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Subordinate Clauses Nominal, Attributive
Subordinate Clauses Nominal, Attributive
The Nominal clauses are those which occupy syntactic positions in the sentence typically
taken by nouns. They are the following: Subject(ive) Clauses, Predicative Clauses, Objec(ive)
Clauses.
SUBJECT CLAUSES
These clauses perform within the complex sentence the function of Subject.
Subject clauses are connected with the main clause in the following ways:
4. Asyndetically.
The clausal subject is placed at the end of the sentence, and the empty subject position is
filled by the pronoun “it”. The pronoun is called in this case the “anticipatory subject it”, or
the “introductory subject it”. The sentence thus contains two subjects – the anticipatory
subject, and the postponed subject.
PREDICATIVE CLAUSES
Predicative clauses perform within the complex sentence the function of a predicative. If we
drop them the sentence will be unfinished because the predicative will be missing.
Eg. Duty is what one expects from others, it is not what one does oneself.
Eg. The question was how was the matter to be kept quiet.
That was why you were not one bit frightened.
4. Asyndetically.
Eg. Another thing was they had nurse Andrews staying on with them that week.
The fact is, I hardly know how to begin.
The reason was, nobody had expected him so early.
The predicative clause together with the link verb form a compound nominal predicate.
Sometimes we can have a complex sentence with both a subject and a predicative clause. The
only element outside these clauses is the link verb. There is nothing that might be termed a
“main clause”.
The sentenece is well balanced and only the positional criterion helps us to determine which is
the subject clause (the first one) and which is the predicative clause (the final one).
OBJECT CLAUSES
Object clauses perform the function of an object to the predicate verb of the main clause.
Object clauses are connected with the main clause in the following ways:
Eg. Jane wondered if they were really suited for one another.
Time will show whether I am right or wrong.
4. Asyndetically.
Eg. He said there was nothing much the matter with me.
I’m afraid I trouble you too much.
I see you are an early riser.
An object clause may be preceded by a preposition. Such clauses are called Prepositional
Object Clauses.
Eg. I insist upon it that you tell me exactly what you mean.
You may rely on it that I shall give you a full account.
Depend upon it that there is some mistake.
These are object clauses after verbs which take indirect objects.
Eg. She gave whoever came into the room a cup of coffee.
These clauses qualify the direct object of the main clause. They are introduced by “what” or
“as”.
Eg. He has made the company what it is today.
Call it what you will.
I found him as I had left him.
ATTRIBUTIVE CLAUSES
Attributive clauses perform in the complex sentence the function of an attribute. According to
their meaning and the way in which they are connected with the main clause attributive
clauses are divided into RELATIVE and APPOSITIVE ones.
Relative restrictive (aka defining, or identifying) restrict the meaning of the antecedent. They
single out a “thing” from a whole class of similar “things”. Such clauses cannot be removed
without destroying the meaning of the sentence. They are NOT separated from the antecedent
by a comma.
The clause serves as an attribute to the noun “house”. This noun is called an antecedent. The
relative clause restricts the reference of the antecedent “house” to a particular house, namely
the house which was built by Jack.
Eg. I was out of town the day when it happened. - This is a relative clause because it refers to
the noun “the day”. If it refers to the predicate verb, it is an adverbial clause: She arrived
when it happened.
He remembers the house where he was born.
3. Asyndetically.
Eg. My father is the best friend I have ever had.
When we have a personal antecedent the relative pronoun can show a distiction between
“who” and “whom”. If it is a subject of the relative clause, “who” is used.
Eg. The girl who spoke to him was Jane. – Please, note also that in these cases the pronoun
cannot be omitted.
When the relative pronoun is an object of the relative clause, there is some choice between
“who” and “whom”.
Eg. The girl whom he met was Jane. (formal register, written English)
The girl who he met was Jane. (informal register, conversational English)
The girl he met was Jane.
The relative pronoun can also be an object of a preposition. If the preposition precedes the
relative pronoun, the inflected form “whom” is obligatory.
If the preposition does not precede the relative pronoun, there is again some choice between
“who” and “whom”.
These clauses do not restrict the meaning of the antecedent. They just give some additonal
information about it. They can be left out without destroying the meaning of the sentence.
They are separated from the antecedent by commas. These clauses are introduced by means
of:
Asyndetic joining is not used with non-restrictive relative clauses. We cannot use the
relative pronoun “that” with non-restrictive relative clauses, either.
2. The relative adverbs “where”, and “when”, can also introduce non-restrictive relative
clauses.
Eg. Mr. Smith was not indoors, which was a relief to her.
These claauses are always separated from the main clause by a comma. The connection
between these clauses and the main clause is so loose that they may be considered a
borderline case between subordination and coordination. Sentential relative clauses are
introduced by the relative pronoun “which”, the phrase “which fact” and “as”.
Attributive appositive clauses disclose the meaning of the antecedent. The antecedent itself is
expressed by an abstact noun. These clauses are not separated by commas. Appositive
clauses are introduced by:
Eg. There was no reason why she should not read the book.
Appositive clauses are not joined asyndetically. When introduced by “that”, this subordinator
(that) is a conjunction. When “that” introduces a relative clause, it is a relative pronoun. In the
first case it is not a part of the clause. In the second case it is a part of the clause. The
translation of it in Bulgarian is different in the two cases:
Eg. The statement (that he made) produced quite a stir in the courtroom.
Изявлението, което той направи, предизвика известно вълнение в съдебната зала.
The statement that (he is innocent) produced quite a stir in the courtroom.
Изявлението, че той е невинен, предизвика известно вълнение в съдебната зала.