Solid and Fluids

(Physics for Engineer)

Outline • Solid Mechanical Properties
• Fluid Mechanical Properties
• Pascal’s Principle
• Archimedes’ Principle
• Continuity Equation
• Bernoulli’s Principle
Properties of Solid
 Pressure, 𝑝
normal force or thrust ∆𝐹⊥
𝑝= =
surface area ∆𝐴

Unit (Symbol) Conversion

SI: pascal (Pa) 1 Pa = 1 N/m2
Gaussian: barye 1 barye = 1 dyne/cm2
others: torr or millimeter of mercury (mmHg) 1 bar = 105 Pa
bar 1 atm = 1.01325 × 105 Pa
atmosphere (atm) 1 atm = 760 mmHg = 760 torr
pound per square inch (psi or lb/in2 ) 1 atm = 14.7 psi
1 psi = 6890 Pa 4
A fisherman with a mass of 75kg falls
asleep on his four-legged chair of mass
5 kg. If each leg of the chair has a
surface area of 2.5×10-4 m2 in contact
with the ground, what is the average
pressure exerted by the fisherman and
chair on the ground?

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Stress, Strain and Elastic Modulus
The proportionality of stress and Measure of forces applied to deform a body
strain in elastic deformations

Stress
Hooke’s Law: = Elastic Modulus
Strain
Property of material of
Measure of how much which body is made
deformation results from stress

SI unit of stress: N/m2 or pascal (Pa)

 Basic Types of Stress
Tension Bending

Compression
Shearing Torsion
Deformation of Solid

The greater the

deforming forces, the
greater the resulting
deformation.
Stress-Strain Curve
 Elastic Moduli
Elastic Modulus Symbol Stress Strain
Young’s Modulus 𝐹⊥ ∆ℓ
𝑌 Tensile Stress = Tensile Strain =
for Tension 𝐴 ℓ𝑜
Bulk Modulus for 1 ∆𝑉
𝐵= Bulk Stress = ∆𝑝 Bulk Strain = −
Compression 𝑘 𝑉𝑜
Shear Modulus 𝐹∥ ∆ℓ
𝑆 Shear Stress = Tensile Strain =
for Shear 𝐴 ℓ𝑜

where: 𝑘 = compressibility
 Elasticity Problems
1. A steel column in a building has a cross-sectional area of
2500 cm2 and supports a weight of 1.50×105 N. Find the
stress on the column.
2. A marble column of 1.00 m2 cross-sectional area supports a
mass of 25,000 kg. What is the strain?
(𝑌marble = 5 × 1010 N/m2 )
3. How much pressure is needed to compress the volume of an
iron block by 0.10%? Express your answer in atm.
(𝐵Fe = 9 × 1010 N/m2 ; 1 atm = 1.013 × 105 N/m2 )
Characteristics
of Fluids

“Large” molecular spacing relative to a solid

“Weak” intermolecular cohesive forces
Can not resist a shear stress in a stationary state
Will take the shape of its container
Flows and generally considered a continuum
Viscosity distinguishes different types of fluid
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 Density, 𝜌
Quantity Definition SI unit Gaussian
unit
mass 𝑚 kg g
Mass density* 𝜌= =
volume 𝑉 m3 cm3
Weight density or weight 𝑊 𝑚𝑔 N dyne
𝛾= = = = 𝜌𝑔 m3
specific weight volume 𝑉 𝑉 cm3

Relative density or 𝜌rel =

𝜌substance
𝜌H2O at 4℃ — —
specific gravity (SG)
net mass 𝑚𝑖 kg g
Resultant density 𝜌res = = cm3
net volume 𝑉𝑖 m3
1 𝑉 m3 cm3
Specific volume 𝜐= =
𝜌 𝑚 kg g
*of a homogenous substance 13
 Density, 𝜌
ρ ρ ρ
Substance Substance Substance
(kg/m3) (kg/m3) (kg/m3)

Lamp oil Water 1 000 Gold 19 300 Ice 920

Rubbing Alcohol Seawater 1 030 Zinc 7 100 Cork 220 – 260
Vegetable oil Rubbing Alcohol 870 Aluminum 2 700 Pine 350 – 500
Water
Mercury 13 600 Iron and Steel 7 860 Ping pong ball 77
Dish soap
Lamp oil 800 Silver 10 500 Rubber 1 340
Milk
Vegetable oil 920 Maple syrup 1 370 Cherry tomato 2 300
Maple syrup
Corn syrup Milk 1 030 Corn syrup 1 400 Plastic cap 930
Honey Dish soap 1 060 Honey 1 420 Small bolt 7 700

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 Density and Temperature
What happens to the cold
water and hot water when they
are mixed together?

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 Fluid Pressure
Absolute Pressure, 𝑝
𝑑𝐹
𝑝=
𝑑𝐴

Fluid Pressure is the average

effect of the many impacts
resulting from molecule to wall
collisions.
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 Liquids and Pressure

Liquid pressure
Forces exerted by is directly At any specific Liquid pressure
liquid on the walls proportional to depth, the fluid is independent
of its container are the depth of the pressure is the of its container’s
always fluid and to its same in all shape/area.
perpendicular. density. directions. Liquid find its
own level. 17
Capillarity in Action

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Water seeks its own level

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Pressure at increasing depth
The pressure due to the weight of the
fluid of uniform density at a depth h is:
weight 𝑚𝑔 𝑚𝑔 𝐴ℎ
𝑝𝑔 = = = = 𝜌𝑔ℎ
area 𝐴 𝐴 𝑉
This is the gauge pressure.
Pressure only depends on density and depth
beneath the surface of the fluid and not on
the volume of fluid.
Total Pressure or Absolute Pressure, 𝑝
𝑝 = 𝑝gauge + 𝑝atm
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 Gases and Pressure
Atmospheric Pressure is caused by a mixture of
gases (i.e. the air)
• Results from gravity holding air molecules
downward in/on the Earth’s atmosphere
Standard Pressure or Standard Atmospheric
Pressure is average normal pressure at sea level
• As you go ABOVE sea level, pressure is less
• As you go BELOW sea level, pressure is greater
Standard Pressure is defined as atmosphere whose
temperature is at 15°C and at latitude 45°.

1atm = 1013.25 hPa

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Pressure Applied by External Means
Pressure applied to an enclosed
fluid is transmitted equally in all
directions throughout the fluid.
The direction of pressure is always
perpendicular to the area being
considered but at any particular point in
the fluid is equal in all directions.

Bernoulli’s Principle
𝐹1 𝐹2
𝑝= =
𝐴1 𝐴2

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Hydraulic Lift Sample Problem
In a car lift used in a service station,
compressed air exerts a force on a small
piston that has a circular cross section of
radius 5.00 cm. This pressure is transmitted
by a liquid to a piston that has a radius of
15.0 cm.
(A) What force must the compressed air
exert to lift a car weighing 13 300 N?
(B) What air pressure produces this force?

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 Barometers
Aneroid Mercurial Barometer – standard instrument for
barometer determining atmospheric pressure.
Aneroid Barometer – mechanical device w/c registers
pressure based on spring deformation
Barograph – A recording aneroid barometer.

Barographs

Mercurial
barometer
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Sample Problem on Manometer
Water and then oil (which don’t mix)
are poured into a tube, open at both
ends. They come to equilibrium as
shown. What is the density of the
oil?

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Archimedes’ Principle: Applying
Newton’s Laws of Motion

The net force of the buoyed fluid is:

𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 0
𝐹𝑏 − 𝑊𝑓 = 0
𝐹𝑏 = 𝑊𝑓
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 Immersed Object
The net force on immersed object will depend only on ρo and ρf.

(a) ρo >ρf (b) ρo = ρf (c) ρo < ρf

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Made of Steel

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Archimedes: Eureka!
14.7 kg 13.4 kg

When a crown of mass 14.7 kg is

submerged in water, an accurate
scale reads only 13.4 kg. Is the
crown made of gold? The specific
gravity of gold is 19.3.
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Iceberg
What fraction of the iceberg is seen
above the seawater?
𝜌ice = 910 kg/m3
𝜌seawater = 1030 kg/m3.

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 STEM Integration
Necessity Beneficiality Practicability

Hydrometer Standardization Sphygmomanometer by Submarine

René Laënnec (1816)
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 Flows and Flow Lines
Laminar, Incompressible and Irrotational flow
Turbulent, compressible and Rotational flow
Laminar Flow – flow in which adjacent
layers of fluid slide smoothly past each
other and the flow is steady.
Streamline – path traced out by fluid’s
particle in a laminar flow
Turbulent Flow – flow is irregular, chaotic
and its pattern changes continuously
Eddies or Eddy Currents – erratic, small,
whirlpool-like circles in a turbulent flow
(e.g. vortices)
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 Flow Tube
Non-viscous flow: A tiny object can move
through the fluid without experiencing a
viscous drag force.

Flow Tube
Tube formed by the streamlines
passing through the edge of
imaginary area
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 Continuity Equation
Based on the Conservation of Mass

∆𝑚1 ∆𝑚2
=
∆𝑡 ∆𝑡
Density is:
𝜌 = ∆𝑚/∆𝑉
Then,
𝜌1 ∆𝑉1 𝜌2 ∆𝑉2
=
∆𝑡 ∆𝑡
Volume is:
∆𝑉 = 𝐴∆𝑙
The mass passing at A1 and A2 at same Then,
time interval are equal: 𝜌1 𝐴1 ∆𝑙1 𝜌2 𝐴2 ∆𝑙2
𝑚1 = 𝑚2 =
∆𝑡 ∆𝑡
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Flow Rate and Continuity Equation
Based on the Conservation of Mass
∆𝑙1 ∆𝑙2
𝜌1 𝐴1 = 𝜌2 𝐴2 For incompressible fluid,
∆𝑡 ∆𝑡
Speed is: 𝜌1 = 𝜌2
∆𝑙 Then,
𝑣 = lim
∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡
Then, 𝐴1 𝑣1 = 𝐴2 𝑣2
𝜌1 𝐴1 𝑣1 = 𝜌2 𝐴2 𝑣2 This is the continuity equation for
This is the continuity equation for incompressible fluid.
compressible fluid.
The volume flow rate is:
The mass flow rate is: 𝑑𝑉
𝑑𝑚 𝑅𝑉 = = 𝐴𝑣 = constant
𝑅𝑚 = = 𝜌𝐴𝑣 = constant 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡
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Applications

36
Water enters a typical garden hose of diameter
1.6 cm with a velocity of 3 m/s. Calculate the exit
velocity of water from the garden hose when a
nozzle of diameter 0.5 cm is attached to the end
of the hose.

37
 Blood Flow
In humans, blood flows from the heart into the aorta,
from which it passes into the major arteries. These
branch into the small arteries (arterioles), which in
turn branch into myriads of tiny capillaries. The blood
returns to the heart via the veins. The radius of the
aorta is about 1.2 cm, and the blood passing through it
has a speed of about 40 cm/s. A typical capillary has a
radius of about 4.0 x 10-4 cm and blood flows through
it at a speed of about 5.0 x 10-4 m/s. Estimate the
number of capillaries that are in the body.

38
 Bernoulli's Principle
Based on the Conservation of Energy
1 2 1
𝐹1 ∆𝑙1 − 𝐹2 ∆𝑙2 = 𝑚𝑣2 − 2 𝑚𝑣12 + 𝑚𝑔𝑦2 − 𝑚𝑔𝑦1
2
Pressure and density:
𝑝 = 𝐹/𝐴 and 𝜌 = 𝑚/𝑉
Then,
1 1
𝑝1 𝐴1 ∆𝑙1 − 𝑝2 𝐴2 ∆𝑙2 = 𝜌𝑉2 𝑣22 − 𝜌𝑉1 𝑣12 + 𝜌𝑉2 𝑔𝑦2 − 𝜌𝑉1 𝑔𝑦1
2 2
The net work from A1 to A2 is: Volume is constant:
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑊𝐶 + 𝑊𝑁𝐶 𝐴1 ∆𝑙1 = 𝐴2 ∆𝑙2 = 𝑉2 = 𝑉1
∆𝐾𝐸 = −∆𝑃𝐸 + 𝑊𝑁𝐶 Then,
1 2 1 2
𝑊𝑁𝐶 = ∆𝐾𝐸 + ∆𝑃𝐸 𝑝1 + 𝜌𝑣1 + 𝜌𝑔𝑦1 = 𝑝2 + 𝜌𝑣2 + 𝜌𝑔𝑦2
2 2
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Water Pressure at Home
Water enters a house through a pipe with an
inside diameter of 2.0 cm at an absolute
pressure of 4.0 x 105 Pa (about 4 atm).
A 1.0-cm-diameter pipe leads to the second-
floor bathroom 5.0 m above. When the flow
speed at the inlet pipe is 1.5 m/s, find the flow
speed, pressure, and volume flow rate in the
bathroom.

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 References
1. Young, H., Freedman, R. and Ford, A. (2016) University Physics with Modern Physics, 14e,
Pearson
2. Fischer-Cripps, A. (2015) The Physics Companion, 2ed, CRC Press
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Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning.
4. Hewitt, P. (2013) Conceptual Physics, 12e, Addison-Wesley
5. Giancoli, D. (2013) Physics: Principles with Application, Addison-Wesley
6. Bloomfield, A. (2013) How Things Work: The Physics of Everyday Life, 5e, John Wiley & Sons,
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7. Ostdiek, V. and Bord, D. (2013) Inquiry into Physics, 7e, Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning.
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10.http://pinoyscientists.com
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