source and the appliance.
 Closed circuit- This allows the
current to flow from the source of
the current to the load where the
current is needed.
 Open circuit- It has gaps where
current cannot flow and the electric
current cannot be delivered to the
load where it is needed.
 Resistor- It is an electronic
component used to provide a specific
amount of resistance.
 Series circuit- It is characterized by
a single loop for current to flow and
all components are connected using a
single pathway.
 Parallel circuit- It uses branches to
allow current to pass through more
than one path.
 Capacitor- It is an electric
component that temporarily stores
charges within a circuit.
 Dielectric- This material impedes
the continuous passage of electric
current through the capacitor and
stores it until it is discharged later.
 Capacitance- It is the amount of
charges stored in a capacitor per unit
of electric potential.
 Parallel-plate capacitors- This are
simplest to understand in terms of
construction and in this type of
capacitor, two parallel charging
plates are separated by a dielectric
that contains the charges.
 Cylindrical capacitors- In this type
of capacitor, the inner and outer
cylindrical structures correspond to
the plates of parallel-plate capacitors.
 Spherical capacitors- In this type of
capacitor, an internal spherical
structure is one of the charged bodies
of the capacitor.
 Electric power- The rate of the
conversion of the law of
conservation of energy
 Kirchoff’s Rules- This are rules
used by electrical engineers as they
compute the amount of current that
goes through a circuit regardless of
its configuration.
 KIrchoff’s Point Rule- A rule
wherein the sum of all the currents
entering a point or junction of the
circuit is equal to the sum of all the
currents leaving that point or
junction.
 Kirchoff’s Loop Rule- A rule
wherein the algebraic sum of the
potential changes around any
complete loop in the network is zero.
 Magnetism- This term was
originated from Magnesia in Greece
and it was the ancient Greeks who
also found lodestones that can attract
pieces of iron.
 Magnetic poles- It is the repulsion
and attraction that exists between
magnetic poles.
 Magnetic field- It is a region where
another magnetic pole will
experience magnetic interaction from
it.
 Cyclotron- It is an apparatus that
can set charged particles into motion
so that these particles can be
subjected to an arbitrary magnetic
field.
 Ampere’s law- It shows the
relationship between the flowing
current through a loop of conductor
and the net magnetic field produced
in the loop.
 Right-hand rule- It determines the
directions of the magnetic field and
the electric current.
 Bio-Savart law- It provides a more
specific analysis of magnetic fields
by considering the current that
produces the magnetic field as
varying, which is the case.
 Mass spectrometers- It determines
the relative masses and abundances
of isotopes.
 Deuteron- It is a particle that has
approximately twice the mass of a
proton, but it carries the same
charge.
 Solenoid- It is a long coil of wire
that is wrapped around a core to
form a helix.
 Magnetic flux- It is the
measurement of the strength of the
magnetic force from the pole.
 Electromagnetic Induction- It is a
process wherein the EMF will be
induced in the loop if the flux
changes.
 Faraday’s law- It states that “the
induced EMF in a coil is
proportional to the number of loops
in the coil and the rate of change of
the magnetic flux within the coil
loops.”
 Transformers- This are used to
adjust alternating current voltages
and currents in circuits.
 Lenz’s law- This law is stated as:
“An induced EMF will always be
opposed in direction to the change in
magnetic flux that produces it.”
 Direct current- This implies that
current from the battery flows in one
way at all times, from the positive
end to the negative end.
 Alternating current - It refers to the
EMF that is alternately directs itself,
associated current also flows
alternately along the conductor.
 Insulator- It is a coil of conductor
attached to a circuit for the purpose
of inducing EMF.
 Light- It is describe as a propagating
wave made up of electric and
magnetic fields.
 Electromagnetic field- It is an
interaction between the magnetic
field and the electric field.
 Electromagnetic wave- It is
understood to be a transverse wave
produced by a vibrating electric
charge.
 Frequency- It is the number of
waves that propagate in a unit of
time, which is usually in seconds.
 Speed- It is how fast the wave is
propagating
 Law of Reflection- It states that “the
angle of incidence is equal to the
angle of reflection.”