Description of Dichelacera (Dichelacera)

walteri n. sp. (Diptera: Tabanidae) with

a Key to Related Species in the Subgenus
Dichelacera Macquart

R R Guimarães, I S Gorayeb, R
Rodrigues-Guimarães, G S Seppa & R W
Carvalho

Neotropical Entomology

ISSN 1519-566X

Neotrop Entomol
DOI 10.1007/s13744-015-0311-8

1 23
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 Author's personal copy
Neotrop Entomol
DOI 10.1007/s13744-015-0311-8

SYSTEMATICS, MORPHOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY

Description of Dichelacera (Dichelacera) walteri n. sp. (Diptera:

Tabanidae) with a Key to Related Species in the Subgenus
Dichelacera Macquart

RR GUIMARÃES1,2, IS GORAYEB3, R RODRIGUES-GUIMARÃES4,5, GS SEPPA1, RW CARVALHO1

1
Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sérgio Arouca, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
2
Centro de Educação e Pesquisas em Medicina Ambiental, CEMA, Nilópolis, RJ, Brasil
3
Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Ministério da Ciência Tecnologia e Inovação, Belém, PA, Brasil
4
Univ de Barra Mansa Barra Mansa, Barra Mansa, RJ, Brasil
5
Univ Estácio de Sá, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil

Keywords
Atlantic island, horse fly, Neotropical,
sandbank forest, tabanid
Correspondence
RR Guimarães, Centro de Educação
e Pesquisas em Medicina Ambiental, Av.
Dr. Getúlio Vargas, 1797/2, CEP 26525-
023 Olinda, Nilópolis, RJ, Brasil;
ronaldrguimaraes@gmail.com
Edited by Roberto A Zucchi – ESALQ/USP
Received 21 March 2015 and accepted 8
June 2015
* Sociedade Entomológica do Brasil 2015
Abstract
Dichelacera (Dichelacera) walteri Guimarães, Gorayeb & Rodrigues-
Guimarães n. sp. is described from female specimens collected in
Marambaia Island, located in Mangaratiba County, state of Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil. The characterization of the species was based in the following char-
acters: a medium-sized species, more sclerotized than others in the sub-
genus Dichelacera Macquart, the second segment of palp with dark setae
and longer than the third antennal segment, a brown scutum with
pruinescence on the anterior half and posterior edges with white tonality,
yellow dorsum of abdomen with the last three segments brown, white-
yellowish venter with yellow setae, narrow frons with dark brown callus,
extending just beyond a ridge in the middle of the frons, vertex with ocelli,
hyaline wings with three large black bands, and tricolored legs.

Introduction vectors of various etiologic agents among the helminthes,

Tabanids are the largest bloodsucking Diptera with robust
bodies, reaching up to 2.5 cm, belonging to the family
Tabanidae Latreille. Popularly, the flies of this family are
known as horse flies and are considered a pest in several
regions of the world, attacking humans, domestic, and wild
animals, and are noticeable in human areas such as settle-
ments, farms, and pastures, especially during the drier sea-
sons. As ectoparasites, the horse flies are known worldwide
for their painful bite, sometimes known to cause allergies
and severe systemic reactions involving generalized urticaria,
angioedema on the face and, sometimes, on all body, ab-
dominal pain, nausea, bronchial constriction, dyspnea, and
anaphylactic shock (Frazier 1973, Wilbur & Evans 1975,
Hemmer et al 1998, Quercia et al 2005, Klotz et al 2009).
Furthermore, they have also been mechanical and biological
virus, bacteria, and protozoan (Krinsky 1976, Foil 1989, Foil
& Issel 1991, Luz-Alves et al 2007, Turcatel et al 2007).
The genus Dichelacera Macquart is distributed through-
out the Neotropical region, and the majority of the species
inhabit Mexico, Antilles, and Brazil. This genus is represented
by a group of structurally heterogeneous species, and
regarding the taxonomy and systematics, the coloration
characteristics as reported by Fairchild & Philip (1960) are
generally adopted. The type species is Dichelacera cervicornis
(Fabricius), which was described from specimens collected in
Guyana. The following features determine the genus
Dichelacera: frontal callus usually as broad as the frons, eyes
without setae, one or two greenish eye bands, and generally
completely sclerotized labella. Coscarón & Papavero (2009)
includes 80 species in the genus Dichelacera, grouped into
five subgenera: (i) Desmatochelacera Fairchild with two
 Author's personal copy
species, (ii) Dichelacera representing the majority (62) of the
species described, (iii) Idiochelacera Fairchild with only one
species, (iv) Nothocanthocera Fairchild with 12 species, and
(v) Orthostyloceras Lutz with three species. Additional species
were added to the subgenus Dichelacera, including
Dichelacera corumbaensis Barros & Gorayeb and Dichelacera
gemmae Limeira-de-Oliveira, Gorayeb & Henriques in the sub-
genus Dichelacera (Henriques et al 2012).
Dichelacera is the largest subgenus and includes species
characterized by fully sclerotized labella, eyes often with dark
diagonal bands, wings with one dark diagonal band plus
others in various forms, and a square-like callus as wide as
the frons (Fairchild & Philip 1960). Of the current 64 species
recognized in this subgenus, four are endemic to the State of
Rio de Janeiro, including Dichelacera alcicornis (Wiedemann),
Dichelacera antunesi Fairchild & Philips, Dichelacera januarii
(Wiedemann), and this new species Dichelacera walteri n.
sp., described in this manuscript. Moreover, some ecological
aspects of this new species are discussed, and in addition, a
key for adults of morphologically related species of subgenus
Dichelacera is included in order to compare with the new
species described now.
Material and Methods
In order to know the fauna and bionomics aspects of horse
flies, during the year of 2013, four canopy traps were placed
in Armação, Marambaia Island, Mangaratiba County, state of
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (23°02′54″S, 43°57′07″W), at sea level,
about 86 km east of Rio de Janeiro City and 12 km from the
continental coast (Fig 1). Several specimens of the species
described herein were also captured manually with entomo-
logical nets. Afterward, the horse flies were identified at the
Department of Biological Science of Sérgio Arouca National
Public Health School (ENSP)-FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, and the
new species was confirmed at Museum Paraense Emílio
Goeldi (MPEG), Belém, Brazil.
The description and measurements were based on the
holotype considering the average range of variation for spec-
imens of the typical series. Insects were examined and mea-
sured with a stereoscopic microscope Zeiss Stemi SV 11
coupled with a camera lucida and photographed with a
Leica M205 C coupled with Leica DFC 295 camera with
“Leica Application Suite” (LAS V3.6) software to process dig-
ital images. The photos were taken of the holotype, and the
genitalia was prepared from a paratype and kept in glycerin
in a microtube attached beneath the specimen. The drawings
of the genitalia were made by I. S. Gorayeb (EGM). The ter-
minology complies with Burger (2009) and Cumming &
Wood (2009).
Data on richness of horse fly species and absolute abun-
dance of specimens were used to calculate the Spearman’s
Guimarães et al
rank correlation coefficient (rs) among the flies with temper-
ature, rainfall, and humidity using the Biostat 5.3 program
(Ayres et al 2007). The statistical significance was set at a p
value of <0.05.
Captures of horse flies were authorized by the Brazilian
Institute of Environment and Natural Renewable Resources,
SISBIO-IBAMA no. 33382-1.
Results
Genus Dichelacera Macquart, 1838
Subgenus Dichelacera Macquart, 1838
Type-species, D. cervicornis (Fabricius, 1805)
Dichelacera (Dichelacera) walteri Guimarães, Gorayeb &
Rodrigues-Guimarães n. sp. (Figs 2–12)
Diagnosis. Species similar to D. cervicornis and D. alcicornis.
Medium-sized species (length 10–12.4 mm), more sclerotized
than others in the subgenus Dichelacera. Palp longer than the
third antennal segment, second segment with dark setae.
Brown scutum with pruinose anterior half and posterior edges
with white tonality. Yellow dorsum of abdomen with the
last three segments brown; white-yellowish venter with
yellow setae; narrow frons with dark brown callus, extend-
ing just beyond a ridge in the middle of the frons, vertex
with ocelli. Hyaline wings with three large black bands.
Tricolored legs.
Description of the female. Body length 12.4 mm (mean
11.1 mm; range of variation 10.0 to 12.4 mm, no.=14), height
of frons 2.0 mm (average 1.7 mm), width of frons at vertex
0.5 mm (mean 0.4 mm), width of the frons at the base
0.5 mm (mean 0.4 mm), and frontal index 4.0 (mean 3.8,
range of variation from 3.3 to 4.2) (Figs 2–4 and 8).
Head. Glabrous eyes with two green bands on dark brown
background to black, as in Fig 5. Brown frons with white-
yellowish pruinescence and sparse brown setae; vertex with
black setae and discrete brown sclerotized subtriangular pro-
tuberance, smooth and shiny with ocelli; large slightly inflat-
ed frontal callus, sclerotized, brown, smooth and shiny, as
wide as the frons, square with upper ridge extending to half
the height of the frons; yellow subcallus with bright yellow
pruinescence (Fig 8). Antenna with yellowish-brown scape
and pedicel with black setae; third segment shorter than
palpi; reddish brown basal plate with dorsal proximal black
setae; curved elongated spine, dark brown with black setae,
reaching the second flagellomere; black style with the same
length as the basal plate, with black setae (Fig 6).
Frontoclypeus slightly inflated with white pruinescence and
sparse fine setae; white-yellowish parafacialia with light yel-
low setae and pruinescence; gena with pruinescence and
 Author's personal copy
Dichelacera walteri: a New Tabanid Species from Brazil

Fig 1 Geographic location (a) and

site of collection (b) of tabanids
on Marambaia Island,
Mangaratiba, state of Rio de
Janeiro, Brazil (Sources: Fig 1a
Souza et al 2007. Available at
http://www.scielo.br/img/
revistas/abb/v21n1/06f1.gif.
Accessed 12 November 2014; Fig
1b Google Maps. Available at
www.google.com.br/maps/@23.
0316476,43.9261133,19073m/
data=!3m1!1e3?hl=pt-BR.
Accessed 12 November 2014).

both white-yellowish and black setae (Fig 5). Slender yellow
palp with yellow pruinescence, first segment with both
white-yellowish and light brown setae; second segment lon-
ger than the antennal flagellum, with black setae (Fig 7).
Proboscis and labella fully chitinized, black, shiny, with
short black setae (Fig 5). Occiput with brown integument
covered with white-yellowish pruinescence and setae.
Thorax. Brown and white mesonotum with black setae;
yellow setae on anterior margin, on notopleura and post-alar
lobe. Prescutellum with brown-yellowish integument covered

Figs 2–4 Dichelacera walteri n.

sp. 2 Dorsal view of the body
(scale bar=5 mm). 3 Lateral view
of the body (scale bar=5 mm). 4
Wing (scale bar=5 mm).
 Author's personal copy
Figs 5–8 Dichelacera walteri n.
sp. 5 Lateral view of head,
banded eye, antenna, palpus,
and proboscis (scale bar=
2.0 mm). 6 Antenna (scale bar=
1.0 mm). 7 Palp (scale bar=
1.0 mm). 8 Frons (scale bar=
1.0 mm).
with white pruinescence and black setae, with yellow setae on
the anterior margin, on post-pronotal lobe and notopleura.
Scutum with brown integument covered with brown
pruinescence and black setae, yellow setae on post-alar lobe,
on posterior margin of the scutum, and on pre-scutellar lobe.
Dark brown scutellum with black setae on the edges, with
white-yellowish posterior border, ventral surface, and
pruinescence. Pleura, pleuron, and coxae with yellowish integ-
ument, pruinescence and setae, black setae on distal end of
the hind coxae. Wings: length 10.7 mm and width 3.5 mm (alar
index 3.0), dark brown tegula with setae of same color and
dark brown veins, hyaline with black spots; costal basal, costal,
Figs 9–12 Dichelacera walteri n. sp. 9 Tenth tergite and cercus (scale
bar=0.5 mm). 10 Genital fork (scale bar=0.3 mm). 11 Spermatheca (scale
bar=0.3 mm); 12 Eighth sternite and respective gonapophysis (scale
bar=0.5 mm).
Guimarães et al
subcostal cells, and pterostigma all brown; anterior half of the
radial basal cell, brown; brown interveinal basal area; anterior
part of alula, brown; three large black bands: (i) distal and
anterior portion of the wing, covering the distal third of r1,
the end of the R1 vein, the distal portion of the r2+3 cell (except
the apex), and the basal half of the r4 cell; (ii) the second band
covering the center of the r5 cell, the distal third of the discal
cell, the proximal part of the m1 and m2 cells, most of the distal
half of the m3 cell (excluding the anterior tip), and both the
distal and anterior part of the cua1 cell; and (iii) the third band,
more proximal and posterior, covering the distal half of the
cup cell (except the base) and the distal half of the a1 cell
(except the area close to the posterior border) (Fig 4).
Blackish-brown upper calyptra with a fringe of short black
setae on the edge; brown-yellowish lower calyptra with yellow
fringe of short setae; blackish-brown subalar sclerite process
with white tuft of long setae. Tricolored legs, white-yellowish
coxae with white-yellowish pruinescence and setae; anterior
coxae with white-yellowish and black setae on the distal por-
tion; trochanters with black setae; brown-yellowish anterior
femur with black setae; brown-yellowish medium femur with
yellow and black sparse setae concentrated on the distal third;
yellowish-brown hind femur with black setae and yellow
sparse setae more concentrated on the basal half; anterior
and medium tibiae, basal half integument light yellow and
distal half brown; dark brown hind tibiae and tarsi integument
and setae; dark brown to black tarsi with black setae.
Abdomen. Tergite 1 with light yellow integument and yellow
shiny setae; second to fourth tergites with shiny black yellow
setae on lateral and posterior half; fifth to seventh tergites
darker with black setae; sternites with light yellow integument
with shiny yellow setae, with brown setae at the lateral edges
of the fifth and sixth sternites and on the entire seventh ster-
nites (Figs 2 and 3). Terminalia. Cercus with posterior edge
convex; 10th tergite twice wider than long, eighth sternite with
round lateral edges and gonapophysis with posterior edge in
two convex angles. The genital furca has the upper edge
 Author's personal copy
Dichelacera walteri: a New Tabanid Species from Brazil
Fig 13 Monthly averages temperatures (a), humidity (b), monthly cumu-
lative rainfall (c) and total of specimens of Dichelacera walteri sp. n.,
collected by ‘canopy’ trap in 2013, Marambaia Island, state of Rio de
Janeiro, Brazil. number of collected specimens; climatic
factor variation. Source: INMET – Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia – Rio
de Janeiro (Estação-Marambaia-A602).
evenly curved with narrow side flaps, a ventral margin with
deep invagination and spermathecal ducts with broad cup-like
expansions, and the spermatheca being fusiform (Fig 11).
Male. Unknown.
Variations. Color variations exist in several areas of the
body, such as the wing veins, the stigma, and some
areas of the integument, being brown to brownish-
yellow and yellow to ocher. Setae on the frons ranging
from absent in some specimens to small yellowish setae,
white in the center, and others with white-yellowish and
black setae. Shiny clear setae of the mesonotum more or
less numerous in the examined specimens, easily lost and
some specimens with bare areas. Setae of notopleura all
dark, appearing yellowish-white depending upon the light,
in some specimens all yellowish white. Black setae on the
distal coxae area absent in some specimens, especially on
the fore and mid coxae. Shiny yellow setae on tergites
easily lost on some specimens.
Distribution. Brazil, state of Rio de Janeiro.
Etymology. The species name is a tribute (in memoriam) to
Mr. Walter Rodrigues Guimarães, father of Ronald Rodrigues
Guimarães and Roney Rodrigues Guimarães.
Examined material. Holotype ♀; Brazil, Rio de Janeiro,
Mangaratiba County, Marambaia Island, Armação, 23°
02.54′ S and 43° 57.07′ W, 14-X-2013, entomological net,
forest area of sandbanks, RR Guimarães, RR Guimarães-
Junior and JAS Santana leg., pinned, Entomological
Collection of Instituto Oswaldo Cruz CEIOC-FIOCRUZ,
CEIOC-2693, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Paratypes. 13 ♀, same
as holotype. 2 ♀ 15-IX-2012, 4 ♀ 4-5-X-2013, 1 ♀ 14-X-2013,
2♀ 27-X-2013, Guimarães RR leg., CEIOC; 1 ♀ 15-IX-2012,
1 ♀ 14-X-2013, RR Guimarães leg., Museum of Zoology of
University of São Paulo (MZUSP); 1 ♀ 14-X-2013, 1 ♀ 4-5-XII-
2013, RR Guimarães leg., Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi
(MPEG).
Richness and bionomic remarks
The Tabanidae richness found in coastal zone of the
Marambaia Island, characterized as forest sandbank en-
vironment, was of 18 species and a total of 2102 spec-
imens. D. walteri n. sp. represents the fifth most abun-
dant species of horse flies of the island, totalizing 24
specimens captured (1.1%). D. walteri sp. n. emerges
from September to December, in the spring to begin-
ning of the summer, and its seasonal variation shows a
weak negative correlation with temperature (rs=−0.15,
p>0.005), which can be difficult to interpret, because
the species is being recorded as occurring in forest
area of sandbank, which is expected to be related to
higher temperatures. This fact may indicate that the
species requires a narrow temperature range for activ-
ity. Seasonal variation also demonstrated weak nega-
tive correlation with rainfall (rs = −0.48, p > 0.05) and
weak positive correlation with the humidity (rs= 0.13,
p>0.05) (Fig 13 a, b, c).
 Author's personal copy
Key to D. walteri n. sp. and similar species of subgenus
Dichelacera recorded in the state of Rio de Janeiro
1. Third antennal segment longer than palpi.....................2
1′. Third antennal segment shorter than palpi...................4
2. Palpi with white setae; submarginal cell fully dark;
anterior half of mesonotum entirely pale-haired (spe-
cies from Amazonic region).............................................
.....................................................D. cervicornis Fabricius
2′. Palpi with yellowish setae..............................................3
3. Mesonotum with transverse interalar band moderately
large, pollinose brown and strongly marked; anal cell
with small dark spot..................D. januari (Wiedemann)
3′. Mesonotum with transverse interalar band generally
indistinct; anal cell over one-third dark...................
.......................................… D. antunesi Fairchild & Philip
4 Antennal basal plate pale yellowish, with blackish tip
and style; scutellum all dark.............. D. intermedia Lutz
4′. Antennal basal plate largely black; scutellum otherwise....
..................................................................................................5
5. Palpi slender, light brown scutellum, all abdominal seg-
ments dark, except the first, pale yellow, without a dis-
tinct interalar transversal band..............................................
.......................................................D. alcicornis (Wiedmann)
5′ Palpi more robust proximal half; dark scutellum with
black setae at edges; abdominal tergites 1, 2, 3, and 4
yellowish, and the remaining ones dark; with a distinct
interalar transverse band…..................…D. walteri n. sp.
Discussion
Tabanid fauna diversity and richness studies in Marambaia
Island were initiated in 1982, when some specimens of the
species described herein were collected and sent to Dr. GB
Fairchild who reported that the species resembled
D. cervicornis, an Amazonian species structurally similar to
D. alcicornis, suggesting the possibility of an undescribed
species. In recent studies in the same area during the years of
2012 and 2013, new specimens of several species were
captured, including new samples of that presumably
undescribed species. Therefore, this material was sent to
Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, and this time, it was examined
by Dr. IS Gorayeb, who agreed with the previous diagnosis.
In the key of Fairchild & Philip (1960) for the Dichelacera
subgenus, the new species has the third antennal segment
shorter than palpi which is similar to Dichelacera intermedia
Lutz and D. alcicornis and differing from the first species due
to the absence of the blackish stripe in the mesothoracic disk
and the presence of black setae in the notopleuron. It also
differs from second species, D. intermedia, in the third an-
tennal segment staining and the absence of the aforemen-
tioned blackish stripe on the thorax. The specimens of the
Guimarães et al
new species were also compared with those D. antunesi,
from the collection of the EGM, which differed from the
new species by presenting third antennal segment longer
than palpi, the thorax and abdomen broader, general ap-
pearance of a lighter body, yellow anterior pollinose
mesonotum, and costal cell and stigma black (Figs 2 and 4).
In the CEIOC, the new species was compared with voucher
specimens of D. alcicornis and D. cervicornis, demonstrating
the existence of several differences between them.
According to Lutz (1915), D. alcicornis is not as light as the
new species, displaying a yellow color. The frontal index is 3.5
instead of 3.8 in D. walteri. The frontal callus is light brown
and slightly sclerotized, and the scutum features two clear
bands between the transverse sutures, other than the new
species. The scutellum is yellow with an ocher or brown spot
on the anterior half, and the second to fourth abdominal
tergites possess a distinct, dark brown anterior marginal
transversal band. All spots on the wings of D. alcicornis are
ocher and semitransparent, while on the described species,
they are black and opaque, the transversal spot of anal cells
being much higher. The voucher specimens of D. alcicornis
originate from the Atlantic forest and savannah areas in the
States of Santa Catarina, Paraná, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais,
and Rio de Janeiro.
Lutz (1915) also pointed out that D. cervicornis has a light
brown callus with a small frontal crest and palpi with clear
setae, while the new species has a long frontal crest and palpi
with black setae. Furthermore, D. cervicornis has the third
antennal segment longer than palpi, a light yellow scutum
with yellow setae with a pronounced blackish brown broad
band with black setae inserted between the wings. The pos-
terior edge of the alar fascia has wider margins, the anal patch
is restricted to the distal half of the cubital cell, and the ventral
and dorsal abdominal tergites of D. cervicornis are much
darker than those of the new species, which has wider wings.
The Brazilian Atlantic forest is considered one of the eco-
systems with the highest biodiversity and levels of endemism
in the planet (Myers et al 2000). There is a remarkable var-
iation in local diversity of areas along its extension. Although
not many in-depth and specific studies have been conducted,
the information available for some groups of vertebrates and
invertebrates is consistent with the idea that in Southeast
Brazil, more precisely, in the latitudes of the State of Rio de
Janeiro, there is a high level of diversity of species for several
groups (Rocha et al 2004, Oliveira et al 2010). Therefore, the
description of a new species incorporating the inventory of
the insects in the Atlantic rainforest biodiversity is very im-
portant, due to constant losses generated by deforestation
for wood extraction, pasture, and agriculture.
Acknowledgments The authors are sincerely thankful to Márcio
Eduardo Félix and Danielle Cerri from the Entomological Collection of
the Oswaldo Cruz Institute for their help and kindness during our study
 Author's personal copy
Dichelacera walteri: a New Tabanid Species from Brazil
to compare the new species with the other voucher specimens in the
horse fly collection. The authors are also thankful to the staff of the
Brazilian Navy for the permission and contribution to develop this study
on Marambaia Island. English review and revision by Mitchell Raymond
Lishon, native of Chicago, IL, USA, UCLA 1969. The study had financial
support by Sérgio Arouca National Public Health School, Post-
Graduation Program (CAPES Process Scholarship no. 1383383).
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