Chapter 9

Chemicals In industry
 What is an alloy?
 What is a superconductor alloy?
 What are glass and ceramic made?
 Are there different types of glass and their specific uses?
 What is a polymer?
 What are some examples of natural polymers and synthetic
polymers?

9.1 Alloy
What is an Alloy?
 A mixture of several types of metals/ mixture of metal and non metal
 Example steel/pewter/bronze/brass/duralumin
Why alloys?
 Metals corrode easily and soft
 To improve properties of pure metals
- One or more metal/non metal in pure metal
- Helps the metal to slide over more difficult
- Makes allows stronger than pure metal
 1. Steel
 Made of
- Iron 99%
- Carbon 1%
 Hard and strong and does not corrode
 Uses in construction of material for building and bridges
 To make frame of vehicles and railway tracks
2. Pewter
 Made of
- Tin 96%
- Copper 3%
- Antimony 1%

 Lustre and resistant to corrosion

 Use to make decorative frame
3. Bronze
 Made of
- Copper 88%
- Tin 12%
 Hard, resistant to corrosion and attractive color
 Make monuments, sculptures, coins, medals
4. Brass
 Made of
- Copper 75%
- Zinc 25%
 Strong, shiny surface, malleable, gold in color
 Make keys, doorknobs, musical instruments

5. Duralumin
 Made of
- Aluminum 95%
- Copper 3%
- Magnesium 1%
- Manganese 1%
 Light, strong, resistant to corrosion
 Make from of aircraft, aero planes and others

Superconductors Alloys
 Low temperature
 Definition: materials that can conduct electricity at high efficiency
without resistance
 Able to resist a magnetic field
 Superconducting material to float when placed on a magnet
Uses
 Construct railway track to prevent friction and allow to move at high
speed
 Construct Magnetic Resonance Image(MRI) – niobium titanium /
niobium tin
9.2 Glass and Ceramic
What is a glass?
 Made of silica – silicon dioxide
 Exist in sand
Type of Glass
1. Fused silica Glass
 Made of
- silica
 Resistant to heat and chemically inert
 Transparent glass
2. Soda-lime glass
 Made of
- silica
- Calcium carbonate
- Sodium carbonate
 Low melting point and easy to shape
 Make light bulb
3. Borosilicate glass
 Made of
- silica
- Boron Oxide
- Sodium Oxide
- Aluminum Oxide
 High resistance to heat
 Use to make laboratory flask
4. Lead Crystal Glass
 Made of
- Silica
- Lead(II) Oxide
- Sodium Oxide
 Low melting point and high refractive index
 Make glass prism
What is Ceramic?
 How is it form? = High heat reaction
 Can withstand high temperature and pressure
 Main component
- Aluminum silicate
 Properties
- Hard (flower pots)
- Brittle
- Chemically inert (make dental teeth)
- Does not rust
- Good electricity and heat
- Resistance to heat and corrosion (Table ware)
9.3 Polymer
What is a Polymer?
 Large molecule formed by chains of smaller molecular units
monomer.
 Have natural and synthetic polymers

Natural Polymers
1. Starch
- Monomer: glucose
- Use: produces energy
2. Protein
- Monomer: Amino Acid
- Use: Build cells and body tissue
3. Natural Rubber
- Monomer: Isoprene
- Use: To maker rubber based products
Synthetic Polymer
 Properties:
- Elastic
- Resistant
- Shock absorber
1. Polythene
- Monomer: Ethene
- Use: make plastic bottles, plastic bags
2. Polystyrene
- Monomer: Styrene
- Use: Packing container froe electrical; equipment
3. Perspex
- Monomer: Methyl methacrylate
- Use: Make aero plane mirror, windows for vehicles
4. Synthetic Rubber
- Monomer: Neoprene
- Use: Make gloves, tires and shoe
Polymerization and Depolymerization
Polymerization
 Definition: a process of joining through formation of chemical bonds to
produce a long chain polymer
 Addition polymerization
- Breaking double bond to single
bond

Depolymerization
 Definition: A process of splitting a
long chain polymer into monomers
through chemical reactions

Natural Rubber
 Rubber tress
 Calles” Latex”
 Elastic, soft, cannot withstand heat,
good electrical insulator, not
permeable to air

Action of Acid and Alkali on Latex

 Latex (Solid form)
- Add acid
- Acid positive hydrogen ions neutralize the negative charge of
latex
- Broken membrane
- Rubber molecules collide
- Form chain of rubber polymer coagulates
  Latex (liquid form)
- Add alkali
- Hydroxide ions (OH) of alkali neutralize acid hydrogen’s ions
- Cover with a layer of protein membrane (negative charge)
- Negative charge repel each other
- Does not collide

Vulcanization of rubber
Why vulcanize rubber?
 Natural rubber is soft and not resistant to heat (melt easily)
 Malaysia weather is so hot and will melt car tires easily
How can Vulcanization help?
 Improve properties of rubber and make them stronger
 Definition: A process of heating rubber with sulfur
- Sulfur atoms are added to chain of natural polymer (rubber)
- Produced cross link
- Makes it difficult to slide over each other
- Rubber made is now called” Vulcanized rubber”
- Rubber is hard now and have high resistance to heat

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The Latest Rubber- based Technology