11 04 2021 TTLM Monitor and Evaluate Fire

NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION AND
DEVELOPMENT
NTQF Level IV
Based on October 2018, Version 3 Occupational standard
Module Title: - Monitor and Evaluate Fire Potential and

Prevention Method
LG Code: AGR NRC4 M10 0921 LO (1-4) LG (36-39)
TTLM Code: AGR NRC4 TTLM 1021v1
October, 2021
Assosa,Ethiopia
Table of content
LO #1- Prepare for fires 4

Instruction sheet 4
Information Sheet 1. Identifying & complying OHS, legislative & organizational
requirements relevant to evaluating fire potential and prevention6
Self-check 1 10
Information Sheet 2- Constantly evaluating types & potential for fire hazard &
positive effects risk assessment & documenting 12
Self-Check – 2 17
Information Sheet 3- Selecting and checking equipment appropriate to potential
work requirements 18
Self-Check – 3 22
Information Sheet 4- Planning evaluation processes 22
Self-Check – 4 24
Information Sheet 5- Establishing and maintaining Communication with others
25
Self-Check – 4 26
LO #2- Assess fire potential 27

Instruction sheet 27
Information Sheet 1- Monitoring and reporting Weather conditions 28
Self-Check – 1 30
Information Sheet 2- Monitoring equipment conditions 30
Self-Check – 2 31
Information Sheet 3- Monitoring hazardous and flammable substances 32
Self-Check – 3 37
LO #3- Evaluate fire prevention 38

Information Sheet 1- Controlling and monitoring fire risks and hazards 39
Self-Check – 1 49
Information Sheet 2 Regularly checking equipment 50
Self-Check – 2 51
Information Sheet 3- Handling hazardous or flammable substances 52
Self-Check – 3 54
Operation Sheet 1– 55
LAP TEST56
LO #4- Record and report information fire potential 56

Information Sheet 1- Reporting potential of fire 57
Self-Check – 1 60
Information Sheet 2- Recognizing and alarming signs of fire potential to alert
appropriate personnel. 61
Self-Check – 2 62
Information Sheet 3- Recording and reporting fire potential and prevention
procedures. 63
Self-Check – 3 66
LAP TEST67
LG #36 LO #1- Prepare for fires
Instruction sheet
This learning guide is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the
following content coverage and topics:
 Identifying and complying OHS, legislative and organizational requirements
relevant to evaluating fire potential and prevention
 Constantly evaluating types and potential for fire hazard and positive effects risk
assessment and documenting
 Selecting and checking equipment appropriate to potential work requirements
 Planning evaluation processes
 Establishing and maintaining Communication with others
This guide will also assist you to attain the learning outcomes stated in the cover page.
Specifically, upon completion of this learning guide, you will be able to:
 Identify and comply OHS, legislative and organizational requirements relevant to
evaluating fire potential and prevention
 Constantly evaluate types & potential for fire hazard & positive effects risk
assessment & documenting
 Select and check equipment appropriate to potential work requirements
 Plann evaluation processes
 Establish and maintain Communication with others
Learning Instructions:
1. Read the specific objectives of this Learning Guide.
2. Follow the instructions described below.
3. Read the information written in the “Information Sheets”. Try to understand what are
being discussed. Ask your trainer for assistance if you have hard time understanding them.
4. Accomplish the “Self-checks” which are placed following all information sheets.
5. Ask from your trainer the key to correction (key answers) or you can request your
trainer to correct your work. (You are to get the key answer only after you finished
answering the Self-checks).
6. If you earned a satisfactory evaluation proceed to “Operation sheets
7. Perform “the Learning activity performance test” which is placed following
“Operation sheets” ,
8. If your performance is satisfactory proceed to the next learning guide,
9. If your performance is unsatisfactory, see your trainer for further instructions or go
back to “Operation sheets”.
Information Sheet 1. Identifying & complying OHS, legislative & organizational
requirements relevant to evaluating fire potential &
prevention
1.1. Introduction
OHS (Occupation health and safety) requirements may include: use Personal protective
equipment (PPE); apply first aid; fire fighting equipment; follow safety procedure during
operating and maintaining machines
organisational safety policies and procedures, and may include:
 Personal protective equipment (PPE) is protective clothing, helmets, goggles, or other

garments or equipment designed to protect the wearer's body from injury or infection.
Figure 1: Lists of Personal protective equipments

Personal protective equipment ("PPE") designed to withstand water and high
temperatures, such as
o Bunker gear, including turnout jacket and pants
o Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA)
o Helmet, face mask and/or visor; climbing helmets
o Safety boots, gloves, and Nomex and Carbon flash hoods
 Head protection: Hard hat
 Foot protection
Wear leather boots with ankle protection.for utility line clearance work
 Hand protection
Wear gloves to protect against cuts, vibration, cold, harmful vegetation(thorn)
 Eye and face protection
Wear -approved eye and face protection for utility line clearance work
 First aid equipment
A first aid kit is a collection of supplies and equipment that is used to give medical
treatment. There is a wide variation in the contents of first aid kits based on the
knowledge and experience of those putting it together, the differing first aid
requirements of the area where it may be used, and variations in legislation or
regulation in a given area.
First aid kits may be kept in cloth bags or plastic or metal boxes. They are often labeled
with a symbol such as those on the upper right. A first aid kit may contain many items,
but basic items that can help with first aid include:
 Gloves for the helper's hands made of vinyl, latex or nitrile to protect the helper's
hands from blood
 Dressings of cloth that can be put on wounds to stop bleeding, much like gauze
pads or sanitary napkins
 Bandages of gauze or cloth which hold dressings tightly over wounds; but these
are in rolls
 Rolls of tape to hold on dressings and bandages
 Scissors that can be used to cut tape, to open clothing and to make more
bandages and dressings
 CPR masks or barriers to make it sanitary for a helper to breathe into someone's
mouth, which is one part of CPR
 Blanket made of cloth or Mylar ("space blanket") to cover a sick or hurt person to
keep them warm
 A small first aid book which shows how to do first aid and reminds people who
have been trained
 Adhesive strips (a small piece of tape with a bit of cloth in the center), special
dressings such as moleskin for blisters, and antiseptic creams for small wounds
 Tweezers to remove stingers, splinters and thorns
Figure 2: Pictures of first aid equipments
 Firefighting equipment
Firefighting is the act of attempting to prevent the spread of and extinguish significant
unwanted fires in buildings, vehicles, and woodlands.
1. Rakes – these have been purchased to provide a basic hand tools Mc lead tools
2. Shovel – is use fuel firefighting tools and should supplement the Mc lead tools.
3. Brush hook- can be very useful for clearing a line through heavy under growth .the
recommended types should have a long handled and a curved blade, 12-15inches
long by 3 inches wide, and sharpened both side.
4. Axes – a necessary piece of equipment
5. Water bags- personal water bags should be carried out by each tanker.
6. Miscellaneous tools- a locked tools box containing hammer, pliers, wire cutters,
shifting spanner, files, and sharpening stone.
7. Firefighting chemical – ammonium, ammonium sulphate, with corrosion inhibitors
and thickening agent added are manufactured.
8. Water tanker – tanker with 200 capacities should be used for initial attack. These
tankers may be equipped with tanks and pumping equipment which can be removed
but they should be fitted up at the start of the fire season and remain as a single
purpose vehicle throughout the fire season.
Figure 3: Commonly used Firefighting equipment
Priorities during an emergency in a working environments are:- personal safety, hazard

control, asset control. The first priority is to ensure that all people who may be in danger
are warned, and that action is taken to guarantee their safety, before any steps are
taken to eliminate or minimize the hazard or to secure assets. Employers are
responsible for providing a healthy and safe work environment for their employees.
OHS are to be in accordance with Federal and Regional Legislation and regulations,
and organizational safety Policies and procedures. The workplace fire precautions
legislation brings together existing health and safety and fire legislation to form a set of
dedicated fire regulations with the objective to achieve a risk appropriate standard of fire
safety for persons in the workplace.
It is important to ensure that:use tools only for the purpose it was designed for; ensure
that you are at a safe distance from the fire accident (incident); train students to use
tools in the correct way; excessive stores, unused equipment, waste material and
rubbish are removed; intercommunication equipment is checked regularly and is
operated correctly because the dangers of substandard, poorly maintained or wrongly
utilized electrical equipment creates the need to ensure it; fire equipment is maintained
regularly; fire extinguishers are in place and are properly mounted on brackets;
Arrangements should be made to ensure a telephone is available in a place of safety in

order to call the Fire Service in the event of fire. Escape predominantly without the use
of a key, should be possible from all parts of a workplace to a place of safety in fresh
air.
The principle of the Regulations and the risk assessment approach, is goal based and
flexible to employer’s needs. The employer generates the risk in workplaces, therefore,
to safeguard the safety of employees, the employer must:
• Identify hazards and people at risk

• Remove or reduce the hazards
• Manage the remaining risks to acceptable levels by: Ensuring that all occupants
are alerted and can leave the premises safely in the event of fire.
- Reducing the probability of a fire starting
- Limiting the effects should a fire occur.
If however, the premises are not in accordance with the above categories and are
classified as a high risk, further action will be necessary and an action plan should be
produced and implemented based on the complexity, size, occupancy and
consequential risks. The employer can enlist the help of other persons who have the
necessary experience or skills (ie. competence) to carry out part or all of the risk
assessment.
Self-check 1 Written test
Name…………………………………………… ID………………………… Date…….

Directions: Answer all the questions listed below. Examples may be necessary to aid
some explanations/answers.
Test I Short Answer Questions

1. List some of the requirements OHS may include? (2pts)
2. What are the basic items first aid kid commonly includes? (2pts)
3. What are the priorities during an emergency in a working environments? (2pts)
Test II Write true if the statement is correct and false if statement is incorrect
1. The first step in a firefighting operation is reconnaissance to search for the origin of
the fire and to identify the specific risks. (2pts)
2. OHS are to be in accordance with Federal and Regional Legislation and
regulations, and organizational safety Policies and procedures. (2pts)
Note: Satisfactory rating - 10 points Unsatisfactory - below 10 points

You can ask you teacher for the copy of the correct answers.
Answer Sheet Score = ___________
Rating: ____________
Name: _________________________ Date: _______________
Test I
1.__________________________________________________
2.__________________________________________________
3.__________________________________________________
Test II
1.__________________________________________________
2.__________________________________________________
Information Sheet 2- Constantly evaluating types & potential for fire hazard &
positive effects risk assessment & documenting
2.1. Evaluating types and potential for fire hazard and positive effects risk
assessment and documenting
Fire prevention may include: cutting of fire breaks; clearing of undergrowth; ensuring
equipment is far enough away from; combustible materials; housekeeping to ensure
work area is clear of waste and that waste is stored in line with workplace procedures;
providing suitable fire extinguishing; equipment; undertaking regular evacuation training;
maintaining an ordered work area to ensure; access and exit; assessing equipment to
ensure it is serviced as required in line with workplace procedures; quarantining
equipment to be serviced in line; with workplace procedure.
Fire protection is the study and practice of mitigating the unwanted effects of potentially
destructive fires.[1] It involves the study of the behaviour, compartmentalisation,
suppression and investigation of fire and its related emergencies, as well as the
research and development, production, testing and application of mitigating systems.
Fire prevention is the means of reducing the number of uncontrolled, unwanted escaped
wild fire. Prevention includes two general areas: activities directed at people, the major
cause of fire, and activities directed at mitigating the flammability of the forest resource
(see fuel management). The former include public information campaigns and
incentives for wise use of fire and the latter include fuel management to reduce fire risk
(e.g. prescribed burning, thinning, waste removal).
Pre-suppression – This group of activities includes all fire management activities

planned and accomplished in advance of ignition. They are designed to ensure
effective suppression and include fire detection, fire danger rating and training.
1. Suppression – The objective of fire suppression is to suppress wildfires at minimum

cost and consistent with land and resource management objectives. There are three
methods for bringing a wildfire under control: direct attack (an attack on the burning
edge of the fire when fires are small); parallel attack (construction of a fire line parallel
but close to the edge of the fire); and indirect attack (construction of fire lines some
distance from the fire edge and burning out of all intervening fuels when the fire is very
intense).
Fuel management
The most important fuels in forest and other wild land fires that need to be treated are
the surface fuels and the aerial fuels between the surface and the canopy of the over
storey trees to be protected. The surface fuels (grass, herbs, and shrubs) are the main
carrier of fire, both for horizontal spread and for build-up of vertical development of the
fire. Aerial fuels are all combustibles not in direct contact with the ground, which carry
the fire into the crowns (‘fuel ladders’). The treatment of these fuels either concentrates
on buffer zones (firebreaks or fuel breaks between wild land vegetation and the forest
stands to be protected, or by breaking up larger continuous forested areas) or is
practised inside the forest stand to be protected.
A. Firebreaks - The construction of firebreaks around and inside a forest is a

common method of separating fuels (interruption of continuity of fuels). A firebreak is a
line of a width up to several meters on which all combustibles are removed and the
mineral soil is exposed. The objective of firebreak construction is to segregate, stop
and control the spread of a wildfire. Since fires may easily cross firebreaks of up to
several dozen meters, it is often extremely uneconomical to establish and maintain such
large and unproductive strips of land. Furthermore, firebreaks in steep terrain tend to
erode severely during the rainy season.
B. Fuel break – The concept of fuel breaks is entirely different. Fuel breaks are
generally wide strips of land on which the native flammable vegetation has been
permanently modified and replaced by introduced vegetation so that fires burning into
them can be more readily controlled. In the tropics, it has been demonstrated
successfully that fuel breaks can be maintained economically by agricultural or agro-
silvo pastoral land uses. Both land uses usually involve intensive soil treatment and
removal of aboveground biomass so that less flammable ground cover is available.
C. (Silvo) pastoral fuel breaks – The integration of grazing is another method of

reducing the flammability of the surface fuels on treeless strips and on ‘shaded fuel
breaks’ (grazing under wide-spaced tree over storey). The impact of ‘prescribed
grazing’ and the browsing of brush and tree succession keep the total fuel loads on the
fuel break down. If grazing and/or browsing is selective (i.e. when the animals leave
certain grass or shrub species unaffected), additional mechanical treatment or the use
of prescribed burning is necessary in order to further reduce the surface fuel loads.
Pastoral fuel breaks may include lateral firebreaks, i.e. small strips along each side of
the fuel break; these firebreaks are mandatory if prescribed fire is applied for fuel break
maintenance.
Shaded fuel breaks avoid the complete opening of a forest by either firebreaks or
treeless fuel breaks. It involves the combination of timber production and animal
husbandry management. Timber production is restricted to a relatively low amount of
trees in a wide spacing and the trees have to be pruned regularly.
2. Fire protections -is the study and practice of mitigating the unwanted effects of fires
It involves the study of the behavior, compartmentalization, suppression and
investigation of fire and its related emergencies, as well as the research and
development, production, testing and application of mitigating systems. In structures, be
they land-based, offshore or even ships, the owners and operators are responsible to
maintain their facilities in accordance with a design-basis that is rooted in laws,
including the local building code and fire code, which are enforced by the Authority
Having Jurisdiction. Buildings must be constructed in accordance with the version of the
building code that is in effect when an application for a building permit is made. Building
inspectors check on compliance of a building under construction with the building code.
Once construction is complete, a building must be maintained in accordance with the
current fire code, which is enforced by the fire prevention officers of a local fire
department. In the event of fire emergencies, Firefighters, fire investigators, and other
fire prevention personnel called to mitigate, investigate and learn from the damage of a
fire. Lessons learned from fires are applied to the authoring of both building codes and
fire codes.
3. Fire control (or firefighting)
Consists of depriving a fire of fuel (Reducing Agent), oxygen(Oxidizing Agent), heat

and/or the chemical chain reaction that are necessary to sustain itself or re-kindle (also
known as the four components of the fire tetrahedron). Firefighters are equipped with a
wide variety of equipment to accomplish this task. Some of their tools include ladder
trucks, pumper trucks, tanker trucks, fire hose, and fire extinguishers. Very frequent
training
A fire needs three elements to occur: oxygen, heat and fuel. This is called the fire
triangle, because if you remove one or more of these elements, you will be able to
extinguish the fire. The availability of these elements in the environment determines
a bushfire’s behavior, and is controlled by three factors: the fuel load (or amount of
fuel available), prevailing weather conditions and the topography of the land.
Figure 4: The fire triangle represents the three elements needed for fire to occur: heat, fuel,
and oxygen
Heat is the energy necessary to increase the temprature of the fuel to a point where
sufficient vapors are given off for ignition to occure. Fuel can be any combustible
material in any state of matter – solid & liquid, or gas. Most solids & liquids become
vapour or gass before they will burn. The air we breathe is about 21% oxygen. Fire
requires an atmosphere with atleast 16% oxygen
FUEL
Fuel is anything that will burn. There are several characteristics of fuel that influence the
behavior of fire. These are:
• Moisture content - the dryness of available fuels has a major effect on the rate of
spread, the ease of ignition, chances of spotting, how much radiant heat is produced,
and the rate of combustion.
• Size - fuels are normally classified as fine (6 mm or less in diameter) or heavy
(over 6 mm). The more fine fuels present, the greater the rate of spread and fire
intensity. Heavy fuels are generally slower to burn and harder to ignite.
• Quantity - this is the amount of fuel on the ground for the fire to burn. It is
normally measured in tones per hectare.
• Type - includes grass (dry or green), logging slash, trees, peat, shrubs and
surface fuels. Any change in fuel type will also mean a change in fire behavior.
• Distribution - tightly packed fuels are more likely to smolder and burn slowly,
while aerated fuels tend to burn more quickly.
A risk management approach involves identification and assessment of risks followed
by elimination of risks in the first instance or where this is not practicable, minimising
those risks so far as reasonably practicable. The risk management approach is
important for two main reasons:
• So that the firmy’s duty of care to its workers, customers, contractors, students,
visitors and others that work at the firm can be met, as part of the legislative health and
safety requirements.
• It makes good business sense and is cost effective.
A key requirement of managing risks in the workplace is consulting with workers
affected by a health and safety matter. Workers should be involved in the hazard
identification, risk assessment and risk control processes. Where workers are
represented by a Health and Safety Representative, this Health and Safety
Representative must be involved in the consultation process. The legislation also
requires that where several person conducting a business s have duties for a health and
safety matter, these person conducting a business s must consult, cooperate and
coordinate their risk management activities to ensure effective management of the
health and safety matter. Workplace hazard identification, assessment and control is an
on-going process. It should be undertaken at various times, including:
 If it has not been done before.
 When a hazard has been identified
 When a change to the workplace may introduce or change a hazard. such as when
changes occur to the work equipment, practices, procedures or environment.
 As part of responding to a workplace incident, even where an injury has not
occurred.
 Where new information about a risk becomes available or concerns about a risk are
raised by workers
 At regularly scheduled times appropriate to the workplace.
It is often more effective and easy to eliminate hazards if risk management approaches
used at the planning and design stages for products, processes and places for work.
Self-Check – 2 Written test
Name…………………………………………… ID………………………… Date…….
Test I: Short Answer Questions
1. What are the three main ways in which a fire can be controlled or put out long
answer? (2pts)
2. List the the three basic elements needed for fire to occur? (2pts)
3. What are the things to consider to successfully confront a forest fire? (2pts)
4. What are the common characteristics of fuel that influence the behavior of fire?
(2pts)
Score = ___________
Rating: ____________
Answer sheet
Test I
1. ________________________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________________________
3. .________________________________________________________________
4. .________________________________________________________________
5. .________________________________________________________________
Information Sheet 3- Selecting and checking equipment appropriate to potential
work requirements
Terrestrial or aerial Forest fire suppression requires equipment adapted to the fire type:
surface or ground fire; development phase: ignition, large uncontrolled fire;
environmental conditions: access, topography
Terrestrial equipment
Direct Fire Intervention
Standard equipment
These are shovels, hoe-rakes (pulaski), fire beaters, pickaxes, which is only used
during the initial attack, but seldom after the ignition, when a fire is still small or fires
of low intensity or for mop-up. Those hand tools is used in areas difficult to access, for
example by crews transported by helicopters.
Backpack sprayers
These are also reserved for low intensity fires or first intervention, because the water
reserve is small and the range of sprayers is limited to 5 m.
Figure 5: Picture shows Backpack sprayers
Initial attack vehicles
Used for prevention surveillance, these cross- country vehicles are provided with a
water tank allowing an immediate first intervention on starting fires. Taking into account
this double function, the characteristics of this type of equipment is a compromise
between:
− Mobility allowing an effective surveillance and a fast access on the spot of
ignition.
− Sufficient water capacity to suppress fires with a first intervention or to slow
down them in waiting for reinforcements.
Water tankers
These are cross-country vehicles specifically equipped for fire suppression, equipped
with pumps, lances, and high capacity water tanks. The tanks are variable in size
according to the type of equipment, the whole set-up has to reconcile, as for the
vehicles for initial attack, mobility to reach fire, functionality during the fire fighting
activities, and an optimal water tank size.
− On one hand, the higher the water capacity, the more the mobility of the vehicle
is reduced. Thus, it is necessary to choose the water capacity adapted to the access
conditions of the forest area.
− On the other hand, a water lance can only fight approximately ten meters fire
line. Therefore, it can be advantageous to deploy several average sized trucks (2,000 l)
with one or two lances or heavier trucks (4,000 to 6,000 l) with 4 or 5 lances. Very big
engines (10,000 l and more) can be used for restocking smaller trucks or be equipped
with several water lances.
It is advised to equip these vehicles with self- protection systems; various techniques
can be employed, for example a good heat insulation of the driver cab or a watering by
outside spraying the vehicle.
Indirect Intervention
Opening of access roads and vegetation strips: machines of public works such as the
bulldozers can be used during fire fighting to build provisional tracks providing access to
the fire, to li
mit the spread of the fire front by removing any vegetation on a strip (fireline) in front of
the fire. The equipment for forest exploitation such as chain saws are also used to
establish these firelines before the advancing fire front.
Transport of fire crews: this can be assured, when the fire fighting vehicles are not
available in sufficient quantity, by not equipped “ordinary” vehicles: pick-ups, minibus.
In Turkey, for example, a part of them is rented from companies during the fire season
Monitoring of weather parameters: small portable weather stations measuring in real
time humidity, temperature, wind direction and force allow to follow the evolution of the
weather conditions in order to organize the fire suppression.
Aerial equipment
Type of Equipment in Use

Helicopters and airplanes are very useful for fire suppression, like for the tactical
support of fire crews on the ground or, when the access conditions to the fire are difficult
on the ground.
Airplanes
Fixed-wing airplanes are used for surveillance, for example as reconnaissance plane
which is equipped with water tanks (cf.. chapter 5.4.A), and for active fire suppression.
Faster than helicopters, they also have a much bigger water reserve (3,000 to 6,000
l).
The air means can also be used outside the fire risk season for other interventions
(transport of people, equipment or food in the case of natural disasters, conflicts, etc.).
Chemical additives
These are chemicals that are added to water to improve its physical and chemical
extinguishing properties. The following additives are distinguished:
− Dampening agents. By decreasing the surface tension of water, a greater
diffusion and better penetration is ensured. They are used however little, because of to
their performances more limited compared to the other products
− Short-term retardants. These are principally foaming agents which by their
physical action increase the quantity of water retained by the vegetation. The mixture of
water with the foaming agent is done during the flight using a foam container and a
pump that allows a flow that is programmed in accordance with the weather conditions
and the vegetation density (proportion ranges between 3 to 6 per thousand). Its
employment is generally limited by winds higher than 40 km/h. It is not advisable for
direct attack.
− Long-term retardants. A product is classified a long-term retardant when its
duration of effectiveness reaches 2 to 6 hours, even several days if no rain comes to
wash the treated zone. Its active part is due to the presence of a chemical compound
(fireproofing salt) which is degraded under the action of heat according to endothermic
reactions. Mixed with water in proportions of about 20%, the product is primarily
dropped from the air, for building up retardant barriers before the fire front in order to
limit fire spread and to narrow the fire front. The better performance of the retarding
product, compared to water, varies by a factor of superiority from 4 to 9 according to the
type of plane.
These chemicals can be used aerial (plane, helicopter) as well as terrestrial (tanker,
vehicle of first intervention).
Name…………………………………………… ID………………………… Date…….
1. What equipment would firemen need to prevent a forest fire from spreading?
(2pts)
2. Forest fire suppression requires equipment adapted to the ____ (2pts)
3. Distinguish the differences between direct and indirect intervention to control fire
hazard? (2pts)
4. What is the best method to control fire hazard? (2pts)
Score = ___________
Rating: ____________
Answer sheet
Test I
1. __________________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________________
4. _____________________________________________________________
Information Sheet 4- Planning evaluation processes
Evaluation of chemical based fires environmental, weather, and equipment conditions

 where possible, get rid of the fire hazards you identified - eg remove build-ups of
waste - and reduce any hazards you can't remove entirely
 replace highly flammable materials with less flammable ones
 keep anything that can start a fire away from flammable materials
 have a safe-smoking policy for employees or customers who want to smoke in a
designated area near your premises (smoking in enclosed spaces is banned) Once
you have reduced the risk as is far as practical, you need to look at any risk that
can't be removed and decide what fire safety measures to provide.
Example of a fire risk assessment
The fire risk assessment process should cover five key steps:
 identifying fire hazards - including areas where ignition, fuel and oxygen sources
are close together
 identifying people who are at risk, including people in and around the premises
and people who are especially at risk
 evaluating, removing or reducing, and protecting from risk - evaluate the risk of a
fire starting, the risk to people from fire, remove or reduce fire hazards and risks
to people from a fire, and protect people by providing fire precautions
 recording, planning, informing, instructing and training - record any major findings
and action you have taken, discuss and work with other responsible persons if
necessary, prepare an emergency plan, and inform and instruct relevant people
and provide training
 reviewing your fire risk-assessment regularly and make changes where
necessary
You may find it useful to make a simple, single line drawing of your premises, roughly to
scale/proportion and showing any relevant structural features – e.g. staircases - and
what particular areas are used as production, storage or sleeping areas.
The shape of the land, or topography, has an effect on the spread of a fire. For
example, fire travels faster up a slope because the flames pre-heat the fuel and are also
closer to the un burnt fuel. For every 10 degrees of slope, the rate of fire spread
doubles. The opposite applies when a fire is moving downhill.
The direction a slope faces, or aspect, is another factor of topography that will affect fire
spread. Northern and western aspects usually receive more sun and are warmer and
drier than slopes facing east or south. For this reason, they tend to burn more fiercely.
Topography can also influence the way in which wind behaves. As wind passes over a
sharp object, such as a hill or windbreak, it can tumble creating turbulence. Areas with
wind turbulence will produce erratic winds, causing unpredictable fire behaviour. Valleys
and gullies often channel and strengthen winds, increasing the rate of spread of a fire
and its intensity.
Name…………………………………………… ID………………………… Date…….
1. What are the key steps in the process of fire risk assessment? (8pts)
Note: Satisfactory rating - 8 points Unsatisfactory - below 8points
Score = ___________
Rating: ____________
Answer sheet
Test I
1.__________________________________________________
Information Sheet 5- Establishing and maintaining Communication with others
To communicate means to use any means or method to convey information of any kind
from one person or place to another .Communications are means of communicating,
such as telephones. Communication allows units/organizations to disseminate and
share information among people, elements, and places. It links information to decisions
and decisions to action. No decision in combat can be executed without clear
communication between commanders and subordinates. Communication among the
parts of a command supports their coordinated action. The communication that
characterizes effective control is multidirectional.
Modes of communication used describe, in a standardized way, all of the media used by
workers in the occupational group when communicating.
There are four modes of communication. However, the entire list will not necessarily
appear in a particular Essential Skills Profile. Only those that apply to the occupational
group will be listed.
The Modes of communication used may include one or more of the following 4 media:
 In person, e.g., workers in close proximity to each other speak face to face.
 Using a telephone, e.g., workers responsible for materials place orders by phone.
 Using a two-way radio or other such means, e.g., dispatchers use two-way radios
to direct taxi drivers to the next destination.
 Using specialized communication signals, e.g., workers in high noise level
environments use hand signals to signal safety concerns or changes in
operation. communicate technical information with others either by using oral or
written communication techniques
If the workplace is shared with other persons, they should be informed of any significant
risks identified. The person who has to any extent control (landlord, owner or other
employer etc) has a responsibility to make sure the regulations are complied with, in the
parts they control.
This may require communication and co-operation between all parties to ensure co-
ordination of fire safety provisions, firefighting measures, evacuation procedures etc.
 Communicating with Persons outside Organization:
Communicating with people outside the organization, representing the organization to
customers, the public, government, and other external sources. This information can be
exchanged in person, in writing, or by telephone or e-mail.
 Communicating with Supervisors, or Subordinates: Providing information to
supervisors, co-workers, and subordinates by telephone, in written form, e-mail, or in
person.
 Coordinating the Work and Activities of Others: Getting members of a group to
work together to accomplish tasks
Name…………………………………………… ID………………………… Date…….
Directions: Answer all the questions listed below.

1. What is Communication? (5pts)
2. What are the means of communicating information while detected forest fires?
(5pts)
3. What are the different mode of communication? (5pts)
Score = ___________
Rating: ____________
Answer sheet
Test I
1. ._____________________________________________________________
___
2. ._____________________________________________________________
___
3. ._____________________________________________________________
___
LG #21 LO #2- Assess fire potential
Instruction sheet
 Monitoring and reporting Weather conditions
 Monitoring equipment conditions
 Monitoring hazardous and flammable substances
 Monitor and reporting Weather conditions
 Monitor equipment conditions
 Monitor hazardous and flammable substances
being discussed. Ask your trainer for assistance if you have hard time understanding
them.
7. Perform “the Learning activity performance test” which is placed following “Operation
sheets” ,
Information Sheet 1- Monitoring and reporting Weather conditions
Weather conditions are monitored and reports inspected for changing conditions such
as storms and high winds. Weather may include, but not limited to conditions such as
high winds, electrical storms, lightning strikes and excessive heat and low humidity
2.1.1. Weather conditions
Weather: One of the most important factors affecting the behavior of a fire is weather.
The three most important components of weather are:
Wind: Wind is a major controlling factor that determines rate and direction of spread,
and shape of fire. Wind increases supply of oxygen; drives convective heat into
adjacent fuels; influences spread direction and spotting; carries moist air away replacing
it with drier air; dries Fuels; raises fuel moisture if the air contains moisture.
Temperature: affects fire behavior indirectly through influence on fuel moisture content
and local wind formation (e.g. sea-breezes). So, as air temperature increases, fuel
moisture content tends to decrease, and vice versa. Dew can form which can cause fire
to slow or even be extinguished.
Humidity: Relative humidity (RH) is a measure of how much moisture is in the air.
Expressed as a percentage, it describes the amount of water vapor in the air compared
to the amount needed for the air to be saturated (i.e. 100% RH). Humidity varies with
temperature – as temperature increases humidity decreases (and vice versa). Humidity
is important because it affects fuel moisture content and therefore its flammability. For
example, in dry conditions, moisture from fuels is transferred to the atmosphere and the
fuels become increasingly flammable. As RH increases, fuel moisture increases.
Topography
• Aspect - direction a slope faces: Leeward: light fuels sunny dry; Windward: Heavy
fuels, shade moist
• Slope - Steepness. Steep Slopes Cause Rapid Fire Spread
• Position of Fire - Top, middle, or bottom of slope. Fire near to bottom of the slop has
rapid spread up slops.
• Shape of Country - Narrow canyons & box canyons.
• Elevation - Relates to curing of fuels, precipitation, length of fire season, etc
2.1.2. Monitoring and reporting changing weather condition
Dry grass, dead leaves and tree needles, brush and small trees. Light fuels ignite
quickly and cause rapid spread of fire. They serve as kindling for heavier fuels and burn
out faster. Some green fuels such as tree needles have high oil content and are fast-
burning when they are not in an active growing stage
Heavy, large, or slow-burning fuels
Logs, stumps, branch wood and deep duff (the topsoil or partly decayed leaves and tree
needles found under dense stands of brush or trees). Heavy fuels take longer to ignite,
spread slower, burn longer and throw off large volumes of heat when dry.
Snags: Snags struck by lightning can sometimes be the cause of forest fires, particularly
if they are left to burn/fall to the ground without follow-up assessment and/or
suppression
Spacing: Fuel spacing describes the distribution of fuels in a given area.
Quantity: As the amount of flammable material in a given area increases, the amount of
heat produced by the fire also increases.
Name…………………………………………… ID………………………… Date…….
1. How weather affect the behavior of fire? (3pts)

2. How the types of fule affect the behavior of fire? (3pts)
Score = ___________
Rating: ____________
Answer sheet
Test I
1.__________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________
Information Sheet 2- Monitoring equipment conditions
Stock and maintenance of equipment
More equipment should be kept in stock than the number of personal available to use
them. It is quite unless bringing men to a fire unless each has an item of equipment to
use.
Regarding care and maintenance the following to use
• Safe storage in wet season

• Identification of equipment by color
• Arrangement for issuing equipment and returning it back to the store after use.
Communication Equipment
The two types of radio transceivers used in fire fighting communication are UHF (ultra
high frequency) and VHF (very high frequency).
UHF radios are generally used by contractors and members of the public. VHF is used
by the emergency services, government agencies andorganizations that need to work in
association with these agencies.
Two-way radios have two operating modes:

 Repeater, for long range communications from the field to a base, and
 Simplex, for line-of-sight communications in close range around the fire ground.
Radios can be vehicle-mounted, hand-held or portable, or base-mounted
Constructinga Fire Break

The idea of a fire break, or control line, is to starve an approaching fire of any available
fuel. A fire break can be man-made or a fuel-free natural track. Either way, it should be
cleared down to bare earth or rocks.
Fire breaks can be constructed using hand tools or machinery. Suitable hand tools
include: rake hoes, pulaskis, fern hooks, chainsaws, axes, mattocks and brush cutters.
Heavy machinery, however, is much easier and faster, and allows a wider clearing to be
excavated to enable vehicleaccess.
The most appropriate machinery for building fire breaks includes: bulldozers, graders (when on
reasonably flat ground), tractors, log skidders, excavators and track loaders.
Name…………………………………………… ID………………………… Date…….

1. List at least four Institutions that involve in communicated for backstopping (4pts)
Note: Satisfactory rating - 4 points Unsatisfactory - below 4points
Score = ___________
Rating: ____________
Answer sheet
Test I
1.__________________________________________________
Information Sheet 3- Monitoring hazardous and flammable substances
Hazardous and flammable substances are monitored to assess the potential of

spillage and combustion. Hazardous and flammable substances may include engine
oils, fuels and treatment substance.
A forest fire involves combustion of organic material (fuel) that releases a large quantity
of energy. The combustion energy is transferred from the burning fuel to unburned fuels
ahead of the fire front. This phenomenon ensures the fire spread. The fire start depends
on the flammability of the vegetation. The fire spread depends on a number of variables,
including fuel characteristics (size, moisture content and arrangement), weather and
topography.
3.1 Combustion
Definition: Combustion is a fast and exothermic oxidative reaction that releases heat,
requiring an oxidizing agent to burn the fuel. In the case of a forest fire this oxidizing
agent is the air in the atmosphere with the vegetation being the fuel. The combustion
requires the presence of three elements called fire triangle: (a) fuel, (b) oxidizing agent,
and (c) initial energy. The process develops in three phases: (a) Evaporation of water in
the fuel, (b) emission of flammable gas by pyrolysis, and finally (c) ignition; the ignition
is ensured by an external energy source. In the following process one part of the
released combustion Energy is reabsorbed by the fuel in order to sustain the
combustion. In the case of a forest fire the released energy is absorbed by the
vegetation/fuel ahead of the flaming front, which causes the fire propagation.
Heat transfer and fire spread
The mechanisms of fire spread are distinguished in three phases:

 Combustion of vegetation material with heat emission;
 Heat transfer towards the fuel ahead of the fire front by conduction, thermal
radiation and convection;
 Heat absorption by the plant before the flaming front and its ignition
Types of Heat Transfer
Heat transfer is an energy exchange process between two points in space that occurs
when a temperature difference exists between these two points. It is maintained by the
three fundamental physical processes: conduction, radiation and, convection.
a. Conduction
The conduction is the result of molecular movement. It is related to the composition and
the temperature of the environment. It can only happen in a material that is solid, liquid
or gaseous. The heat spreads from the warm to the cold body. In practice the
conduction is negligible during the spread of a vegetation fire, since it accounts only for
5 % of the heat transfer. The only exception is a ground fire or a peat fire where
conduction is the predominant heat transfer. On the other hand, the solid particle
conduction explains the different behavior of fuels as a function of their depth.
b. Thermal radiation
Radiation is a type of energy transfer in form of electromagnetic waves with or without
particles. All bodies with an absolute temperature above 0 K (=–273°C) emit an
electromagnetic radiation, where the radiation frequency is a function of the
temperature. The quantity of the transferred energy from one body to another body
augments with the increase of the temperature difference between these two bodies.
Heat transfer during a forest fire is mainly by electromagnetic infrared radiation.
c. Convection
Convection is a heat transfer by macroscopic movements of a fluid (gas in the case of a
fire) who’s mass transports the containing heat. In vegetation fires, combustion
produces hot gases which mix with the also heated ambient air. These hot gases are
lighter and go up quickly. They bring a great quantity of heat to fuels located above
(crown), desiccate them and raise their temperature up to the ignition point. The wind,
by pushing hot gases ahead of the flaming front -even in the lower layers of the
vegetation - accelerates the fire spread.
The variations of the topography also influence the displacement of hot gases. For an
upslope fire, the convection ahead of the fire front is more marked with increasing slope
steepness; it is the opposite in a down slope fire. The convection is the dominating
process of heat transfer in the forest fires spread. In addition, the moving gases often
transport burning materials (“firebrands”), which can fall down up to several hundred
meters in front of the fire and ignite new fires (“fire spotting”).
Types of Fire Spread

Except for ground fires, a vegetation fire is propagated mainly by convection and
radiation. Fire spotting can accelerate the fire spread. Various types of fires are
distinguished in accordance with the layers they are spreading:
a) Ground fires:
• Burn in organic material of the soil layer (e.g. a peat fire) and usually do not produce a
visible flame.
• They can penetrate in very deep organic deposits and smolder several decimeters
under the surface.
• They are relatively rare in the Mediterranean region.
b) Surface fires:
• Burn the low and contiguous layers on the ground (litter, grass, undergrowth). They
are the most common.
• Crown fires set ablaze the tree tops and spread quickly. There are two types:
1. Independent crown fires, which spread in the crown independently from a surface
fire.
2. Dependent crown fires, which spread in the tree tops only because of the heat
released by the surface fire.
They are «passive» if they contribute less to the propagation than the surface fire and
«active» in the contrary case.
Fire spotting is caused by flying sparks or embers (firebrands) ahead of the flaming
front. These particles, lifted up in the convection column and transported by the wind,
can be the cause for a second fire in front of the first. Large firebrands can burn a long
time and be transported very far (up to 10 or 20 km in exceptional cases). Very many
fire spots can lead to multiple fire starts within a small area and thus create an
extremely dangerous blow up. Fire spotting can occur on short or long distances
according to the environmental conditions.
The rates of fire spread are extremely variable. A fire in a peat swamp advances only by
a few meters in several weeks. The rate of spread of a surface fire or a crown fire
depends on the characteristics and the state of the vegetation, the slope and the wind
The rate of fire spread is higher in low and continuous fuel types where the biomass is
small (grass, heath, open garages), sometimes exceeding 10 km/h.
• In stands with a dense understory, this speed decreases because the vegetation forms
a screen obstructing the wind and the heat transfer. Under these conditions the spread
rate is 5 to 6 km/h. On the other hand, more biomass is burned.
• Fire storms often move at speeds ranging from 5 to 10 km/h.
3.2.3 Flammability & combustibility
Flammability & combustibility characterize the reaction of the vegetation during a fire:
• Flammability influences the ignition.
• Combustibility, or fire intensity in relation to vegetation characteristics, influences the
fire spread.
These two concepts can be defined for a plant (branch, leaves, bark fragment), for a
species or for a vegetation formation.
a) Flammability
Flammability qualifies the proneness of the fuel to ignite under heat. It characterizes the
quantity of energy necessary to the desiccation of the plant and the pyrolysis. One of
the methods employed to estimate this flammability consists in measuring the following
Parameters of vegetation samples that are subjected to thermal radiation:
• The time of ignition, corresponding to the exposure time necessary to the appearance
of a flame.
• This factor can be measured using a stop watch.
• The frequency of ignition, i.e., the number of samples where a flame appears, in
relation to the total number of samples.
The average values of these two parameters allow classifying the plants according to
their flammability.
b) Combustibility
Combustibility is the fire intensity related to the characteristics of the vegetation. It
describes the fire intensity that a vegetation formation can build up, without taking into
account the topography and the wind.
It characterizes the proneness of the vegetation to burn by releasing sufficient energy
and to induce, by heat transfer, the ignition of the next plants.
The combustibility of vegetation is correlated to:
1) The amount of biomass combusted,
2) The heat content of the particular species burned,
3) The spatial structure, and
4) The water content (i.e., the season).
c) The importance of these parameters
The flammability of a plant varies according to its parts. The bark of the Aleppo pine
does not have the same flammability as its needles. The fire in a pine forest starts in the
litter, made up mainly of dry needles. The risk analysis of an ignition in such a stand
requires the knowledge of the flammability of these needles. A vegetation formation is
made up of plants. The flammability and the combustibility of a stand depends on its
species composition and their structural arrangement, as well as theirs water content.
These two parameters are thus variable according to the vegetation formation, but also
according to the season. Flammability and combustibility are important for estimating
the fire hazard of a forest:
• The study of flammability starts with the analysis of the risk of a fire occurrence, either
temporal (follow-up in time), for example, resulting to a preventive mobilization of fire
fighting forces at days with high risk, or spatial.
• The combustibility study allows defining fuel types in function of fire behavior models.
Fire behavior
It’s a general designation given to what forest fire does, intensity &/or Spread? Three
principal environmental elements affecting wild land fire behavior: (A) Fuels (B) Weather
& (C) Topography
Characterisitics of fuels
a. Fuel types : Grass,Shrub, Timber litter, Logging Slash
b. Fuel Moisture: The amount of water in a fuel expressed as a percentage of the
oven-dry weight of that fuel.
c. Fuel categories (size and shape)
• Light fuels: Grass, Leaves, Shrubs
• Heavy fuels: Limbs, Logs, Stumps
d. Fuel Loading:
• The quantity of fuels in an area. Generally expressed in Tons per Acre.
e. Horizontal continuity: Continuous Vs patchy & Vertical arrangement of fuels: -
Ground, Surface & Aerial
 Ground fuel: all combustible materials lying beneath the surface including
deep duff, roots, rotten buried logs, and other organic material. It is usually
called a “PEAT FIRE”
 Surface fuel: all materials lying on or immediately above the ground including
needles or leaves, grass, downed logs, stumps, large limbs and low shrubs
 Aerial fuels: all green and dead materials located in the upper forest canopy
including tree branches and crowns, snags, moss, and high shrubs.
Name…………………………………………… ID………………………… Date…….

1. What is the difference between flammable and combustion? (3pts)
2. Differentiate ground and surface fire? (3pts)
3. List phase combustion with brief description?(3pts)
4. Define wild fire?(5pts)
5. How should flammable and hazardous substances stored? (3pts
Note: Satisfactory rating - 15 points Unsatisfactory – below 15 points
Score = ___________
Rating: ____________
Answer sheet
Test I
1. .__________________________________________________
2. .__________________________________________________
3. .__________________________________________________
4. .__________________________________________________
LG #22 LO #3- Evaluate fire prevention
Instruction sheet
 Controlling and monitoring fire risks and hazards
 Regularly checking equipment
 Handling hazardous or flammable substances
 Control and monitor fire risks and hazards
 Regularly check equipment
 Handle hazardous or flammable substances
being discussed. Ask your trainer for assistance if you have hard time
understanding them.
Information Sheet 1- Controlling and monitoring fire risks and hazards
Fire risks and hazards May include, but not limited to: Weather conditions which induce
fire, welding or grinding sparks, dry undergrowth, the potential of equipment created fire,
combustible materials such as dry or dead scrub, tall grasses, rubbish, oily rags, waste
material proximity to equipment, and flammable liquids.
The term fire hazard describes the fuel complex (the combustible materials), defined by
volume, type, condition, arrangement, and location, that determines the degree both of
ease of ignition and of fire suppression difficulty. Vulnerability defines the threat to
property which is at stake in the area concerned (“values at risk”: dwellings, buildings,
heritage, etc…). It should be noted that the forest, being both a fire vector (fuel) and a
fire victim, is simultaneously subject to the risk and the vulnerability. This is also the
case for humans who with their activities can start a fire as well as suffer the negative
impact of the phenomenon.
In general, the disciplines which conduct research on natural or technogenic hazards

(e.g., flooding, earthquakes, major technological accidents, etc.) call a danger the
product of the arising probability of a phenomenon (risk) and the value of the damage
(vulnerability). However, as generally accepted concerning forest fires, the term risk is
used in this guide in the sense of ignition probability, and the term danger in the sense
of its given definition (see above).
The following procedure for risk management (involving hazard identification, risk
assessment and control) is a practical guide for helping make all firms workplaces safer
for workers, students, contractors, and visitors. It will help both management and
workers, through consultation, to comply with the work health and safety regulations.
These regulations require a person conducting a business to identify, assess and
control hazards in the workplace with the aim of eliminating hazards or minimising
hazards, do far as reasonably practicable. Recording risk management activities,
including risk assessments and consultation processes is required.
These procedures will assist in:
• Finding hazards in workplaces.
• Assessing the risks that may result from these hazards.
• Determining control measures to eliminate or minimise the level of the risks.
• Monitoring and reviewing the effectiveness of control measures.
Definitions
Hazard: Anything (e.g. condition, situation, practice, behaviour) that has the potential to
cause harm, including injury, disease, death, environmental, property and equipment
damage. A hazard can be a thing or a situation.
Hazard Identification: This is the process of examining each work area and work task
for the purpose of identifying all the hazards which are “inherent in the job”. Work areas
include but are not limited to machine workshops, laboratories, office areas, agricultural
and horticultural environments, stores and transport, maintenance and grounds,
reprographics, and lecture theatres and teaching spaces. Tasks can include (but may
not be limited to) using screen based equipment, audio and visual equipment, industrial
equipment, hazardous substances and/or teaching/dealing with people, driving a
vehicle, dealing with emergency situations, construction. This process is about finding
what could cause harm in work task or area.
Risk: The likelihood, or possibility, that harm (injury, illness, death, damage etc) may
occur from exposure to a hazard.
Risk Assessment: Is defined as the process of assessing the risks associated with
each of the hazards identified so the nature of the risk can be understood. This includes
the nature of the harm that may result from the hazard, the severity of that harm and the
likelihood of this occurring.
Risk Control: Taking actions to eliminate health and safety risks so far as is reasonably
practicable. Where risks cannot be eliminated, then implementation of control measures
is required, to minimise risks so far as is reasonably practicable. A hierarchy of controls
has been developed and is described below to assist in selection of the most
appropriate risk control measure/s.
Monitoring and Review: This involves ongoing monitoring of the hazards identified,
risks assessed and risk control processes and reviewing them to make sure they are
working effectively.
Responsibilities
Effective risk management requires the commitment to work health and saftey from
managers and Officer as well as the input and involvement of workers.
It is the responsibility of all managers and supervisors to ensure that this policy is fully
implemented in their area(s) of control and to consult with workers as part of
undertaking the hazard identification, risk assessment and control process. It is the
responsibility of workers to cooperate and comply with this policy. This includes
providing effective and constructive information and feedback to aid the risk
management process.
Officers have a responsibility to ensure that the areas under their control are complying
with legislative requirements. This includes the Officer understanding the hazards and
risks associated with their operations and ensuring that appropriate resources and
processes are in place to eliminate or minimise these risks.
Risk Assessment Procedure

The risk assessment procedure can best be illustrated in the following way.
Figure 6: Picture shows Risk Assessment Procedure
Step 1: Identify Hazards

Work health & saftey legislation usually requires that a person conducting a businesss,
in consultation with workers identify all potentially hazardous things or situations that
may cause harm. In general, hazards are likely to be found in the following;
- Physical work environment,
- Equipment, materials or substances used,
- Work tasks and how they are performed,
- Work design and management
In order to identify hazards the following are recommended:
(i) Past incidents/accidents are examined to see what happened and whether the
incident/accident could occur again.
(ii) Employees be consulted to find out what they consider are safety issues,i.e. ask
workers about hazards near misses they have encountered as part of their work.
Sometimes a survey or questionnaire can assist workers to provide information about
workplace hazards.
(iii) Work areas or work sites be inspected or examined to find out what is happening
now. Identified hazards should be documented to allow further action. The work
environment, tool and equipment as well as tasks and procedures should be examined
for risks to work health and saftey.
(iv) Information about equipment (e.g. plant, operating instructions) and Material Safety
Data Sheets be reviewed to determine relevant safety precautions.
(v) Welcome creative thinking about what could go wrong takes place, i.e. what
hazardous event could take place here?
At the work place, any hazard which is identified by this process should be recorded on
the Risk Assessment and Control Sheet and further action taken to assess and then
control the risks from this hazard.
Step 2: Assess Risks
Risk assessment involves considering the possible results of someone being exposed
to a hazard and the likelihood of this occurring. A risk assessment assists in
determining:
- How severe a risk is
- Whether existing control measures are effective
- What action should be taken to control a risk
- How urgently action needs to be taken.
A risk assessment should include:
i. Identify factors that may be contributing to the risk,
ii. Review health and safety information that is reasonably available from an
authoritative source and is relevant to the particular hazard,
iii. Evaluation of how severe the harm could be. This includes looking at the types of
injuries/illnesses/harm/damage that can result from the hazard, the number of
people exposed, possible chain effects from exposure to this hazard.
iv. Evaluation of how a hazard may cause harm. This includes examining how work is
completed, whether existing control measures are in place and whether they control
the harm, looking at infrequent/abnormal situations as well as standard operating
situations. A chain of events related to a risk may need to be considered.
v. Determining the likelihood of harm occurring. The level of risk will increase as the
likelihood of harm and its severity increases. The likelihood of harm occurring may
be affected by how often the task is completed, in what conditions, how many people
are exposed to the hazard and for what duration.
vi. Identify the actions necessary to eliminate or control the risk; and
vii. Identify records that it is necessary to keep to ensure that the risks are eliminated or
controlled.
viii. Other risk factors should also be identified as they may contribute to the risk:
including
ix. The work premises & the working environment, including their layout and condition,
x. The capability, skill, experience and age of people ordinarily undertaking work,
xi. The systems of work being used; and
xii. The range of reasonably foreseeable conditions.
The process of assessing the risk is undertaken by reviewing any available information
about the hazard (e.g. legislation, country Standards, Industry Code of Practice or
guidance material about the hazard) and by using your personal work experience about
what sort harm the hazard could create and how likely this would be to happen. When
determining how likely it is that a person could be exposed to a hazard, consideration
needs to be given to these “exposure factors”:
i. Whether there are any other risk factors that increase the likelihood of exposure?
ii. How often is the person exposed (frequency)?
iii. or how long is the person exposed (duration)?
iv. How many people are exposed?
v. the likely dose to which the person is exposed?
vi. any legislative or recommended exposure levels required by statutory authorities.
At the firm (forest industry…) it is require managers & supervisors to identify hazards,
assess the risks of harm resulting from exposure to the hazards & set a priority for
corrective action by using a clearly laid out process. The process is as follows:
(i) Identified hazards are placed on the Risk Assessment and Control Form (attachment)
(ii) A Risk Category Table (below) is then used to categorise the type of risk to the firm
(iii)The Risk Ranking Matrix is used to assess the likelihood and the severity or
consequences of each hazard and to give it a “risk rating”.
Step 3: Controlling Risks
Once a risk rating is determined, each hazard must have its existing risk control
measures evaluated using the Evaluation of Control Effectiveness Table. This allows for
determination of any additional requirement necessary.
Step 4: Implement additional risk controls
Having identified the hazards in your workplace, assessed their risks and reviewed the
existing controls, all hazards must be managed before people are hurt, become ill or
there is damage to plant, property or the environment.
The management of risks in the workplace requires eliminating risks so far as

reasonably practicable in the first instance. Where elimination is not possible, then risks
should be minimised, so far as reasonably practicable.
All hazards that have been assessed should be dealt with in order of priority. The most
effective control option/s should be selected to eliminate or minimise risks. The
Hierarchy of Controls (see diagram below) ranks control options from highest level of
protection & reliability to lowest. This should be used to determine the most effective
control/s
Figure 7: Picture shows Hierarchy of Controls
Level 1 Control Measures – Eliminate the Hazard

The most effective control measures eliminate the hazard and associated risks. This
can be achieved through removing the hazard or selecting alternate products or
equipment to eliminate the risk. If a hazard cannot be eliminated then risks can be
minimised by lower control measures
Level 2 Control Measures
These are used to minimise the risks and involve on or a combination of the following;
(i) Substitute the hazard: substitute a substance, method or material to reduce the
risk or the hazard
(ii) Isolate the hazard: separate the hazard from the workplace or people, For
example;
a. Chemical store room, or a laboratory kept locked except to an
authorised person.
b. Lock out procedures on faulty equipment.
c. Appropriate guarding for machinery.
(iii) Use engineering controls: modify existing machinery or plant or purchase
different machinery or plant to provide a physical solution. For example;
a. Trolleys, hoists or cranes.
b. Guard rails.
Level 3 Control Measures
These are control options which should be considered last as they do not control the
source of the hazard but rely on human behaviour or supervision and are therefore less
effective. They include;
(iv) Administrative Procedures: develop work methods or procedures to
reduce the conditions of risk, for example:
a. Written Safe Operating Procedures
b. Job rotation to restrict hours worked on difficult jobs.
c. Staff trained in the correct operating procedures.
(v) Use Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and training in its use: offer the
lowest level of protection and should only be used as a last resort to deal
with the hazard, where the hazard cannot be removed or reduced by any
other means, for example:
a. Handling of chemicals – gloves, safety glasses, aprons.
b. Protecting eyes from flying particles.
c. Protecting feet – safety boots.
Consultation with workers is required in the selection and implementation of control
measure in the workplace.
Controls may need to be trialled to determine effectiveness and workers should be
involved in the feedback process.
Each measure must have a designated person and date assigned for the
implementation of controls. This ensures that all required safety measures will be
completed and documented.
Step 5: Monitor and Review
Hazard identification, risk assessment and control is an on-going process. Therefore,

regularly review the effectiveness of your hazard assessment and control measures at
least every 3 years. Make sure that you undertake a hazard and risk assessment when
there is a change to the workplace including when work systems, tools, machinery or
equipment change. Provide additional supervision when new employees with reduced
skill levels or knowledge are introduced to the workplace. The effectiveness of control
measures can be checked through regular reviews as well as consultation with workers.
Maintaining records of the risk management process assists when undertaking
subsequent reviews or risk assessments as it demonstrates decision making processes
and informs how controls were intended to be implemented.
It is necessary to distinguish the concepts of fire danger evaluation and forecast:

 To evaluate a danger, is to assess both fixed and variable factors of the fire
environment that determine the ease of ignition, rate of spread, difficulty of
control
 To forecast a danger, is the effort to determine a period of time when the
phenomenon could occur.
 The fire danger varies in time in accordance with weather and vegetation
conditions.
This is the temporal forecast of the danger. The fire danger is not homogeneous for the
whole territory. Its intensity depends of natural environmental conditions and the land
use. The spatial evaluation takes this aspect of fire danger into consideration.
It should however be noticed that:
 The temporal danger is not inevitably identical for the entire area looked at. This
area can be divided into zones which each has its own temporal fire danger level.
 The spatial danger is analyzed on a well defined date, and can evolve over time
(new human activities, change of vegetation stress, etc.)
Controlling and monitoring fire risks and hazards includes Controlling vegetation (such
as grass, heath, scrub and forest undergrowth) to minimize risk, cutting of firebreaks
(including clearing areas which are slashed or ploughed and clear of any combustible
material, wide enough to prevent fires jumping the break), housekeeping to ensure
flammable, combustible or waste materials are in safe proximity to machinery
Fire Suppression and Detection Techniques
The most frequently used fire detection and suppression techniques employed by
authorities can be summarised as follows:
i. controlled burning,
ii. fire weather forecasts and estimates of fuel and moisture,
iii. watch towers,
iv. optical smoke detection,
v. lightning detectors which detect the coordinates of the strike,
vi. infrared,
vii. spotter planes,
viii. water tankers,
ix. mobile/smart phone calls becoming increasingly common for detecting fires
early, and
x. education through Fire Watch or similar schemes for house owners.
Detection and monitoring systems are divided into the following two basic groups:
a) volunteer reporting-public reporting of fires, public aircraft, and ground based
field staff,
b) operational detection systems: fire towers, aerial patrols, electronic lightning
detectors, and automatic detection systems.
Name…………………………………………… ID………………………… Date…….

Test I short answer

1. What are the procedures of risk assessment? (5pts)
2. Define the term

(i) Hazard (1pt)
(ii) Hazard Identification (1pt)
(iii) Risk (1pt)
(iv) Risk Assessment (1pt)
(v) Risk Control (1pt)
3. What controls are used to manage fire hazards? (8pts)
4. List the most commom Fire Suppression and Detection Technique? (2pts)
Score = ___________
Rating: ____________
Answer Sheet
Name: _________________________ Date: _______________
Test I
1. _____________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________
4. _____________________________________________________
Information Sheet 2 Regularly checking equipment
With regard to fire safety, regulation premises and equipment, includes a requirement
for all premises to be suitable and properly maintained. An arrangements should be in
place for the purchase, service, maintenance and renewal/replacement of premises and
equipment (including fire protection equipment).
The assessment should identify all potential ignition sources in the premises. These
sources may include: faulty or misused electrical equipment, lighting equipment, naked
flames, eg candles, gas or liquid-fuelled open-flame equipment, cooking equipment and
toasters, hot surfaces and obstruction of equipment ventilation, eg photocopiers
Regular inspections should be carried out to ensure that fire controls remain adequate
and are implemented correctly. Regular checks should also be made of call points,
detectors, sounders, fire-fighting equipment and emergency lighting.
it is good practice in premises of any size for managers to keep up-to-date records in
relation to the maintenance, inspection and test of all equipment provided for fire safety
including smoke detectors and sensors, fire alarms, emergency lighting, fire
extinguishers and sprinklers.
Employers must ensure that suitable and sufficient emergency fire-fighting equipment is
provided on the premises, as indicated in the risk assessment. Examples include fire
extinguishers and fire blankets.
Regular checks are made to ensure that storage is never permitted on escape routes,
near fire exits or fire-fighting equipment, on stairways or in stairwell.
Equipment failure can be sudden or gradual. Inspections are important because you
may not notice the seriousness of an issue until it’s too late. By regularly having a
professional check your equipment, you prevent disaster and make informed choices.
You can replace parts when necessary and not wait until equipment breaks down in the
middle of the workday to make repairs. As a result, you decrease unscheduled
downtime and improve productivity.

Name…………………………………………… ID………………………… Date…….
Test I short answer

1. Why regular checking is required? (5pts)
Score = ___________
Answer Sheet Rating: ____________

Name: _________________________ Date: _______________
Test I
1. _____________________________________________________
Information Sheet 3- Handling hazardous or flammable substances
Hazardous Materials Handling and Storage

 Regulatory Considerations
 Management Issues
 Pollution Prevention and Hazardous Wastes Storage
Even chemicals that are generally considered to be benign have potential to be
hazardous under specific circumstances. Lab staff should ensure that stock chemicals
and other hazardous materials are stored properly in order to prevent spills,
uncontrolled reactions and minimize worker exposures. Labs are particularly challenged
because of the number and variety of chemicals that are handled.
Regulatory Considerations
In order to effectively manage chemicals, small labs should establish a program based
on the following three principals:
 Minimize exposures take the necessary precautions when working with and
storing chemicals. As a means of minimizing the potential for exposure, pursue
opportunities for product substitution.
 Do not underestimate risks ensure that the risk associated with each chemical
is assessed, understood and communicated. It is prudent to assume all
chemicals are hazardous and handle them accordingly.
 Use proper control measures eliminate the hazard through engineering
controls, personal protective equipment, and administrative procedures. Ensure
that all staff are properly trained in accordance with regulatory requirements
(e.g., laboratory standard) so that they can operate safety at their job.
The following are key management issues for the storage and handling of hazardous
materials including hazardous chemicals, flammable liquids, and compressed gases.
Regulations regarding the proper storage of hazardous materials are complex.
Preparation and periodic update of an inventory of all hazardous chemicals; Labeling of

all containers of hazardous chemicals (including materials transferred from the
manufacturer's container to end user container such as spray bottles); The availability of
Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS’s) for workers on all shifts and in all locations;
Employee chemical hazard training and documentation; and Processes to review and
update the program on a periodic basis.
Chemical Storage in the Lab
Centralized chemical storage is recommended. Chemical storage inside labs should be
limited to those chemicals and quantities necessary to complete task requirements. Key
consideration for lab storage and handling include:
Chemicals should not be stored on floors or benches since they could be knocked over.
Storage on open shelves should be avoided. When necessary, lips or restraining
devices should be used. Do not store chemicals in the lab above eye level; Chemicals
should be segregated according to chemical classes and compatibility first. Then they
can be stored by a convenient finding method such as alphabetically. For example,
acids should be kept separate from bases, oxidizers from organics, and cyanides from
acids. Physical separation should be provided for reactive chemicals. Use secondary
containers in storage areas if available space does not allow incompatible materials to
be properly separated; Properly store flammable and combustible materials in
accordance with ledgeslation procedure.
Name…………………………………………… ID………………………… Date…….

Test I short answer

1. Why is it important that hazardous substances are handled correctly?
Score = ___________
Rating: ____________
Answer Sheet
Name: _________________________ Date: _______________
Test I
1. _____________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
Operation Sheet 1–
Objective: To ass fire risk in the forest area

.
Tools and Equipment :
 Paper
 Map
 GPS
 GIS software
 The use of PPE and clothing
 Safety equipment
 First aid equipment
 Fire fighting equipment
Procedures: the risk assessment procedure can best be illustrated in the

following way
 Step 1: Identify Hazards
 Step 2: Assess Risks
 Step 3: Controlling Risks
 Step 4: Implement additional risk controls
 Step 5: Monitor and Review
Objective: To prepare checklists and materials to control fire hazazrd

Tools and Equipment :
 Paper
 Map
 GPS
 GIS software
 Tapmeter
Procedures:
 What was planned? What is achieved?
 What was the reason for deviations against the plan, if any?
 Are the necessary inputs in place to implement the activities? Are the resources
being used efficiently?
 How is the participation of the community (men, women, youth, etc…?)
 What lessons are learned and how the lessons could be used for future?
 What are the plans for next step?
LAP TEST Performance Test
Name………………………………. ID…………… Date………………………………
Time started: ________________________ Time finished: ________________
Instructions: Given necessary templates, tools and materials you are required to
perform the following tasks within 1 hour. The project is expected from
each student to do it.
Task
LG #23 LO #4-Record & report information fire potential
Instruction sheet
 Reporting potential of fire
 Recognizing and alarming signs of fire potential to alert appropriate personnel
 Recording and reporting fire potential and prevention procedures
This guide will also assist you to attain the learning outcomes stated in the cover
page. Specifically, upon completion of this learning guide, you will be able to:
 Report potential of fire
 Recognize and alarm signs of fire potential to alert appropriate personnel
 Record and report fire potential and prevention procedures
being discussed. Ask your trainer for assistance if you have hard time
understanding them.
Information Sheet 1- Reporting potential of fire
Fire theory
Those conducting a fire risk assessment should have a basic knowledge of the theory
behind the cause and spread of fires. For a fire to start and to continue to burn, three
components are needed.
1. A source of ignition, such as cooking, smoking or electrical equipment.

2. Fuel (flammable gases, liquid or solids).
3. Oxygen.
If any of these components is missing, a fire cannot start or continue to burn. Taking
steps to avoid the three coming together will, therefore, reduce the chances of a fire
occurring.
Potential fire hazards
 The assessment should identify all potential ignition sources in the premises.
These sources may include:
 faulty or misused electrical equipment
 lighting equipment
 naked flames, eg candles, gas or liquid-fuelled open-flame equipment
 smoking materials, eg cigarettes, matches and lighters
 electrical, gas or oil-fired heaters (fixed or portable)
 cooking equipment and toasters
 hot surfaces and obstruction of equipment ventilation, eg photocopiers
 hot processes, eg welding by contractors.
It should also take into account the possibility of arson, deliberate ignition, vandalism
and similar activities.
Next, the assessment should identify the sources of fuel that are available, especially
any items that will burn easily and are present in sufficient quantity to provide fuel for a
fire or cause it to spread to another fuel source.
All assessments should consider the production of toxic smoke or gases in a fire
situation.
When listing hazards, it is often useful to describe the nature of the harm that they may
cause. This helps to focus on the issues that are of importance and to clearly identify
the aspect of the hazard that needs to be assessed.
People at risk
The second stage of the assessment is to identify who might be at risk, who is
especially at risk and why. To do this, assessors need to identify which parts of the
premises people actually use and where staff usually work (either at permanent
workstations or at occasional locations). Factors might include:
 the number of people

 their familiarity with the building
 their mobility.
Special consideration should be given to the needs of disabled users of the building.
Managers must also consider the potential risk to people such as visitors and visiting
contractors, and where these people are likely to be found.
Evaluating the risks
The next stage is to analyse and evaluate the fire risks. A fire risk is:
 the likelihood that a fire will occur as a result of a fire hazard

 the extent and severity of the damage (harm potential) which may be caused.
From this, it will be possible to determine what, if any, measures are needed for the
control of the hazard and the ensuing risk.
The main factors affecting severity are the potential for the development of a fire and
the number of people who could be harmed. The potential for ignition is the main factor
affecting likelihood.
Harm potential
The harm potential of a hazard will depend on the potential:

 for development of a fire originating from the hazard
 consequences in terms of life risk and property loss.
To estimate this, the assessor will need to make a judgment of the possible outcomes of
the hazard. To assess life risk, existing escape facilities must be considered and
thought given to people with disabilities such as impaired mobility, vision or hearing, and
those with learning difficulties.
Recording
Record keeping is a very important aspect of the risk assessment process. Full records
are also needed in case of legal proceedings.
The record of risk assessment does not need to be complicated. It should be a simple
working document to record risk factors and decisions made on the arrangements
necessary for control.
 Employers should list significant findings, namely:

 significant hazards identified
 existing control measures in place
 the people who may be affected.
Reviewing the assessment
The final stage in the risk assessment process is to continuously review it to ensure fire
risks continue to be adequately managed. Employers in addition to regular routine
reviews, practice managers should undertake risk assessment reviews:
 if the number of employees changes significantly
 if there is some reason to suspect the original risk assessment is out of date
 if there is a change in the operation of the business that could affect the safety of
workers in a fire.
If a fire or “near miss” occurs, this could indicate that the existing assessment may be
inadequate and a re-assessment should be carried out. Any incident should be fully
investigated and the risk assessment reviewed as necessary.
Name…………………………………………… ID………………………… Date…….

Test I short answer

5. Define revision (1pt)
6. List the three information rnecessary to know when checking goals if they are still
valid and redefined (3pts)
Score = ___________

Name: _________________________ Date: _______________
Test I
2. _____________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
Test II
1. _______________________________
2. _________________________________
3. _____________________________________
Information Sheet 2- Recognizing and alarming signs of fire potential to alert
appropriate personnel.
Signs of fire potential May include, but not limited to:

• Lightning strikes, high winds, smoke, flames, storms, equipment overheating,
flammable liquid spills and electrical ignition
Appropriate personnel • fire wardens, fire response personnel, supervisors, suppliers,
clients, colleagues and managers, emergency evacuation committee, fire prevention
committee
Early warning systems in fire and smoke management
Early warning (fire intelligence) systems are essential components of fire and smoke
management. They rely on
 evaluation of vegetation dryness and weather;
 detection and monitoring of active fires;
 integrating and processing of these data in fire information systems with other
relevant information, e.g. vegetation cover and values at risk;
 modelling capabilities of fire occurrence and behaviour; and
 dissemination of information.
Early warning of fire and atmospheric pollution hazard may involve locally generated
indicators, such as local fire-weather forecasts and assessment of vegetation dryness.
Advanced technologies, however, which rely on remotely sensed data, evaluation of
synoptic weather information and international communication systems (e.g.,
Internet) are now also available
for remote locations.
Early warning of fire precursors
 Changes in fuel load
 Fuel availability: The seasonal change in fuel availability as fuels dry out during
the onset of the fire danger period sets the stage for severe wildfires. Under
drought conditions, more of the total fuel complex is available for combustion.
Deep litter beds and even organic soils may dry out and become combustible.
Large fuels such as downed logs and branches may burn completely. Drought
stress on living vegetation reduces the moisture content of the green foliage

Name…………………………………………… ID………………………… Date…….
Test I short answer

1. Early warning systems in fire and smoke management relay on ___
Score = ___________

Name: _________________________ Date: _______________
Test I
3. _____________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
Test II
4. _______________________________
5. _________________________________
6. _____________________________________
Information Sheet 3- Recording and reporting fire potential and prevention
procedures.
Recording and reportingMay include, but not limited to: environmental care and fire
prevention, procedures such as risk, hazards, incidents or equipment Malfunctions, may
be manual, using a computer-based system or Another appropriate organizational
communication
System
Fire Safety Records
Fire regulations only require a fire risk assessment to be recorded if five or more people
are employed in the premises. However, it is good practice in premises of any size for
managers to keep up-to-date records in relation to:
 incident reports (including “near misses”)
 fire risk assessments
 fire safety control measures taken
 the maintenance, inspection and test of all equipment provided for fire safety
including smoke detectors and sensors, fire alarms, emergency lighting, fire
extinguishers and sprinklers
 documents from insurers or enforcing authorities
 staff training
 fire drills — including dates of drills, evacuation times, learning points, etc
 information on fire precautions provided to employees and contractors
 fire incident investigations.
The use of a specific fire safety file to keep such information in one place and readily
accessible is recommended. The responsible person should be nominated to keep the
file up to date.
The record of risk assessment does not need to be complicated. It should be a simple
working document to record risk factors and decisions made on the arrangements
necessary for control.
Employers should list significant findings, namely:
 significant hazards identified
 existing control measures in place
 the people who may be affected.
Monitoring, Review and Revision
The final stage in the risk assessment process is to continuously review it to ensure fire
risks continue to be adequately managed. In addition to regular routine reviews, practice
managers should undertake risk assessment reviews:
 if the number of employees changes significantly
 if there are changes to the premises
 if there is any reason to suspect the original risk assessment is out of date
 if there is a change in the operation of the business that could affect the safety of
workers in a fire.
It is vitally important that existing risk assessments, policies, procedures and training
are reviewed immediately after a real fire or after a “near miss” — such as where a
small fire has been caught early and extinguished or a serious incident may have been
narrowly averted. The cause of any incident, no matter how small or seemingly trivial,
should be identified, investigated and reported. Lessons should be learnt and fed back
into the risk assessment.
Information collected from these monitoring activities can be used to review:
 overall fire safety policy
 the adequacy of the management system for fire safety
 the adequacy of current fire risk assessments and standards in the context of the
current or future use of the premises
 the effectiveness of implemented fire procedures.
Audits of management systems covering fire may form part of a wider assessment of
the practice’s arrangements for health and safety.
Implementing Control Measures

Once the level of identified hazards has been established, it will be necessary to decide
if any further control measures are needed to eliminate or reduce the risks. The main
aim of implementing control measures is to:
 reduce the likelihood of ignition
 optimise fire escape possibilities.
Making decisions about control measures should follow a systematic approach. Risks
should be prioritised into high, medium and low categories.
The following are examples of control measures.
 Fire detection devices, eg heat sensors and smoke alarms.
 Fire warning devices, eg fire alarms.
 Emergency fire-fighting equipment, eg extinguishers and fire blankets.
 Fire containment, eg fire doors.
 Safe exits and escape routes.
 Emergency fire procedures, eg arrangements for issuing warnings and calling the
fire brigade.
 Fire evacuation plans.
 Special fire evacuation equipment, eg evacuation chairs for helping those with
impaired mobility out of the building.
 Fire safety training and drills. See Fire Drills.
 Fire prevention arrangements and initiatives.
Employees must be informed of any changes.
Wherever an identified fire risk remains unresolved the practice should obtain
professional specialist fire safety advice.
Investigations, Audit and Review
It is also vitally important that existing risk assessments, policies, procedures and
training are reviewed immediately after a real fire or after a “near miss” — especially
where a small fire has been caught early and extinguished or a serious incident may
have been narrowly averted. The cause of any incident, no matter how small or
seemingly trivial, should be identified, investigated and reported. Lessons should be
learnt and fed back into the risk assessment.
Name…………………………………………… ID………………………… Date…….

Test I short answer
Score = ___________
Rating: ____________
Answer Sheet
Name: _________________________ Date: _______________
Test I
1. _____________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
Objectives;
LAP TEST Performance Test
Name………………………………. ID…………… Date………………………………
Time started: ________________________ Time finished: ________________
Instructions: Given necessary templates, tools and materials you are required to
perform the following tasks within 1 hour. The project is expected from
each student to do it.
Task

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NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION AND

Module Title: - Monitor and Evaluate Fire Potential and

LO #1- Prepare for fires 4

LO #2- Assess fire potential 27

LO #3- Evaluate fire prevention 38

LO #4- Record and report information fire potential 56

organisational safety policies and procedures, and may include:

 Personal protective equipment (PPE) is protective clothing, helmets, goggles, or other

Figure 1: Lists of Personal protective equipments

 First aid equipment

Figure 2: Pictures of first aid equipments

Figure 3: Commonly used Firefighting equipment

Priorities during an emergency in a working environments are:- personal safety, hazard

Arrangements should be made to ensure a telephone is available in a place of safety in

• Identify hazards and people at risk

Self-check 1 Written test

Name…………………………………………… ID………………………… Date…….

Test I Short Answer Questions

Note: Satisfactory rating - 10 points Unsatisfactory - below 10 points

Answer Sheet Score = ___________

Pre-suppression – This group of activities includes all fire management activities

1. Suppression – The objective of fire suppression is to suppress wildfires at minimum

A. Firebreaks - The construction of firebreaks around and inside a forest is a

C. (Silvo) pastoral fuel breaks – The integration of grazing is another method of

3. Fire control (or firefighting)

Consists of depriving a fire of fuel (Reducing Agent), oxygen(Oxidizing Agent), heat

Name…………………………………………… ID………………………… Date…….

Test I: Short Answer Questions

Note: Satisfactory rating - 8 points Unsatisfactory - below 8 points

Direct Fire Intervention

Figure 5: Picture shows Backpack sprayers

Initial attack vehicles

Type of Equipment in Use

Self-Check – 3 Written test

Name…………………………………………… ID………………………… Date…….

Test I: Short Answer Questions

2. Forest ﬁre suppression requires equipment adapted to the ____ (2pts)

4. What is the best method to control fire hazard? (2pts)

Note: Satisfactory rating - 8 points Unsatisfactory - below 8 points

Evaluation of chemical based fires environmental, weather, and equipment conditions

Self-Check – 4 Written test

Name…………………………………………… ID………………………… Date…….

Test I: Short Answer Questions

Note: Satisfactory rating - 8 points Unsatisfactory - below 8points

Self-Check – 4 Written test

Name…………………………………………… ID………………………… Date…….

Directions: Answer all the questions listed below.

Note: Satisfactory rating - 15 points Unsatisfactory - below 15 points

2.1.1. Weather conditions

2.1.2. Monitoring and reporting changing weather condition

Heavy, large, or slow-burning fuels

Spacing: Fuel spacing describes the distribution of fuels in a given area.

Self-Check – 1 Written test

Name…………………………………………… ID………………………… Date…….

Test I: Short Answer Questions

1. How weather affect the behavior of fire? (3pts)

Note: Satisfactory rating - 9 points Unsatisfactory - below 9 points

Information Sheet 2- Monitoring equipment conditions

Stock and maintenance of equipment

• Safe storage in wet season

Two-way radios have two operating modes:

Constructinga Fire Break

Self-Check – 2 Written test

Time started: ________ Time finished:

Time started: ________ Time finished: