Cuttural Politics & the Promise of Democracy A Series from Poradigm Publishers Edited by Henry A. Giroux pire and nqulty: Aeros and he Word Soe 9/1 (20, Psu eee Gauge nth Crosse: Re, Pics, ond Amari Fre 205), ‘Lawrence Grossberg Reading end Writ for Cie Lteray The Creel Cie Guide Argument Roos 205), Donal Leste Why Ae We Readeg Ons Handbook on Rap? Teaching ond Tearing ara Women's College 2003) Maeline Kaka Schoong ote Soul for Pl fe, Upc Eton 2008), ea A Giroux Lring Beyond he Boe: Maa, Et, ond Agency ion Ucerain Word 2008, Nk Coley | Mice Fowaale Matron and Becton, UpstedEtion 208), ‘Mat Olen Pedagogies ofthe Global: Krowledge he Hus terest (2008), ‘ast ite ot Only he Mae's Tat: Aion American Sues Teor ond ‘Proce (2006 by Lewis R Gordon and Jane Ana Gscon Grow Reader 208), ery A. Go, ted noon “Cassone 6 Robins 7 nrnic Corecess: Academic Predom and Its Enemies (2008), NOT ONLY THE MASTER'S TOOLS African-American Studies in Theory and Practice EDITED WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY LEWIS R, GORDON AND JANE ANNA GORDON Paradigm Publishers Boule» Londen4 On How We Mistook the Map. for the Territory, and Re-imprisoned Ourselves in Our Unbearable Wrongness of Being, of Désétre Black Studies Toward the Human Project sylvia Wynter ‘a Brgunent mite ten ae Were though mit beexatl vewed om (Roter nacage ners presente lt mos Wester, amit Baraka (1953) ‘ese opinion of any Blick wes among them, a he SEES Wonca nas ts courte. We asreste» cult iSiton nar und au nen what onde i whole iow amen orien tery tea 970) youd ate oe you a eo ee De ee Sieve tnd ru, be howe was” Bo when Be OE Tact ce te a of Se expeences har be Ma an ERS Cause ewe men he sor ~ tt fone was coaceroed ‘Sooraumving about "te eno! ie and moving ay 8Savin OO ‘toward that, ceil you had'o inclde a ithe something other thin ‘a intresting appeal 0 ine abt eal ease ral NeWrir C1983) ‘The emergence ofthe Black Seaies Movemteat in its orignal het, Defoe ts ser cooption into the mainaeam ofthe very ore of| Knowledge whose "ruth" ia some sbatract iver! sense” it had arisen to contest, was inseparable fom the pre emergence of| fe Black Aesthetic ad Black Arts Movement and the central ein forcing rations that had come wo exist Between them" As with We latter two movements, the struggle to insite Rack Sedies Programs and departments in mainteam academia had to creed lis momenrum tothe eration ofthe separatist "Black Power chrst ‘of the Civil Rights Movement Itt, had had ts precusoe sage in ‘he intelectual ferment to which the fst southeraintegeatonst ‘hase of the Cvd Rights Movement hed given rab well sia the network of exracursicular nino that ad begun Yo calor the ‘sublishment of black university, ncuting inte ala, nsciaions such a the National Association for Aiscan American Research, the Biack Academy of Arts and Lets, the Insitute ofthe Hick Wor, le New School of AftAmericen Thoughe, the Insite of Black Stodies in Los Anges, and Forum 66 in Detroit. Te stra for ‘what was to become the instuesalization of Blac Sues was 'o be speatheaded, however, bya recently enlarged cadre of bce ‘sudentactivss at what had been, hitherto, alos purely white mainstream universes all of whose mesbers had been gafaniced by Stokely Carmichaes call mace in Greenwood, Misssipp, fora ‘ning ofthe bacon the exter integrations, We sll overcome” ‘gal of the frst phase ofthe Ciil Rights Movement, nd for the Adoption, instead, ofthe new separate goal of Black Power Alldrce movements had been moved to sson bythe 1968 murder ‘of Marin Ler King. Jean the tol of busniag nner ets and angry sot that flowed ini wake, These evens were particle ‘ecisve for the Black Studies Movement The aew willngnes of ‘ainsteam university adnate to accede the sudent ati opps patna onal esc fat Conponan the ‘nner Ses O06 appen mh soe ous ane oo Ye Sie and to Ant Cane ea nae! oe ot eos! oF pm demands fee eetting up of Back Stes progams and deparmests ‘yar made posible by the tum tha ppped the aaion. Once er ‘cihad thee new programs and departments fincioned t enable sone ofthe major figes of the then fir more powerful and dymamc BlascAns and Buck Aestheve Wowements to cary some of hel were ‘nto the academe mainaceam, even wher they 0, ke Bic Sie 2 whale were 1o find ther orginal rapes intention defies, their energies rechaneted as they exe tobe defined Gnd in may ‘eases acy 1p dese chomscles se) in ew "lia ers” 1s AGscanAmericanShtis a sch this ld appeared as but one of ‘Ge many diverse“Rhnie Seas” that noe served trove the very hes of bel universes aginst whch dhe cheng of a tee ‘movements had been diecoa the fs pce ‘The desiies of the tee movernens Would, a the en, citer starpiyThe apogee year forall three movements (1961-1971) wee to see the publeion of wie ange of anthologies of pocey, thee, fiction and ena writings but aloe pubetion of tee sepa tes speci to each Whereas 1968 saw the puto af Black Bre An Anthology of ajrosmenican Writes, ete by Lee Jones lay Nea ste defiave anthology that erysalized the theoreic _dscoure a practi ofthe carte Movement the yea 1959, whch sa the publleton of Black Rein the paperback Version, asked ‘the publeaton ofthe proceedings of 2 1968 smposium, "Hace Seat fesin the Universi: which had cen orgaiz bythe Black Stade ‘lance at Yle Univer The conference was Soanced Dy the Vile doit ta 1771, he eed colewion of ess by Adon Gavi, Je, The Black seb 35 ae dfive tex Of what Was become the dominant tendency of thar movement, was aso pubsshed. ‘The pursdex here, howeves, was Wat despite the wideprend popular dynamic ofthe Black Ars and Black Aesthetic Movement, they disappeared a f they had acter been-Taey Were done ia by seveal major developments. One was 2 pening Of ofthe move: ‘ment of socal upssiag dat had beea the Bice Ci Rights Mowe ‘ment.n the content of aftrmatve action programs that enabled the Incorporation of he black mide tod scaly mabe loweridle lasses into the horizons of expectation ofthe generic white middle lases Gf sill ata secondary eve), ending with the separation ofthis itegrationse goals fom the sil ongoing strugales ofthe Sack lower and under cases Tis sepurason tad tslf begun £2 be effected inthe wider ational coate, both bythe subsiding ofSi Winer ‘adic newief polities subsequent tothe ending of the Viewama ‘War and by the rightward swing taken by dhe society a8 a whole 4a ceaction against the tumultuous yeas of the 1960s Second, thei demise was hastened by the defection ofthe mest ‘etvely orginal practioner ofthe Back Ars Movement, Leto Jones/Amiri Bara, and his conversion fom Back Power nations ism (of which the Black arts and Black Aesthetic Movements had Deen the ‘spiral arm") 10 the Maoist wing of Mardsaeieien 5s universalist counter to the univer f berlin, Pein Dstonaist Movement bad-ansea-to-eteeethe liter ‘which he hhoped would avoid the tap of the cognive and payehoatecive iosure into which the Black Ars and Baek Aesthetic Norements Seemed to have fille ‘A tind development—the rise of back feminist thought and c+ ‘on, whi took a8 one oftheir major tages the male and macho Ihegemonic aspect of the blick anuonalst aesthetic and is core Iuted Black Ans Morement, even where bis women ha played a5 creative a role as the men—also took i tol” JonesBsraa's NaciscLeninie defection te ell as the feminist ‘efection by back women were serious blows The coup de grace %o both the Blick Ars and the Black Aesthetic Movements, how. eves was to be given by the hegemonic rise of bck (goon 19 be*Afioan Amerian” postsructurst and muleutural”ireeary ‘hcory snd enticism speseheaded by Hency Louis Gate, Je ws ‘his chust that would displace and replace the centrality of the Black Aesthetic Movement, redefining the laters Reformation call for an alternative aesthei able fo contest what Piste Bourdice (1984 was ater to Ideatly 38 the “monopoly of humanity” of out ‘resent mainstream bourgeois aestheics, withthe reformist call or fm sernative“MricansAmerican® trary canon ostensibly able to ‘complement the FroAmecicanliterry one tnd therefore, to do for ‘the now newiy incorporated black middle cats what the Euro: ‘American ierary canon di and continues 10 do for the generic, ‘because white, and hegemonicaly Euroamerican mide cases Tn her book ens lack Women Navel and te Nationals Aesthesic (994), Mana Dubey percepuvely summarizes Gates co Sique of the to movements whose Gssppearince he wis insrumeat In efecsing Whie noc ein te crique which anued er atl hae the bic aestheticians had been duped by the topes of fgation (On How tak the ap forte Toy ofthe tet of Backnes)"—Dubey nevertles poses & fndimental (question, one thr gave se to oth thee of tus chapter andthe thrust of ey Amgument While she fst notes tat oth the Bsc Aesthetic and Back Ars Movements had sought 10 "us the nation of Blaciness fom the wadtional coloe ambology of the West” and to challenge the "Were equation” of Sacknes “with gins, cr, cotrupon and dest Gates posstrocuait equ had now come to accuse practioners of Bac Aesth and Black Ars, 2 Desa ‘ems, of puting forward a “metaphysical! concep’ of Dies as presence and, hereby intend of spacing an essentatst notion ef ‘entity of having mee inal blackness a “anes tasoendent signed Ths a then cased tem to become eatappe by ra ‘sentation’ which by ts reves ofthe Westen Sefton of Bae Stale that it has now becomo), Dubey then poses de flowing ‘question: Why she aks, it beea that witha undoubtat "then ‘etic imitations the Back Aesnetc “herve of acknes should $0 poweruly have ‘exerted an immense emesonal sad desig Induence,tasforming an ear genertion’s perception of is rac ‘en? What had ln bend the-temacabeunagiatve power of ‘he naonalit ‘wil to Backes" witha sense of the posbaly of blcknes” that tad charscteied the wings of politcal acess ke Stokely Carmichael and Beige Cleaver, wer acts ike Lei Jone/Atis Bua, Don Lee, Sonia Saher Jayme Cote, and NUL (Gioraan eur sstonais lke Malena Karengx ane erazy ca ‘es and theoreticians like Cilyn Gea, Hoyt Palle, Addison aye, Jz.and Stephen Henderoa? What tad been the nique dynamic that Jnad enabled the shetveal energy of the blac nationals discourse 1 powerflly-to moblize the sign of acne"? ‘sw ener Dubey’ question cn be answered only by making visible what Cates terme the absent presence ofthe very Westem famemork in whose terms Backes ike ss dialectical anthesis whiteness, rust be fed oat 2 spmbclogy of good and evl—"The white mn? Fanon writes sealed in his whiteness, the black man in his Black ese... How do we exciate oursives?= anon 1967b:9-10)—and, therefore, with ary asempt t0 ual the sign of Dackness from the sign of ev ugliness, cr negation, leading ro an emancipatory ‘explosion a the level ofthe black psyebe, then Leo. Jone Art Bara’ imple proposal that Wester thought (and therefore the ‘ulna framework of this thought) needs to be exouclzed—dhat 1s viewed "from another landscape” by ss Wester, and indeed in cour cate, Westerized, bearer subjects—ean provide us with the ‘aplanatory key to the answering of Dubey's queson. scion real thatthe Black Ars and Bick Aesbtic Movements vere themitesMstricalySnked toa series of other exer such Imovesentsacoss te range ofthe Black Alcan Dips not only the Uated Sister own Harlem Remssance Movement but also the Nee Movement of Francophone West Afsea and the Cares, the AfioCubaa and AtroAnrllcn Movements of the Hispanic Ca- bean and the ongoing Rasta Reggae regional morenent—an favention of the endemialy jobless undercus of Jaca, which ceaplosely lowered atthe Same tne as the Blick Ars and Black ‘esse Movemenss, scaly isteacing (by means ofthe tans {or rd) with the “Bia Power" musi populr expressions ofthe 1960s and "70s a icone in the archetypal gure of Janes Brown ‘They were also linked syacroically to the global feld ofthe ante ciloni movements ar wellas othe ansaparted movement in South [Aiea Any atempe to “exotcize" Wesera thought by making se fae famework” fom “another landscape” lnk us then, co a rated peradox defining al uee movements This pardox was that of thee Inia penetating insights esied by the very nature ofa wide ange ‘of slotallysuberiated peoples moving ot of tee Westem assigned ‘laces and ealing io question hat was in effect the srucaes of 1 global world open, is wel se the muple soci movements of bother groups intra fo the Wes, uch s feminist, gay acs, N= fre American, eanog AtaAierieans and siden a mounting (On How We ak ch Map or Try ‘All sled fora ef hans, the expasvepsjehic com polsca ‘emancipation nt onl of back bu of say other ante peop tnd other groups sulfeing fom dlscrinatin, yet als, onthe otber hind, to ther uhimate far, n the wake of thelr policy acsivst hast, to complete itelecnly that emancoat.on. ‘The lterary scholae Wiad Godich (1986) pexcepvely dents the nance ofthis pardax when he notes that atthough i should Inve been obvious a the Ue thatthe great sociopolzical uphear als ofthe late 1950s and 60s especially those grouped under the ‘names of decolonisation ané Uberton ovement, woul have bid 1 major impact on ur ws of knowlege, ts recopion bas not ‘Secured for two reasons The fist is de to the “iaspervousnese ‘of our present disciplines, to phenomena tha fal ouside this pee ‘defined scope the second 0 "ourrelveance to see 2 relationship to gobal in each between the pistemoligy of knowledge and be laoerasion of peoples rationtep tat we are not properly #le to theorize" his reluctance was, therefore, not an acbeary one; a proved inthe case of te Ch Rights Movement inthe United Sates, For whe the eater goals of the movement asi began athe Sot, Decne lected aginst segregation ad therefore couched in terms ‘of the universe premis of maiateam Libel discourse, could be supported (once the aove 19 iaclude the North and the Wes and teefore the economic apanteidisue ofan insivtionalized jobless and ingovershed underias all interned in the innerciy ‘hetios and these prison extensions ad ld nthe decion ofthe fl for Black Powe, the station had abrupay changed. Godse] suggests that an eplstemloglalfalure emerged wath eespect tl {he Felation between the csi toa blac paresis over agin [bcalin’s counteruniverati, onthe one hand, and over spain tat of Naruse 3s 2 univers, on the other Since inthe case ofthe late, because based oa the prinacy ofthe issues cont Ing the Western working cases postulated a5 the globaly geese ‘working cas, his inthe same way as thir sue, postulated as that of the suugale of labor aginst capa, had als gical come *0 be postulated as the generic human sue While given that Liber ‘humanism is itself based on the primacy ofthe Ue of the Righs fof an asthe desing premise tat uaderes bach our present order lof knowledge and is coweated maasream aesthetics, the dans to the pasiculasom of Back rt and a Black Aeshesc ax well 8Swaine gg ‘Black Sede in ts orga conception—these oe te corseates of ‘the chim to Black Power which had self bee bascé on return 10 the eater recogation mae in the 1920s by arcus Garvey {hat in the ater word ofthe Barbadian novelist George Lemming, “the Rights of Man’ cannot iachde the Rights of the Negra” who dna been estcuonaized dacorsey and expiical a diferent indo creature toon" (Laramig 1970 (1953) 297)—were to id themselves met with outright horlity oa the part of mains ‘aynamic, nto the Lberunivenals neta, However, while Thi reinoeportion was effected, in the case of Black Seats, by lis reinvention as"Aftcas-Amerscan Sides? and 38 only ene “ith nic rads variant among a diverse range of others al contested ‘with, a the same time as they were integrated into, the owensile “unser of Buro.Amercarceateed mainstream scholarship the ‘other two movements—by the very nature oftheir se-etntion 35 «blak panicalars, which elle iat quesion the mainstream at and aesthetics together with thaie“monopoty of humanity were fot amenabe 19 fuch pacfeston and reincorportion As ares their pid disppearance, thei extinction eve, hastened slong by Gate's neouniversais, postsrucruritcugue logical followed, For it had been precisely their orginal cla, Godaich notes to 4 Back partcalrsm over agins the universal premises of bur resent mainstream aesteic and order of novwiedge-thes ca, fn Gerald MeWhorer’s tems 0 “Something er than tnt in fn absrsct universal sense” in Nea’ terms, to a poscestern sesthetcs based cn a new pstem of ideas, with these claims, aes to their insistent zevalorzing of the ncpaivomlze connotations ‘hac both the mainsream order of knowiedge and the malnsteast aesthetics placed upon all peoples of Black African descen,chereby “imposing upon us "an unbearable wrongness of being’— meaning kind of human (as 4 the case of our present hind of human, Man, which sociogent ‘aly deSnes isl, in blocentic terms on the model of 2 natural crgansm), asthe mode! that aprorsicall undeslesal our present, Aissplines Geucauit 1970 1973), stems fom the same etymology feat roots asthe word "gender" This, en that fom our ergis on the continent of free ntl oday, gender cole allocations mapped foto the biologically determined anatomical ferences beeween sale and female have been an indispensable fonction of he ir ‘siting of our genres or sociogenie inde of being human. This liter i a0 a8 a process for which our speccespecie genonte as tmiquely dened by the co-evolution of language snd the bein has bigevouonsry preprogrammed us. sellaienation is iself ike that, coercive, of homosexval ec Alienaon) only & function ( map), an indispensible one, oF the ‘enacted insitutonalzation of eur present genre of the human, Man 42nd ts governing sociogeic code (he triton) a defined in the fehaoelass or Wester bourgeois biocentrc desanpave satement lof the human on the model of a aaturl organism (@ made that, enables ito overrepresent is ethnic and cassepecie deceptive statement of the human as if it were that of the human isl, then, in onter 19 context ones fiction in the emacing of this specie genre of dhe human, one is confronted with 2 clemma ‘Asa demi, therefore, iti » question not of the essenvzing or nonesseatlzing of one's racial Blackness, as Gates argues, Dut ther ofthe fact chat one cannot remlorze oncsel in terms of| ‘e's racial Bacness and therefore of one's Biologie characeris ties, however Snversly 4, given that i is precisely che biocentic nature ofthe sociogenie ede of our present gere of being human that imperaivey eal forthe devatoristion of the characterise of blackness a6 well a of the Bantoeype pysognomy—in the same ‘ny as elt, cskecaly for she ovenvaloraation ofthe chase Terie of whiteness and of the indo-uropean physiognony TasSa We encoded viluedifference then came to play the same roe, in the nsetmeat of our now purey secular gene ofthe human Mar, a8 ‘he gendered anatomic! ference between men and women ha played over milena sf a then supematurly mandated terms, fn the entctnent ofall the genzes of being human that had Deca chang of traditions, satcess ordecs. Ts therefore led, in 0%" Contemporary eave, the sme armmetrc disparities of power. as ‘well 5 of weal, education, bf opportunites, even morality ates, ind soon, between whites an blacks that—as the feminist Shesry ‘rine hae pointed oot in er esayIs Female to Nate as Nature {sto Coltarer-—were defining ofthe selutions between men and ‘women common to all such orders (Onter 197? Th therfore the very insuitionlzed production and epro- ‘sutton of ont present hegemonic ocogenic code—as genersteé fiom ts Darwinian origin narrative insertbed Biocentic descriptive statement ofthe human on the model of aatrl organism —that falls a8 the indispensable condition of fs enaciment for the ‘emic inducing of black setfaenaion, together withthe securing fhe coneiated powerlesnes ofits African-éescended popeltion ‘roup a all evlsof our contemporary global oer or xstem-eo enable, then the explosive, payee emancipation experienced by bck peoples in the United Sates and elsewhere—as in the case of the indigenous black fells" people of desta and Melonesa, {well asthe black peoples of the Caribbean and ofthe then sil [pucd Sout Afi —ean aow be seen in terms that explain the powerful emotions) induence of the three movements that arose bur of the sciopoltiel Black movements of the 1960s Ge the Black Aesthetie, Back Ans, and lace Stdies Movements in tit ‘orginal conception), with this experience coming to an end ealy wih their subsequent erasure an displacement. And ths lglaly ‘Shigven that whe the pryehic emancipation that these movements fevaloration ofthe chances of Btckness had etected was an ‘cancipation from the payehie ditates of Our present sociogenic ‘Code or gene of Being human snd therfore fom “the unbearable Srongress of belng® of stir, whlch i imposes upoa al blak Peoples and toa somewhat leer degreson al nonstite peop, {San impertve function ofits enactment as sucha mode of being, this emancipation had been effected a the level ofthe map rather {hts at the level ofthe tereory Thats therefore, athe level of the (on How Ws Mins te lor Teeny systemic develoration of blackness nd corelated ovevalotaion Srwhiteness which are themscives onl proximate functions ofthe (rent devaloriation of dhe human species that is indispensible to the encoding of our present hegemonic Wester-bourgeos blocen- Irie descriptive satement ofthe human, of ts mode of soiogspy Th other words becaise the negative coanostions placed upon the Bick populition group ae a function of the devatoctzaton| ff the hunan she systemic realorzaion of Mack peoples can be fundamental elfeted ony by means of the no less systemic evsorzaton of the haman being tse, outside the necessaly Uovaloiing terms of the biocentic deseiptive statement of Ma, ver fepresenced as iit were pf ha of the human This, therefore, the territory of which the negative connotations imposed upon [at back peoples and which éerve 1 induce our selfaltnaton as ‘Yell as our rete intrusonaioed powerlessness a8 a population (Zoup are function and a suc, 2 map. AS, correlative, are all fhe other “isn” ianus that spontancousiy erupted inthe United States in the wake of the black social Mbertion movement, i themtelves, ike the mor “im” of class alo, specie maps fo = Single teritoy—that ofthe iasuting of our present ethnocass ‘or Weser-bourgels genre of the human. [Neverhcos, booms i i eon, ae of the Ineoting of cour present biccenre desrpive Sttement of the human on the ‘hol of 4 nanan organism that is eborted by our present onder ‘St imowledge and its macrodScouse of Libera! mans, a8 wel 3s (raced by our prset munatieam aes together with tbe ate’ pouopay of hananty @Bouriew 1990, with our present exer of Sesomiedge being one in whose foundaona“repme of why objects ff knowledge sch as Fanans amoiassiced modes of socogeny ot ‘Bceson's ‘descriptive sateents a the lve of the pyehe Cate 1963, in elle, our genre o hinds of being human, ezmot be imag {nod to eos neither MeWhorter'sel or another truth able o secre the good ie for Bac and al ober peoples nor indeed ary Neals talfora powestem neste coud have been incorporabe, they themecines hd hoped in tema of cur present onder of ower td is biological absolate concepon of de human That Me ‘payin wich er reteronalized ad ediiedAftican reson ‘Sess as exerplaly clabonted and baliandy pot into place by Harnds Heney Lous Gates, Jr, would prove fo DeShaye In this content, Jones/Baas implied call fr the exciton cf Western tough, in onder 9 make this thought HS, s presap- postions, together ith in Gates erms, the “absent presence” of Eamework, io new objec of knowedge, to be examined fom the landscape ce perpacive of the blues people—and therfore from the perspcatve, aot of thepeopleas Hr as a the cutulnationalst ‘spents ofthe Buck Aemhet and Huck Arts Morement bua inthe (Popuday aspect of thse ovements ofthe people a the movements ‘Of people who aze logical exchued,26“the waste products of al ovr pole! practice wher exptaist ce Marci” (yet 1950, ‘conception ofthe hansn onthe purely pylogenilontogenec model ‘featur organs, at sas defning of this thought a, indeed of its comelitedsesietcs. Jn the case ofthe former a5 an epsteme, oe | ‘whose biocetc order of eth cal foe te uaa tbe sen 38 2 “ner mechan ad a ich, one whee members a all easy satunly dyseeered by Broftion intl proven otherwise by hier ‘ar of hisher population groups success inthe bourges oter ‘thei and of things “The advancement ofthe welfre af ranking” ‘Darwin wrote athe end of The Descent of May (981 (1871: 403), “ex mo ica problem all ough wo fain from mange Who cannot avoid abject poverty for their chide. (Js Me Gallon has ‘mathe fhe prudent avid mariage whit he recess may. the Inferior members of socey wil tend to supplant the Benes members fof sec” Agunst cs blocesric, engerst thought and the “absent reson” of ts bioevoluonsrytanework or conecpdon of the Bb (Get an eer new understand af ma (Ah se lags IER ony in one dino make man sda Out hes noting. ‘Sete noting and tat be ust pute end fe nares ‘fom on bch bo oes order o mage iba be sere fom tbe ater “amas Hang reese 20 861 BAP OY ‘uri wit bo han and tem ay back on the grade {lon of hens who woul mae ian 4 mee mechan ton 1967 22-25) Con ow We Mazak ee ap fore Tory 0 (On Exockzing Western Though isbiling ts Farneworl) es Invertion of Non, ond Thereby Aso of Our “Unbearable Wrongness of Being” of Désive: Mosenty, Secularism, and ls Epochal Transformation of the “Supreme Source of Leptmecy” ‘me moter colapee of ‘Rewen” and “Hixon” eto tl ass ene represented 4 fre of Reason aoa Hitry eae ee (que a safcecepon fein Buropes scape Put det Eope soup to become onalopeal x soagh Become wt ‘leone cal Abele Beg Such Being soe in he Way St tuman being or» human way of being It us peeseaed Wael sr 3 edie F Gods the power t co something bout insice and cn, wy done He? Theoscy Goes bot ‘Eibppeae with mdere scan, Wheres is nance a 2 Spe Being o Supreme Sorc cf Lageiacy Aces» siniat ‘ll challenge —tewts Gordon ancs aman being erespetve of sex oF ap).-An aul mle cea ham ony nT besa Ss Oxford Bgl Dictionary Nave: One of te isin eu nhabians of 2 country 22 Ciaingahed om semogee or fecones now especialy ne ‘elonging tos nsropesn a inpertody ceed or aaa ‘te. A coloused pee or Mack Born iat pricuar pace or county: Belonging o particu ae, cise ey Br To tiog ie epee with connotation cf nonsuropes. oxford Baga Dictionary Negras nda (ep. ma) detonate Aca ce af ‘muiod whichis sngused by bc a, ack W008 Mal fe aoe and hice proting lps» Nese A Saale eto ese dog A dog wel a Busing nego davon Nae A ‘age (ell and au comerprose ose scaecy spas fo menbers of ihe ae dened cs). Oxford Bugis Dictionarysaa Wper ‘Which any pit ofgeodoess wt ne sake, Beiog epuie ofa} pea thee ‘ook pais fo make ce Speak ugh thee each Nour (ne shing or aoiker When tou Sistecar, [Keow thine own meaning bur woul ete ke Athing mot broth endowed thy purposes ‘Yuh words tht mae them Known fu hy we ce ‘Though tho dist et. bad at a which pod mes Calder mde 19 Se with Tarte was hoe Deserve eoafed into is eck, Wo Mads Dusted more than «pce, ~Sbaespenres Te Tempest ‘The argument proposed in this section is that If postmedieval Remissince Furope was 10 usher in the world of coutemporry modernity on the basis of the epochal secularhation of human ‘Meni, which it effected by means of the intellectual seveution of lay humanism, this a8 revoltion tha, by taking to i logical oncusion St.Thomas Aquiaas’s medieval Christian Asstotein ‘thrust toward the making of Christan and Man into eonceprealy ‘ijerent notions es thereby to nt, together wit the eligieus ‘movement of Reformation, he gradual privatization ofits formerly Jdaeo-Chrsian identi. This privatization was also ofthe identity tha, because then functioning a the public identity of medieval latin Cristian Eusope, had undespinned and leptinated he osten- sibiy superaturly guaranteed hegemony of te igsstuion of the (oF Church an ts caibate Clegy over the isi nonectbate "Stak nealing thse of commerce and of the pliicl state. Nev: ‘ertles, the thinkers of Renaistace Europe were to effect thie ‘secularization of its public Wendy in tems that were themscves ‘enerated fom the monotheistic famework of Jodaco Christan In consequence, if as JeamFrangois Lyotard (1990: 81) ins noted, the GrecoChtsinn Occident” could not and cansot, conceive oF 1m Otherto what It als God, tis characteiie was to be cased ver in secur terms asthe hmani intllecrals of Renalance Europe replaced the earier pubic identity Christan with that of test newly evented Man Geined as bom polis nd, 28 93°, primal che polial subjece of the ate Leas therefore to elect ‘is sceiinton ofits pube identity by oversepresenting oth (On How We Misaok th Yap for eer set variant of Mam, defied as politcal chien andlor subject, of te state, and om the end ofthe eighteenth cen ond, 4s Second var of Man~deined in aow purely secs beause Biocenter 2s homo orconomicus 0,38 sich, pinay the Brewinnerlavestor subject of the nonstate each ‘uch defn of Stan were atthe sme Hate deision of te Inuman sett in consequence, he iellec ad eresine artis cf Westen Europe were able o bing opie the tbe theo. Centric nein of Cratan and thet of tee nowt non of “Man: Gato varias) inf conceply dterent noon nto & ‘he contemporary Wels of moder Dot a dang amps fang achievements and fs i negative nerace. Bu they were ‘Bie to do so enly 0a one condition that they would sake tie utrespeai oso of Man--beth ine a sl gal scat tad party egos form, and ints now ply seg, because Docent form Ge, one whose ong was aoW eared 38 Beng ‘ven rather than as before in Dine ret) —into notions thar were and ae osensbiy concep homogenous wit the realy of being oman ip ll mule manenasens With cs, {hey were rey making it nose or Wemslves fo conceive ofan Other to wht hy cl nd cotaue to el man ‘Ths cent overseresentaion was to he elected By means of wo foundational sees, bot of which fnctio to celece {2h other and calenging thi Th at that os stained ‘etre sete, which exiles esto ound between the words an andthe buman to suges the expr exec ‘of par simary between oa the on ha the Wess Gea tions or deseipve stems (ateson 1568) ofthe Mma, ‘Mans Martane on he other, what he desriptive erat sf the human, as one abet incorpo bth Of these deftons 2s mendes oft css ofl possible such detatoncecipive Setemenss, would ave to be Second t+ parle snlly 20 eae bewecn the Fale referent categorie ofeach sch ‘escipuvesatement and thee Fannin modes of soctogeny Ge, 4 inthe case ofthe referent aegory of Contemporary Mam, who ‘amp a the gb lve the weit, developed counts {he Nor oro the rst Wo, nd the reale rere xegre ff tat desepne suemenes Human Owe tore ofthe Ted ‘Woad(Gndeterioped nos andthe oes undercases whose¥ ser meer te mide t fancion a te “wate prot of ine ‘Soper suet oer i tycoon ‘Sz eras and weng of comengoay Man td is eae ‘eee tec afd fe the snc fog the rss Stine haan species a 8 cle Miahowre the sro oudadoal sevegy whic the ie af ay sumone etre Wh ub Seg Att ed tow Ovtrof ngs Foca aks ie jo tt an aa SEemton noo set abt ne a aden see terion penguins tao Spence thee the sce cetary? ss de anthropos Puan {585 bar to pasted ov ower as ent of Maw had Sc nae posi ny y tos os pan veo. Ans Sir avi tht ou Sete send fonda setegy by incin of wich te oceeprsnaton oan as wert ‘nan wat oe honed inthe make of Westen Burp ‘Spanien eats ee Seat ey ce, fepuer wih hs pooled puting ln pce ofthe acne a thru to econ our ootporny wold pene ly [ein tems en hy Tir tcond meg sv an defined & wos one by means of whieh Wenn inlets weet be eld fo inven the tome wath aie cot oe tata ncn {orale LainChisan Buope sat escee meaphycal Shige of Oren shee ef uae eat whe Sob te ented a hc Juco Cian eat the ‘re Chat Se a 4 eucgry of Orem whose ee ‘lst ater were tose oop eel bsg ner tha Bows nats pga laos or Bamieof Si Shon who avng tec perched te Cuan wend ad rete ‘Simo tem sa sow song tus Tass 2 ceery of omer o oat enh Oe at Hm tie the Te oman fof ese Epes slop, San ta at ch Othe gia ele sa tee oly Sethe snd chee tmesd wt ack of i ones SO oan consyeon sf wat ti foe as “he wale oe ctegrs ofthe casey and ier toy tated Hamas Gest an nt ft Doe ples ‘Scere aoa cio abe te tow cpm (On How We ao tM a Tersany ‘monarchical European sate system (which had come ro reoecupy the eatlee hegemoni pice ofthe pre Reformation Church) were to be nwo peoples, ecibly uprooted from thelr ows indigenous ‘senzes of being buman and, cherfore, fom their nceautocetsc ‘Stitconception and classe instead, 25 now subordinaed groups, {a Wester Barope's new secuarizing clasiicaory temiology 2s Tnuians and Negroes Ge, in the original Spanish a8 nis, en, fd tas, women and as nagros, men, and egras, women)” 1 ‘yastherefore to be the peoples ofthe Americas andthe Caribbean ‘yho-ater being conquered, Chusianized, and ensere inthe im ‘posed encomianda labor sytem, with their lands and sovereignty forcibly exproprated-—were age vo be made discursiey and insurudonaly into, 8 Puadian polats out, the embodiment of an ‘ostensby-stvage and iasonal umaniny” anda suc, de Human ‘Gcherto Man, defied a the rational pobtiea! subject cectizen of| ‘he sate Nowhere was the dialectic of tis epochaly new: Wester Simpowed ideanty sem fo be more dramatically configured asd fenicted tha in Shakespear's play The Tempest, as expressed in the plotine éynamics ofthe ration Berween the “reasons of sate” hero characer Prospero and his daughter Miranda, onthe one hind, tnd the expropriated and ensived Caliban, onthe other With the later cezefor, having logical to be seen by the former nota the siterativ, because a geographicaly, ccotgically and geopotticaly (Gferent gence or mode ofthe Busan thab ne empirically enbod- © ted, thera the Lack of what they themscves were; 3¢ ch, ts tne “ile Race” Other 10 sbeir"teve” humane, the ev mate ‘opposed ro their "good natures ‘This was algo tbe the case, even more extremly 5 with the population group of buss of African descent wansported in ‘Chins as slaves dross the Avanic and made to provide the fed tnd coerced labor forthe lagescale export platations owned by ‘Western buropean sete. In tae these later were once chased sot only as Negroes Dut a tide goods Senomisated as ples br poces they ere, at Paadan poinr to be alo asimiated te the category of Human Otherness embodied in the “Indians? 1s, however the laters most exzeme foams, easly he fa ‘es boundary ims of iratsoal human, andthe “ising Unk Semveen humans dened by thes stionaliy and apes defined by thelr Tack of iin what as then defined, m Western classScrtorySa Myner logic a “the Great Chain of Being” that supposealy eached from Iie highes forms tothe lowest Mosse 1985}; znd with the Western "European population’ rug css being placed 2t the apex af she Cain. Toward the end of te eighteenth century aad during the nineteenth, however. as Pandan also points ou, mutton ia es fof Human Ochemest was to cocur This, 0% ony ia the expiical ‘content ofthe abolition of fican slavery inthe Caribbean 2nd the Americas inked tothe second wave of Wertrn imperil expansion, bu also and, centr 2, the wake ofthe Western snelccuas relavention of Man, ia now purely scolar Decause biotsatnic, Domo oeconomicus, and therefore speciscally Bougenisc=palist terms, as dsinct from the earlier lnded-gentry mercantile ones ‘hich had come to underpin the cighteenth-cenny variant othe {rw dive humanist home potieus conception of Ma. As Pandan further notes, while the reallfe referents ofthe aman Other ‘Aan ints new conception were tobe all nos-Westen population sroups.once colonized and iscursirey and nstraonaly cassied (outside the terms of ther own oncesutoceneiesitconeeptons sd finds of being human) as"Netves it wast Bethe population _grougs of sub Saharas Diack African descent Gactuding the ngwitce [New Weld descendants ofthe former Midle Passage slaves) Who ‘would now be made discursively a wel as iastinonlly ato the primary referent of mclly inferior haan In consequence, oar izposed and experienced “wrongness of being” and of ste Ge, dysbeing), together with Is sjemas- cil indced selfaienatcn, would dicey res from ovr Human Other rote inthe Kdenty appara ofthe Were bovrgealie it term of its then new bocentrc snd bom oecomomicus descrip. tive statement ofthe bumaa la our roe, therefore, a the PDA ‘empirical referent category ofthe idea, cent 10 the now purely seculishalscieatiti alfmythie Ongia Narative as elaborated in Darwin's The Descent of Nan (1981 (1871), that some human be ngs ean be, as ostensbyy natraydysslecied by the processes of Byolution in dhe same way a5 exher human beings can ostensibly bbe aaturly selected I was therefore to be asa fenction of the smateriaatioa of ths idea that, a Fanon point out, wo popula ton groups, one eased as whe, the ocber as Negro and/or ‘black, were to find dhemseves dhe one locked into thelr whiteness, the other into ther blackness. I that, inthe same way 38 lathe 1 Howe ak he porta Totoy tegediy “proven case” of the “backward” primitive, and atvislc poptiation groups of Black African descent, al therefore now eld ‘robe amere sage" in the dow process of evluton from monkey fino man, and, as such totaly dysselected, so al members of the ‘Population sr0up of European descent, asl asthe white ce, llegedly proven by the Very satuse of thelr dominant postion in ‘he global onder over all ther groups, now dlassiled 25 non-white “tive” ences, tat hey had heen, a6 2 7ace" optimally selected by evoltion to embody ostensibly the biological norm of being ‘human. Wie, therefore, this insiionalized Getic between the ‘tomo groups, cach discursive and insronaly represented, one as the norm, che other as the ant-norm, now made indispensible (0 the enactment ofthe new eugenie/apgentc sociogenic code the ‘cove in whose terms the Western bourgealst, unable hither 10 legate its role a arling clas on the basis of the noble blood and birth model of the ded anstocrc, was now £0 lepitimate icf asa manually selected suing dass, because the henrers and. teansaers of an allege eugene ine of descent. fence the logic ofthe bourgeois male ules—so and so the frst), 0 and 0 the econd (I, so and 50 the thie (UD, and so on, o, ternative 38 Senior and Junio. ence, 20, die power and force of negitlon of the term “is: sec" a5 osensby the dyspenic negation of what iti 1 be an utooomous, fly evolved uman being in the echnoctss terms ff Darwinian Man averrepresnted as the human. Hence 00, be logical corcaion berween Bacimess and povessy, even that, 5 Darwin reveals In The Descont of Mam, the esicasibly selected ost "able” who Were econoaucaly successful, shoud be encour ged to dear many chen, whereas the ~poor” aS 2 dsseected, Inferior Kind of human, should be discourages from giving birth 1 many chides thereby seduclog the ansmision oftheir aleged Diologialy determined inferiority and/or éegenicty Darin 1981 (1871) 405). Tas is so a the same time asa the Blobel eve, the iscusiveeepresenting, a5 well as the empirical insnting, of a tbe thenceloaized non-white categories of peoples, csi as Indians, Negroes, Natives, Nigger, a well a the underdeveloped” ‘Third Wedd, the South an, therefore 3¢ such, made into he ex bodiment of the esensble ek of Nan's True Human Self, set represented at optimally embodied, no longer in the “easons ofSy We state’ andholder Sure of Shakespeare's Prospero, but instead in the tn lest impersve“restons--of the cconoaty"Sgure of the global ‘cipialaonimting Stockholder Tis late, a6 the new herodgure represented sucess mastering” of such scarcity (8 condition row atached ay Hans Biumeaberg peceptvely notes, for the As ‘ume in human history to zealy s a whole) "Mann has aay known want and the csuess af bing harpressed by nate, but he fenerzaton of such experiences tothe evaluation of realy 38 4 ‘Shole"is inked to" mou of modem ltellecna itor unknowa In previous epochs] the [Naltnusas) Wea of overpopulation, of ‘row of 4 number of en beyond a atu ving space (consi ‘red 9 be constanD, and beyond the quanti of fod (considered to be growing ata rite les than proportional t tat ofthe pep tion” Ghuenberp 1983; 221)—that the bourgeaisie leptimated fe economle projecion of cpiasn, 2 logical corolary had ls9 followed This was that it was precisely by sich mastering that che sweater members were/are held to have ‘proved resoactvey. tbe {act oftheir baring been “many selected by evolson 1 belong {to the no les represented to bei terme of he then new Darwinian ‘Origin Narative comple, sural sarc” cxepory of uly evolved tnd thereby, eugene oe able" aman beings With the upperclss, ‘because weather member ofthe bourgeoisie thereby being ogealy represented a having been extshuman beexse bo-eveluionasly, sandated tobe the ruling cass, parallel to the way in which the rule ff the Emperor af Imperial Chisa had been represented as having ‘been as extstnamanly i then supemansa caine to be by the ‘Mandate of Hesven Orupp 1992)* Ta this conte, the Invendlon ofthe global category of Human Comners on te bss ofthe nstitusonalized inferorton and subj ftton of tose human Ding ase as Indians Natives, Negros, DMgere wat indispensable aot oaly tothe enactnent ofthe new sociogenie code and ie dalecic of evalved/sclected “symbole (On How Ne Mak th a fo Terony le" 2nd someroived dysslecte “symbolic death" but aso wo the cvereepreseattion of ths edinodlass o¢ Western baurgecis gente fe mae of being human, as if were that ofthe human ise Aa lovereepresentation which therefore had to repress the reality of the (gle dierent selfconcepions and sociogeic codes ofthe mile 0ups now subordinated and classed 25 nares, inorder female theis mutple societal orders to be studied by anthropologists, not 45 the insiraions ofthe alternative genres ofthe human that Chey ‘were (as studies that would have called forthe relation ofthe perspective af the bien bomo oecomamcus genre ofthe nan the perspective that alone mas the Gsipine of sitropolosy ‘cf poe.) bu, rather in Werte casficatry terms arc” ‘Te later a a tenn taken fom dhe agrarian, agricul era of hi tory of de West tet and generalized to apply co al umans even ‘though not applicable, ava term, othe huncergateressocieues that dna insted themseves a such forthe earest an longest pesod of human history Waswo 1987: 547-564), ‘Ruther gen ta was aot only anteopology but also a the dtscipaary scoures of ou peseat caer of nowidge, 26 pur lice fom the nineteenth cetiry anwar hat dt be boned ‘on thea prior bass of this hocentie Pome ceconomicus desi Sxemett and is verrepresetation asf were tat ofthe human, ‘what MeWhonce caleged stheletru"la"some wera abezace sense” necessary fnctoned and functors to efect the rescacive ‘onfaton of Man andthe Homan, asf they were concepauly oe and the ame noon af eefore Wester Mans Pojec—one Pot pace the wake of te epochal rvolson of Rensisnce humaiem Ind ons sepuation of Contin andes ino concep citer ft motions, 26 Separation dat was to fel both ts global conquests expansion ands iverson ofan enizely new mode of cogion, that of the naar sSences—wat and ip hat ty and therefore ‘nciuvey Human Project would ave 1 be? I the se By academic schoirsip ofthe pronoua “he" asi it were a gener tem Which suggests tat #5 rea fe ferent catego 13e5 ware both male an lemale scholars, can oaly be empirically ‘alidated, as Jane Gallop—coming from the perspective of Feminist Studies whlch aose in he Wake of mutpe socal movements of he 1960s~pointed out, by "veting” the male atebutes ofthe perspec: ‘ove tha males it possible for this he" tobe Seen aban enteral5 Wyar ‘neal term a8 incisive of female schol as they were ofthe male ones a penillseategy with respect tothe tenm “Man” can be cen to beat work hee Is Galop forther proposes this eling cf ‘he male atbutes" had caly been made pone by women schol ary acceptance of thes nongeneicasigned roles, unt the rise of ‘he feminist movemen: put aa end to this sccepanoe, nevertheless, that eater acceptance ise been abled ony because of the 20 ‘epaance by middleciass women, both Wesera and wesemize, of ‘heir proatsigned role as homemakers, one complementary to their sual peers’ acoepance of ter preasiged roles as breadwinner, ‘This therefore meant tht the ates of the perspective that Would hhve to beveled in order to enable the pronoua "he"to Be wed as 2 neural tem-—ostensibinelsive of men nd women scholars, at the same tinea it ensured the male's superior sus a5 the generic sex—were not only male (the ise of gender but also bourgeots (he issue of cass sod tin, andor Teal cla that the ese (of genre dashed i an’ terms, at that of race Hence the fc that when Wester feminist schalrs came to se the pronoun “she” as an osensbiy neta tem inclusve of oth ‘ester and non Wester feminist schol, of both Westen and ‘westerized womes, of both middleclass and loier/underciss ‘women, some feminists, such a, for example, Carle Boyee Davis sand Elaine Savory Fido (1990: w-xin, in their eolecton of essays (Out of Kumbla:Canbbean Women and Literature, calenged the seusrlty ofthat “she” by insisting on eoerelating, and thereby uy ‘eling the atebutes of race” and “clas alongside of gender: since gender, when taken by itself t once eansformed Western aidae ‘dass feminists, for whom genders the ony sue that blocks thee ‘nll ncompomtion nto the Wester bourgeois global racic of| power isto generic feminists indeed nto generic women, we sx cur present oun Nan” as plying» panel role athe level of enre—and her, the shared eymilogial roo of both temas, genre ud gender, need tobe secopzed 2 the noma Ces tha they ae ven thatin all amzn anders the narrative’ mandates sender roles are everywhere 2 cental funtion af the enacting of ‘ur ao es arrael insted genres or modes of being una loglal cory folows That is, te noun "Man" now alo fincsons 18 an osenshly neutral and universal term, hose reali referent ‘ateares ae imagined to incade athe level of gender. all women (on Howe sok th Map re Troy 25 well as al men Chereby tnsfeming the later into the guneri= Sethe level of cas, al cases (hrehy making the Wester and wwestemized members of the bourgeoisie nto the generfe cas) a {be Level of sen preferences al seal preferences hey salen Incerosemal preference into the generic preference anda the lve lof-rice” or himan heer vsatonsfogeter wih te gees of ‘being aman cased “cure” ated alluchets ie Ineo vasiton and genes or cues’ egions, thereby aking the IndoEuropena rice cc heedsary vant into the sence “ace? fac the sume tine as Ht makes is contemporary Wester cesion, fdr cleue ad now pets Chin gon, io the gare laste, cuture, raion Wich these altogether making is soba ‘exerted ethnodas or ioceasc homo oaconcmie pence Of Den ‘human, int the ostensbly generico "eae" hum. ‘A the se time, sa gen hat our present technoinausit cexpinis mode of economic production, asthe mode of mate eo stoning indispensible to the conned process of atoinsinason ‘four present hegemoaic cent, oro Oeconomieus Mam ore represented ass were the human is thereby alto represete a fn economic system tht osteasyinae ofthe interest of te “developed” and west counties ofthe North, together wih those ‘of the Weserm and westerized miele eases interes specific to the real referent extepories of Manas wel a he interests of the impoverished “underdeveloped courves ofthe Soutthe Ted ‘od togetne withthe tres af te bal eategry ofthe jobles Poor Both North nd South wo ate the eee referent catenin ‘conomc terms of Man's enable non readwinniag Huan Och borne to Natu Searcy. and. as such, imperfect evolved. a fhe same way, theretre, as Jane Gallop observation with espec 10 ‘e pronoun “hea of ts overcepresenation asa neural erm able to includ both male and fenale scholars, tad been made believable only bythe veling ofits le atrbuts, 0 én the ese ofthe nota “itaa and ovesepeescatson a4 a nasal term abe 1 inchie all of tie categories ceed and as sn incon hat en enables £1 represent he impentive seurng of us interests the imperave that ‘now governs ou cllecive Behave, sist were the sume 28 that ‘ofthe securing ofthe interes of the human specie sel conanes tw be made beerabe only by mesns of pu! systemic "veling” By the eling thats of Man's specie enous atubuts 2 vingSw nae tected by the projected truth in a univers asic sense of oe preset order of knowledge, st well a by the pschoaifetve ose tffected by our present mainstream aestheties And, thereon, wi both our presen epistemological order and mainstream aexthede now coming to funcon, i Lewis Gordon’ terms a8 «ply seul form of theodore pease perhaps, 38 beading which, BF replacing Feoltion and Natural Selection im the reoccspied locos ‘of Christin theodicy’s Divine Creator, ras these bioagenies to serve ab the now desupecarunzed Souce of Legitimacy that seves to validate the fanning of our contemporary ones, thereby ‘enabling the injustice and en of the lrgescale costs t which te fmetionng leads—as cows that are the sepasve underside ofthe azzing tiumphs and achievements offs now prely boogie fonder of being and of things~to be exptned auazy mer than f be explained, recognize, nd confronted. These costs have been summed up by Gea Ramey, 8 cited by opal a Rue in his book Beerbody Stor: Wisng Up 10 the Bie of ‘oolution Calg these oer css "te pobalproblmntique’ Bercy nnd defined tin these terms"As we hunans have Dog to think ght aly tus became cea that we do nae havea pore problem, of & Inunger problem or & haba probiem, oraz eneay problem. What ‘we rely ave ix porertpungesdahistenergy rae popestion stm spheremasteresource problem” (LaRue 2000-3) We Maman; Owe dhe not erated this “problemasque” Nor iaded,bave we Munans ‘created the olin achievements a tuple of which the global problemaque isthe nepave wesie Rater 2s Gacoa’ seminal Insight here suggests, bom ae the crestons ofa Westem Europe tat sought 19 become ontolagical—to become fr both good and what datecclanseal‘Absolute Beng” (Gordon 200210) Uneling the Ethno-CassAerbutes of Man's “ner Eyes for Wie Alone Orer Humans Con Ext o& "Neties" "Negras" nd “Nigger” Rether Thon as Other Hamers: On DeWniversoing ke Projects Genre, ts Aesthetics, Ks Truth {am an laste man No, am not 8 spook lke hose who Tul Ear Alin Poe; ora Tae of your Heljwocemoie ‘sopiasms lam aman of usu, of Oe ed be, Se te (On Hew We Mito ip for he Troy iui and might even beso poses aia La ae, unser, simpy Neca people feet sme Ralph Eton, Te ove Mn hk bat tes, dour colar and soon are no re than ‘mer mess rare ject in which me place thes co ened and tat they rsd only i he canedurmes Hence Sling cum we renwal ee us alte ato, 1 Sageatr, ced tx Antbony Gttad's The ei of Reasons sory of WesteraPalsopy from he ‘rena tothe Renae 200) Sephace When one leaves bows one apgecaches an appreciate ‘ngs Geet way (fs! Ia the Aten ae Fe le eed dha ese ‘were ma things tanked me in aang. uneo08 {Mervarls hat they punted me Desi we id aot ve the Sayeand thar hone ys were ewhereTnny were ln Ato Let 1 ake the eve ofthe Marsuqian cua i ena 8 [Buigung Afr vising Mts one sles ‘east erg ab im he argue cal ae aly of ‘seen org Ecruoiiny! Tat mask became hee in Maricque the de ‘because we te 2 Cite coum, and as we ay Bere the pod of the vanguised Deca tbe des of the vnguiher time Cite, nsroow" (1952) ‘othe rel quesion, How doe fe tobe = probe Fanewer edom sword ‘hod yr being problem isa sang experience pec exen {be ope who fas never been anes ce sve peta nab ‘Sood a in Bop WB. Boy, Om Our Sprstuct Soins” Te Sols oe Back ole 1905) in The Enigma of the Gif, the ancwopotogie Maurice Godelier ‘aes a seminal breakthrough point by pacing his foess on the Insrsona practices of taditional societies While as human beingsSNe Ye ‘we can lve ony in societies, what tends to be lgnored isthe fee ‘har we must fst produce sscises ia order © live. The central {ask ofall oman socal orders ie that of thee production and sae eprodcton. Nevertheless, our oversight ofthe imperntve centr Sof tis process i set de tothe fact tha, as Gadeer points fut, while fis we ouseves who are the incividua and collecsve agents and authors ofall ack societies, fom our origin ae ran ‘ings we have consistent and systemically mace this fat opaque ‘ ourscives bY means ofa cents mechani, Tals mechanism is the projection of our oven agency and autborship onto ext-human agencies, with the fist of those being the milennilly superar (Godelier 1999)—tat is, whether those of the deifed Ancestors, ature sles, gods, ge those of the later monodhesie variants, the spective single God (all of te thee Abrahamic religions judi, Jodaco-Chrstanty, and Islam). Fran Fanon aso makes the point ‘hatitis"the human who brings societies into being” anon 1967: Inwrodveriony atthe same time, his aew deition of the human being ae hybrid mode of 0 0 epee nature cure” o¢“ontogeny sociogeny implies thatthe processes by which tre produce our Societies ia onder to ive are the sime suroinsituting processes by which we atthe same time produce ourselves a this or tat ‘modality ofan always aeay socaized an therfore socogenic, ‘ina/genre of being human; and, as such, an always already iter algraistcaly bonded snd thereby kinrecogaizing mode ofthe and ‘the we That a other words, oi the sme wy a the projection fof our own agency and authorship, with expert to the prodson and reproduction of our societal drdes ono supernatural agence, bd eaabled us to keep opaque o ourseies the fac of our om agency and authorship with respect to the puting in pace of the rule gf alocatins, divisions of labor nd structaring Birarchies specie to each such oeder, thereby subizing them, so the sme projection would hive enabled us, and stil does, to keep opaque fom ourselves our own agency with respect othe suodnsiung, autopocue proceses by means of which we predic ourselves 3 ‘his or that modality ofthe uman or kind of an Zand a wa™ “The lterary scholar Wd Godsic iso dented the fc Of projection of agency in somewhat diferent tems, when he put forwand the kde ofthe paalel projection of spaces of Othemess 1559 elec,the also supernatural or extrshuman abode ofall sich nonhuman agencies—"spaces of Otherness” that ae therefore Indispensable, he argues, to the instting and leptimating ofa Jnuman societies. Pointing out tha because Tora society to know ‘seit “must have a sense that its oder i neither anareie nor nonsensical but most be . the realiation of tre order? Gods proposes that for this to be realized, the foundations) prinipes* (Which the socieal onder i formed "cannot be found inthe =>: (Gey self bur must be ocaed ina space of otherness that ensures {hat they feminbeyoad the each of human desire or temptation” (Godszch 1987: 161), From te immemorial, in consequence, because these “four- Gadonal pracipies had been aUbuted to varying supemnatoa ents, the “space of Orheress” where they and the principles they hed allegedly mandated existed had been mapped upon the physical cosmos, whether in spaces beneath the earth or, even mote cently upon the celestal heavens Hence, a8 EC. Krupp ‘has shown in his stay of the ethnoastoaomies ofa wide range of human sociedes from the smallest hunerathere groupe, such 4s the San of the Kilahar to Ixgescale ancient empies such 5 ore of gy and China i all wich cates, and whaterce tie Gtfereatah degrees of complexity, all Of their respective ethno: ssronomles reveal the ways ia which in cach ease, knowledge of ‘he physical cosmos had been used adaptively to map and anchoe the foundational principles and, with i the alas alzesdplelt fated Satuscrdering and rolealeating principe sbo0t Which each such societal order selforganized itself (Krupp 1997) " Whe sven that in each such sociery the foundational satus ordering and roleallocating principes wee themselves generated From the fvays ongienarmtvnscrined socingense pnciple or code—as In the cae ofthe theocentic caer of Lain Gkasian Europe, where the Redeomed Spirt/Faln Fs socogeni cove a crazed ia the ‘epores ofthe celbate Clery and che instuton ofthe Chureh he Eeideomed Spin) on the one hand, and of the Laity, tbe nonce ‘bate married and mariageable ly men and women, together wih ‘he iy insuruons suchas ofthe sate and commerce (he Fan ‘ies, oa the ote, funesoned to insaionaize the primacy of ‘te cegios dentty Christian over al others—one can generalize Gowdon's insight concept of = sooty to all mach superna leghimated and guaranteed human Socett orders. Doing tit bY‘shear ‘encnding the tadional meaning of thcodicy—that isa an order {ha hunts £0 Sify the ways of God to mankind —t0 one it ‘hich al supernatuaiyguaantced ordess must funsion faa 8 tively closed manner in ones to just the oder and its everyday fonctioning, to its subjects, 36 the realization ofa true, beemse ‘fall aman societal orders and thir genres of Deng human fom) ‘ur hpbricysutopoete origin on the continent of Afce™ unt the fr of preenaissane, tempedieva lain Chis Rarope Why id ‘hey od themselves so compelled? Ia The Medieval Imagination, ‘ques Le Got shoves the way i which, ia the wake of the Grego fan Refoom movement ofthe Chureh—which, having taken pace between 1050 t9 1215 had mandated inter alia, the celibacy of the Clergy the lay o¢ secular worl inching the insti of the pola sate ell as of commerce had becime sborinsted 10 fhe decisionauking processes and behuvioepitscabing hegemeay ofthe Church This hegeony had been lepiimated nor ony by the foundational judaeo.Crstian Origin Nartive bac also by means of| the projected “space of Otherness" mapped upon the heavens by the Christian Palemaie atonomy of the tines~mapped, 8 Well, ‘pon the geography ofthe earth by the sacred Chistan geoazapy of the medial onder of knowledge ‘With respect tthe formulation of a gener onder of existence created by Jodace Chistiaiy, the postate ofa “galhcane dl ‘while common to all such formulations, was uniquely represented 45 that of manand's enslavement to Original Sin, atthe sume ine 1 its presrtbed cue oe plan of salvation was that of reéempsion ‘yough Christ by means af Bis Church and, therefore of Chistian Dbaptam followed by the new conver’ adherence 9 the presea- tive bebaviorlpatways aid down by the Chrch and Clergy: Ts ‘therefore meant thatthe socogenic code of Redeemed Spirit (as scrulized ia the cata Clergy, who by thee cliacy were 5° ‘sumed to have escaped the negve legacy of Adami easlavemeat to Onigina Sin, ast held toe eansmitedthroogh the processes (on How We Mics the Hap forte Teron ‘of sonal procreation) as contated withthe Felon Fes (as 26 tualzed ia the category of the marled and marsageable lay meen sd women, a5 Well inal ay insttiond) had functioned a5 Le Got shows a6 the surusorganiang principle of the social onder ‘with the socal extegory of for example the peasantry, who were located the manual ler role, held to have been mandated t0 be placed at the bonom of the sock seule because of their alleged ‘wicked indulgence in the cara lus of the Besh, while women's Subordinate roles were held 10 be due (0 the fact tat they were sore given, ike Fre, 1 sin and temptation than were men. AC the same tine, this code, and its sarusordering principle, hd also been mapped upon the projected space of Omhemess ofthe heavens ‘well as upon that of te sured geography of the Earth. “The cogaiively dose onder of knowledge of ate medieral Ba ope Ge, that of High Schalastcsm whose master dscpline was ‘heology) had theefoe functioned to ensure that che then-ser ‘ent politcal states af Burope as well as che ongoing commercial ‘evolution, were subordinated 19 the hegemony of the Church in ‘the contex ofthe thenabsolute primacy of the religious identi, CCorsian, With che rent that fe was through the symbolically coved “inner eyes ofthat specie geare of being man that both fhe physical conmoe and the sockl order had been orthodoxy Jkpown in the specific terms of ChrstinnProlemaic astronomy and of the sacred geography of the earth, as terms that enabled the ‘sable production and reproduction of the order inthe con tex, Mereee of the Renaissance humanists serlorzaton of the “aural flea man” of the Chisian schema, and its invention of Man as bomo potticus, thereby ezabing the division of Cori Wan and Man ito two conceptually and inscetionaly separable notions, and with the later iden, tat of Mam, coming to ake peimacy asthe poitiea subject of the modern European Sate that ‘was itself inthe process of inating what was to be its successf challenge 10, nd displacementreplacemeat of, the hepemony of the Caureh, that both the new Copernican astronomy as well 35 the ftenth-century voyages ofthe Portguete followed by that of| ‘Cojumbus were w be made thiakab,imapieable Ths a he sme time 26 the Sute’s new politcal pubic Hdenmty would come, ia the wake ofthe seugious movemet ofthe Reformation, gully to elec the transformation ofthe religious idemity and praceessa mee ‘of the Church, into function of securing the new sypreontinate ‘isworkdty sou of securing the order and sabiity af the Ste 36 ‘well s of fegitimating its global imperial expansion of conquer and expropriation of the lands of non Chrislan, non uropean Peoples, as lands classified ia Crsan theological tenms as fora rus (se. nobody's land) withthe new theeworlaly goa ect ‘coming fo reoccupy as the primary goal, the ear, then primary, ‘ochersrorldly goal of the Chureh-that of Etemal Slaton in the ‘Angustinian “City of God" (Pocock 1975. Now while in Chisian theological terms such just" expeops- sed peoples had been cased as Enemies of Christ, and thie lands, as such, leptiaateycasifed as expropriable by Cheeta ings, his asa leptimation that bad been wed by the expand: fing Buropean sates inthe first stage of thet global expansion. ss the Spanish sate sought in dhe wake of 1492, and of invasion and conquest of the New World peoples, lpia its expo Deaton outside the theologeat rem thr would have fered ie fo continue accepting the Papacy cam to temporal as well as Spinal sovereigny i set out to transform the ground oa which ‘Hs expropriadon of the New World peoples, roa-chasiaa a.Ao )\ iseeettaenan had been leptinste andi dd 30 on the bass of the premise, adapted from Arstoe's Polite, thatthe New Wond’s peoples having been intended by naire, becase oftheir extreme “nvatonaliy co Be atta save inthe sue way thi the Spaniards lad other Europeans had been intended by nature to be, becnise of their ostensible high depres of rationality, anual maser, had Den legitimately expropeated bythe late, given that it wasting ‘ht the more rational should gover the less onal ia effet, hat Mar, the Spasiarts, shoud gover its tama Others, he“Iadins” ‘ntl they had beer taht to become more human, asthe Spanish humanist ieologse, Ginés de Sepiveda, argue.” is, therefore, n the context ofthe Tse to hegemony of the ‘modern Buropean state over the Chueh, aed to the ny etllectr ts’ coreated civic humanist ivenson of Man as polities! subject ofthe state and, as such, asa separce notion fom the then-matix “denity Christan as the eeigious rabject ofthe Church, tat wat Lewis Gordon idenites s the Wests queso embody and incorpo rte in itself and its peoples the concept of absolute Belag would ‘ke ts point of depareare With ths ques then determining wat ‘would come to be he Janusiace of the West's epochal rupri with the millennial projection of agency nto the supernatural ens that had been defining hither, of al oman kinds or genzes being human, topeher with tele respective cred, formations of general onder of existence or behavioematnational schemas For the profound impliation here was that whe Caitniy ha seen and indeed, continues to se self s the ony tue relgon, And is God a5 the only true God, it nevertheless has always had to acknowledge the existence of other creeds accepting thereoee its own objective reativiy even while subjectively seing itself tbe only true path to salvation. This was noe to be 50, however, In tbe case of the humanist’ invention of Man togeticr with heir ‘dasa Give mani formeltion of "genes oréer of estence™ ‘n whose terms Christian's postulate of signican il a8 at ofall mankind’ easlavemeat 16 Orginal Sn, would Be eisforned Ino that of mankin's enslavement to the imation aspects ofits Jpuman nature. Therefore, with che new plan of redemption of salvation, now no longer based on mankind's quest for redemp- tion from Origial Sia, by primarily adhering 10 che prescriptive ‘behaviocl pathways ld dvin bythe Chareh and ite Clergy he ‘only means of araining the orberworly goal of Etera Slaton in the City of God, but one redefined in new terms. That i, by the Doli subject abering to che prescipuve behavior pathways laid down by the State 26 x functlon of aaining is tbivworay ‘goal of ensuing as oxder stably, and terior expansion 36 ‘he nowierestial embodiment of the “common goed" ia the re ‘cupid place ofthe Church Ye: homo politcus, the Poca ctizen or subject Man—0 Tonger seen a¢ the publc level a the “len” natural man of the Cristian schema butter, a a "feasons af sate" gure able, ee Prospero in Shakespear’ lay The Tempest, co repress the erations] aspects of his own marure—was now absolure Ma The secular ining formulation of a general ender of existence now intribed tis identity, while eansormed version of the Judaco- Chri mac unlike the later g0 Longer had to contend with any ther Of, possbie senems, any ote possible vacant of Man, given thatthe”? Iter was now overcepresened ia terms of 8 fomoition, athe human isl Asa result alladher human beings who did oe loo, think, and ace a6 the peoples of Westera Europe tid were now 10