or DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH (2018 - 2019) ‘There are two ways of reporting what someone says: (1) By giving the actual words of the speaker or Direct speech. (2) Without using the actual words or Indirect / reported speech. Eg: 1. Tom said "Harry isan idle boy.” _ Direct. 2. Tom said that Harry was an idle boy. _ Indirect Note: n the fist sentence, we give the exact words of the speaker. Tiss called the Direct Speech. ‘said is called the Reporting Verb, and Harry isan idle boy is called the Reported Speech. (2) The exact words of the speaker are put within inverted commas (’ (2) The first word of the Reported Speech begins with a Capital Letter. (3) A.comma (,) is placed after the Reporting verb 'sai In the second sentence, we do not give the exact words of the speaker but give only the substance of what he said. This is called Indirect Speech. {2) The reported words are not placed within inverted commas. (2) No comma (,) is placed after said. (3) Conjunction that" is uséd before the reported speech. (4) The Verb i's changed into 'was'. (Present to Past). [RULES FOR CHANGING DIRECT SPEECH INTO INDIRECT Rule 1: If the Reporting verb changed at al. the Present or Future tense , the verb in the Reported Speech is not Eg. (1) The teacher says, "The boy was lazy." _Direct| The teacher says that the boy was lazy._Indirect (2) Ashok will say, " Dinner is ready."_Direct ‘Ashok will say that dinner is ready._ IndirectRule 2: Ifthe Reporting Verb is in the Past Tense , the Verb in the Reported Speech is also changed to the Past Tense. (2) The Simple Present becomes the Simple Past. Eg: Anil said, " Satish swims daily." Direct ‘Anil said that Satish swam daily._ Indirect (2) The Present Continuous becomes the Past Continuous. Eg: He said, "The boys are playing.” _ Direct He said that the boys were playing. _ Indirect (3) The Present Perfect becomes the Past Perfect. Eg: He said, "Ali has done his work." _Direct He said that Ali had done his work. _ Indirect (4) The Simple Past becomes the Past Perfect. Eg: Shesaid, "Meera came at night."_ Direct She said that Meera had come at night. Indirect. (5) The Past Continuous becomes the Past Perfect Continuous £g: Jack said,," All the boys were singing.” _ Direct Jack said that all the boys had been singing. _ Indirect (6) May is changed into might; can is changed into could. Eg: (i) He said," The boy may pass." _Direct He said that the boy might pass._ Indirect (ii) said, "can do the sum." _ Direct {said that | could do the sum._ Indirect,ase (7) Shallis changed into should ; wil is changed into would. fg: (i) | said," shall try to help her."_ Direct | said that should try to help her. _ Indirect, +" Ashok will not pass.” _ Direct The teacher sai The teacher said that Ashok would not pass. _ Indirect Rule 3 : ( Exception to Rule 2). If the Reported Speech contains some universal or habitual fact, then the Simple Present in the Reported Speech is not changed into the corresponding Simple Past, but remains unchanged. Eg: (i) The teacher said ," Honesty is the best policy." _ Direct ‘The teacher said that Honesty is the best policy. _ Indirect (ii) He said , "The earth revolves round the sun." _ Direct He said that the earth revolves round the sun. _ Indirect. _CHANGES IN PRONOUNS Rule 4: Pronouns of the First Person in Direct Speech are changed in Indirect Speech to the same Person {as the Subject of the introductory verb. Eg: (i) John said," 1am busy." _ Direct John said that he was busy. _ Indirect Rule 5: Pronouns of the Second Person in Direct Speech are changed in Indirect Speech to the same pperson as the Noun or Pronoun which comes after the introductory verb. Eg: Harish said to me," You are wrong." _ Direct Harish told me that Iwas wrong. _ Indirect Rule 6: Pronouns of the Third Person in Direct Speech the same in Indirect Speech. Eg: Alisaid to me," He sil” _ Direct Alitold me that he wasill._ Indirect400g Aur pauimas jou aney nog , ‘pres way (OT _"suonea.d 1 Saco} pop, ‘pres sopout Api (07 chepsoysak 200 SII PIP. pres 2H (6, -mo.uowo, awioo Aer puotsy AW, ‘pres aus (6T Apveur yp UMM ITEM aM, "PIES H>EOD OU, (8 -yaypeay an pres Aepor yoouss 0 are] axe noA., (BT mou TH} We, ‘PIES umes (2 -2yB8q ase] weyoy ut}, “PIES 9H (ZT 21] ® ploy sey oq ayy, ‘pres aH (9 yo8e snoy ue sures yedioutsd ouy,, ‘out or pres inyey (91 Suquana spp sired ayy 0} Sur08 sty, ‘pres ewaoy (s “eUUIg Pres ,voos a1sy aq [IM J, (ST AaBuny une 1, ‘pres £oq ay, (y + SS2UHPOD 03 pau 5] ssouyteaID “Pres ous (HT. 1388) Aran syea Acura, ‘pres [yes (€ unuey pres , ‘mat axe syjoued asous,, (ET 118 poo8 es} eutaas, ‘pres exes(z fog sanap & axenog,"wIy 0) pres says ays (Zt §—§ > awn Peau 5} soumg," pres inyeuCt “ypa—as waupuy GTOT SESTSTT eyay SaUeTS cnok mow), pia A present 29S AYSSW1D. ) Spssag-paNpUT PUEDEN eUTUTETS