(a) N=? at Pb=1850psia =P _ go Sef, fp =P = 920 yam There is no gas cap in the reservoir, therefore: m=0. NpIBt + (Rp — Rsi)Bg]- (we=wpB) WinjBaing Bt — Bri + mBui(. a =) 44m Bie Np[Bt +(Rp — Rsoi)Bg] Bt Bri N Bt = Bo+ (Rsoi~ Rso) Bg Bi =1.324+ (727 ~563)0,00182 = 1.6195 720x10°[1.6195 + (820-727)0.00182] _ 1.6195 1.383 N= = 5446x10° STB (b) =10% = A=5000ac swi = 0.28 A=? 43560% AX hx Ox (1—swi 7 Boi sage c1o* = 43560% 50000 x x 0.10%(1- 0.28) bbl, 1.383" /orp h=270ft 91PROBLEM 6.8 You have been asked to review the performance of a combination solution gas, gas-cap drive reservoir. Well test and log information show that the reservoir initially had a gas cap half the size of the initial oil volume. Initial reservoir pressure and solution gas-oil ratio were 2500 psia and 721 SCF/STB, respectively. Using the volumetric approach, initial oil in place was found to be 56 MM STB. As you proceed with the analysis, you discover that your boss has not given you all the data you need to make the analysis. The missing information is that at some point in the life of the project a pressure maintenance program was initiated using gas injection. The time of the gas injection and the total amount of gas injected are not known. There was no active water drive or water production. PVT and production data are in the following table: Pressure Bt Bg Np RP (psia) (bbVSTB) —(bbI/SCF) (STB) (SCF/STB) 2500 0.001048 1.498 0 0 2300 0.001155 1.523 3.741MM 716 2100 0.001280 1.562 6.849MM 966 1900 0.001440 1.620 9173MM — 1297 1700 0.001634 1.701 10.99MM — 1623 1500 0,001884 1817 1242MM — 1953 1300 0.002206 1.967 1439MM — 2551 1100 0.002654 2.251 16.14MM 3214 900 0.003300 2.597 1738MM — 3765 700 0.004315 3.209 1850MM 4317 500 0.006163 4.361 19.59MM — 4839 92a) At what point (ic., pressure) did the pressure maintenance program begin? b) How much gas in SCF had been injected when the reservoir pressure is 500 psia? Assume that the reservoir gas and the injected gas have the same compressibility factor. ANSWER: Initial Gas cap=50% OF initial oil volume P= 2500psia Ri= rt» N =56 MMSTB nN Np[Bt+ (Rp - Rsi) Bg | GinjBginj =a sm Pi -1| Bgi G,,B,,, = Np[Bt-+ (Rp ~ Rsi)B, | afm — Bit mii »| w igi P=2300> G,,B,,, =3.74l|1 523 +(716~721)0.001 155] 0.001155 = sda 523-1498) + 0.5 1.498(—————— — 0.001.48 P=2100> GB, =6 849]1.562 + (966 —721)0.00128] 0.001440 _ —56| (1.620 1.498) + 0.5 x 1.498( 0.001048 G,,B,,,, = 9-173[1.620 + (1297 - 721)0.001440] 0.001440, — 56) (1.620 - 1.493 0.5x 1.498(——__ i 8)+0.5%1.4980 Oo ogg 93G,,B,,, = 12421 817(1953 ~721)0.001884] 0.001884 —56| (1.701 — 1.4981) + 0.5% 1.498(————— ( : 8001088 G,,B,,,, =14.39|1.967 + (2551-721)0.002206] 0.002206 =5¢{(957=1498) +0.5%1.498 - 0.001048 GiB, =13.8X10° bb Analyzing the calculated results show that we have gas injection at P=1300 psia. 19.59[4.361 + (4839 — 721)0.0006163] 0.006163 -»] 0.001048, (4.361—1.498)+0.5x1.498(. G,,B,, = 217.5x10° bbl _217.5x10° _ 217.510" ~ Bginj ‘0.006163 =35.3x10'scf PROBLEM 6.9 An oil reservoir initially contains 4 MM STB of oil at its bubble-point pressure of 3150 psia with 600 SCF/STB of gas in solution. When the average reservoir pressure has dropped to 2900 psia, the gas in solution is $50 SCF/STB. Boi was 1.34 bb/STB and Bo at a pressure of 2900 psia is 1.32 bbUSTB. Other data: Rp = 600 SCF/STB at 2900 psia Swi = 0.25 Bg = 0.0011 bb/SCF at 2900 psia 94Volumetric reservoir No original gas cap a) How many STB of oil will be produced when the pressure has decreased to 2900 psia? b) Calculate the free gas saturation that exists at 2900 psia, ANSWER: N=4MMSTB p=2900Psia Rp = 600g = 2900 Pb=3150psia Rs=550°2— sy =0.25 STB =600°F Bo =1.32bb1, =! bbl Roi = 600 7 Bo=132bb/ er, Bg =o0.0011hb/. Boi =134L We=0 m=0 STB a) Np@2900psia=? Bt =1.32 + (600—$50)0.0011=1.775 Np=—N@t-Ba)______40.375-1.34) © Bt+(Rp=Rsoi)Bg 1.375 +(600-600)0.0011 Np =101.818x10° b) ap =1-O Se Se), Bol (Sw) * Bo = Np _ OLBI8%10" _ 9 g954 N 4x10" 34, ——— > 5 132" = 0.02996 Sg = 2.99% =3% 95Gy. =[NRsi — NpRp -(N - Np) Rs Bg = [410° (600) (101.818% 600) = (4% 10° = 101.818)550))).001 1 G,,, = 194.910" sef 0.00111 = 214400bb1 OR = FP 1 swiy 22 S0=U-SPMl-sW GD 101.818x10° 1.32 =(1-——~____(1-0.25(-) = 0.72 i 4x10" § Me -0.72-0.25 = 0.03 OR y, 214400 S,= fs = 0.03 > Se =3% * NB, MI-S,,) (4X10°)1.34/0.75 PROBLEM 6.10, Given the following data from laboratory core tests, production data, and logging information: Well spacing = 320 ac Net pay thickness = 50 ft with the gas/oil contact 10 ft from the top Porosity: 0.17 Initial water saturation = 0.26 Initial gas saturation =0.15 Bubble-point pressure ~3600 psia Initial reservoir pressure =3000 psia Reservoir temperature = 120°F 96Boi = 1.26 bb/STB Bo = 1,37 bbIISTB at the bubble-point pressure Bo = 1.19 bblISTB at 2000 psia Np = 2.0 MM STB at 2000 psia Gp = 2.4 MMM SCF at 2000 psia Gas compressibility factor, z = 1.0 - 0.001p Solution gas-oil ratio, Rso = 0.2p ‘Calculate the amount of water that has influxed and the drive indexes at 2000 psia. ANSWER: A=320ae =1,26bb1/ By =12007/S7R B,=1.379bI/ 7 @ Pb = 1.19661, 8, =1.19"/s7B@ p = 2000 N,= 2MMSTB@ p = 2000 We=? =2.4MMMSef @ p=2000 py => —0.0001P p= Be p, =3000 R, =0.2P * Np P=3000 psia &2,=0.719 Bg, = 0.0282 2 = 0.0282 2-70.20 460) _3 sigx19° P 3000 ‘sof P=2000 psia ,2=0.8+5 Be = 0.028222 = 0.0282 28020 +409) _ 6 sa x19 / P 2000 SY 97Voi = 43560xVbxdx(1—swi) = 43560%(40x320)X0.17x(1 = 0.26) = 70142054 fi? Vgi = 43560xVbx 6x (sgi) = 43560x/(10x320)x0.17%0.15 = 3554496 fi" Ve _ 3854496 _ 9 95 “Vo 70142054 = Voi __70142054 _ 9 o1 498 Boi 1.26x5.615 B, = Bo+(Rsi—Rs)B, B, =1.19 + (0.2x3000-0.2x2000) &54%10" _j 473 bb! 5.615 STB we = N, [Bi + (Rp — Rsi)B, |- N(Bt— Bri) ara -B.) we =2x104] 1.423 + (1200-600) 254210" 5.615 9.9110" (1.423 1.26) — 22 PAO" *0.0511.26 66 54,<19° -3.816x10") 3.81610 we = 2.18%10°Sb/ we- BwWP 2.18x10° =0.514 ~ Np|Bt + (Rp - Rsi)B, ] 4.243x10° WDI =51.4% PROBLEM 6.11 From the following information determine: a) Cumulative water influx at pressures 3625, 3530, and 3200 psia. b) Water-drive index for the pressures in (a). 98Pressure | Np Gp Wp Bg Rso Bt (psia) (STB) (SCF) (STB) (bbI/SCF) | (SCF/STB) | (bbl/STB) 3640 0 0 0 0.000892 8881464 3625 0.06 0.49 MM 0 0.000895 884 1.466 MM 3610 0.36 2.31 MM 0.001 0.000899 880 1.468 MM MM 3585 0.79 4.12 MM | 0.08 MM | 0.000905. 874 1.469 MM 3530 | 121 | 5.68MM| 0.26 MM | 0.000918 360 1.476 MM 3460 1.54 7.00 MM | 0.41 MM | 0.000936 846 1.482 MM 3385 | 2.08 841 MM|0.60MM | 0.000957 825 1491 MM 3300 2.58 9.71 MM | 0.92 MM | 0.000982 804 1.501 MM 3200 | 340 11.62 [138MM] 0.001014 779 1319 MM |» MM ANSWER: The solution of this problem is left to readers. PROBLEM 6.12 The cumulative oil production, NP, and cumulative gas oil ratio, RP , as functions of the average reservoir pressure over the first 10 years of production for a gas cap reservoir 99follow. Use the Havlena-Odeh approach to solve for the initial oil and gas (both free and solution) in place Pressure Np RP Bo Rso Bg (psia) (STB) (SCE/STB) (bbV/STB) (SCE/STB) —(bbI/SCF) 3300 0 0 1.2511 510 0.00087 3150 3.295MM_ — 1050 1.2353 477 0.00092 3000 5.903MM_ —1060 1.2222 450 0.00096 2850 8.852MM_ —1160 1.2122 425 0.00101 2700 11.503 1235 1.2022 401 0.00107 MM 2550 14.513 1265 1.1922 375 0.00113 MM 2400 ‘17.730 1300 1.1822 352 0.00120 MM ANSWER: Calculated the value of F, Eo, and Eg and prepare the following table. For example F at P=3150 psia can be calculated as below: F=NKotnm et eg Bgi p=3150— F =3.2991.256+ (1050-510))0.00092=5.80NO. B E,=B-B, | F (MM) | FE, 3300 1.251 1=Bti 0 0 0 3150 1.2656 0.0145, 5.80 400) 5x10-5 4.95 3000 > 1.2798 0.0287 | 10.67 | 371.7 | 9x10-5 45 2850 1.2980 0.0469 17.30 368.8 1.4*10-4 4.29 2700 1.3188 0.0677 | 24.09 | 3558 2x10-4 4.24 2550 1.3447 0.0936 31.89 340.7 2.6*10-4 3.99 2400 1.3718 0.1207 41.13 370.76 3.3«10-4 3.93 Plot F/E, versus B,.Ey/B,.E, and draw the best straight line. The y intercept equals N and slope of figure is mN. FIEO BUrEgIBgI"EO N =100MMSTB mW =553-9m="93 53-935 Scf Initial gas( free gas + dissolved gas) > G = eee 4+ NRsoi ai 100(0.55)(1.2511) 0.00087 G=130MMMScf + (100x510) =130MMMSef 101PROBLEM 6.13 Using the following data, determine the original oil in place by the Havlena Odeh method. Assume there is no water influx and no initial gas cap. The bubble-point pressure is 1800 psia. Pressure Np Rp B, Reo Bs (psia) (STB) (SCF/STB) (bbVSTB) (SCF/STB) (bbI/SCF) 1800 0 0 1.268 377 0.00097 1482 2.233MM_ —634 1.335 491 0.00119 1367 2.981MM —707 1372 460 0.00130 1053 5.787MM_— 1034 1.540 375 0.00175 ANSWER: Fan) Boattemp mbt Je Bei we=0,m=0- F=NEo F = Np|Bt+ (Rp —Rsvi)B, | E,=B,-B, ‘Water and formation compressibilities can be ignored since the pressure is below bubble point. Then, calculate the values of F and Eo and prepare the following table, Por F ‘T0000 71482 0.067 [3.2 1367 | 0.104 | 4.59 71053 0.272 | 13.520 Plot F versus Eo and draw the best straight line. The slope of figure is N. 102Slope= N=50 MMSTB 12-8 0.25-0.17 =S0MMSTB 103CHAPTER 7 SINGLE-PHASE FLUID FLOW IN RESERVOIRS PROBLEM 7.1 Two wells are located 2500 ft apart. The static well pressure at the top of perforations (9332ft subsea) in well A is 4365 psia and at the top of perforations (9672 ft subsea) in well B is 4372 psia. The reservoir fluid gradient is 0.25 psifft, reservoir permeability is 245 md, and reservoir fluid viscosity is 0.63 ep. a) Correct the two static pressures to a datum level of 9100 ft subsea b) In what direction is the fluid flowing between the wells? c) What is the average effective pressure gradient between the wells? d) What is the fluid velocity? e) Is this the total velocity or only the component of the velocity in the direction between the two wells? 1) Show that the same fluid velocity is obtained using Eq. (7.1). ANSWER: a) 0, = p,-0.25h, h, = 9332-9100 = 232 ft 0, = 4365 — (0.25% 232) = 4307 psi, 0, =p, -0.25h, h, = 9672-9100 =572,ft 0, = 4372 (0.25x572) = 4229 psiab) ¢,)6 > Therefore, fluid directionis from well A toward well B., °) L= (2500): +(340)' = 2523 ft A@ _ 4307-4229 ssuregradient= —© =""—"""" = 0.0309psi/ fi averagepressuregradient= “= psi! fi d) Vann = a Venue =—— L$ — aal—sw) v =-0.001127 £48 <9 o01127¢ 2458. = 0.0135 wL 0.632523 day ft 90.0135 2A, 5.615" ors, day. ft bbl day ¢) This is the velocity in the direction between the two wells. fy V =-0.001127 — e- 0.4337, oos0] 7.353 — O = tan” (7.535) = 82.26° vy =-0.001127 245 |Sasee 2523 = 0.433(0.58) cos(82.: a3 0.433(0.58) cos(82. 26)| bbl fi V=001357 a= 0.07585, 105PROBLEM 7.2 A sand body is 1500 ft long, 300 ft wide, and 12 ft thick. It has a uniform permeability of 345 md to oil at 17% connate water saturation. The porosity is 32%. The oil has a reservoir viscosity of 3.2 cp and Bo of 1.25 bbl/STB at the bubble point. a) If flow takes place above the bubble-point pressure, what pressure drop will cause 100 reservoir bbl/day to flow through the sand body, assuming the fluid behaves essentially as an incompressible fluid? What for 200 reservoir bbV/day? b) What is the apparent velocity of the oil in feet per day at the 100 bbV/day flow rate? c) What is the actual average velocity? d) What time will be required for complete displacement of the oil from the sand? e) What pressure gradient exists in the sand? £) What will be the effect of raising both the upstream and downstream pressures by, say, 1000 psi? ) Considering the oil as a fluid with a very high compressibility of 65(10)-6 psi-1, how much greater is the flow rate at the downstream end than the upstream end at 100 bbl/day? h) What pressure drop will be required to flow 100 bbl/day, measured at the upstream pressure, through the sand if the compressibility of the oil is 65(10)° psi” "2 Consider the oil to be a slightly compressible fluid. i) What will be the downstream flow rate? j) What conclusion ean be drawn from these calculations concerning the use of the incompressible flow equation for the flow of slightly compressible liquids, even with high compressibilities? ANSWER: a) 0.001127k4 AP, 4 ___—aul iH L O.001127kA 106100(3.2)(1500) = = 343 psia 0.001127(345)(12x 300) for:q= 2005617 => Ap = 686 psia b) Y= W5815) 105.615) _ 9 56 f8/ were A 3600 /day °) we Vigan = 0.156 =0.587 St “= @(l-s_,)0.320-0.17) day d) N t= q N=V,0-S,) N = (12x 300% 1500)(0.32)(1 - 0.17) = 1434240 fr’ +5.615 = 255430. 1bb1 = 25543. «9554 3daysx Ye = 7 year 100 365days °) Ap 33 =o229Psi4/, Ax 1500 ti £) Ithas no effect. 8) = —p)l= a = bbl, = 4, |l+c4P,, — p)]= 1001 +65x10°(343)]= 102.23 “ay = —100 = bbl Ag = 102.23—100 = 2.23 Vay h) i ssi = du, =100bb] Slightly compressible, dar = dau, = 1000/4, 107M4 intisetp,— pol qe. * q= 0.001127 100 = 0.001127 56600) sinlt+ 5x10 y(p'—p")] 3.2(1500)(65x10~ Ap = p,—p, =3468psia i) 4g; = 0.001127 | 4 ule. | 1+e(p,~P). 0.001127 345(3600) | 1 (3.2)(1500)(65x10) | 1+(65x 10 (346.8) bb} 102.29! Vay j) Using incompressible flow equation for the flow of slightly compressible liquids will have insignificant error. PROBLEM 7.3 If the sand body of Prob, 7.2 had been a gas reservoir with a bottom-hole temperature of 140 °F but with the same connate water and permeability to gas, calculate the following: a) With an upstream pressure of 2500 psia, what downstream pressure will cause 5.00 MM SCFiday to flow through the sand? Assume an average gas viscosity of 0.023 ep and an average gas deviation factor of 0.88. b) What downstream pressure will cause 25 MM SCF/day to flow if the gas viscosity and deviation factors remain the same? c) Explain why it takes more than five times the pressure drop to cause five times the gas flow. d) What is the pressure at the midpoint of the sand when 25 MM SCF/day is flowing? 108¢) What is the mean pressure at 25 MM SCF/day? 1) Why is there a greater pressure drop in the downstream half of the sand body than in the upstream half? g) From the gas law calculate the rate of flow at the mean pressure pm, and show that the equation in terms of qm, is valid by numerical substitution ANSWER: a) _0.111924KA(p,* = ps) Thy 0.111924(345)(3600)(625 x 10° — p*s) Sx10°= = Py, = 2365.33 psi 600(1.500)(0.023)(0.88) b) 25% 10° = 9-11 1924(345\3600)(625%10" = p's). - 1704 Spsia 600(1500)(0.23)(0.88) ¢) Flow rate equals square pressure drop. Therefore, pressure drop increases. d) oe ya. [pet ps, ,_ [(2500)* +0725y pay Py = 2147.34 psia 2500 +1724.5 2 £) Due to friction pressure drop in the downstream half of the sand body is higher than =2112.3psia upstream half. 8) wy ty te y= (42, 0.88% 600, 25x10° 1 P,5.615 2. 2112.3 5.615 = bbl, 4, = 3146106)PROBLEM 7.4 (a) Plot pressure versus distance through the sand of the previous problem at the 25 MM SCF/day flow rate, (b) Plot the pressure gradient versus distance through the sand body. ANSWER: The solution of this problem is left to readers. PROBLEM 7.5 ‘A rectangular sand body is flowing gas at 10 MM SCF/day under a downstream pressure of 1000 psia. Standard conditions are 14.4 psia and 80°F. The average deviation factor is 0.80. The sand body is 1000 ft long, 100 ft wide, and 10 ft thick. Porosity is 22%, and average permeability to gas at 17% connate water is 125 md. Bottom-hole temperature is 160°F, and gas viscosity is 0.029 ep. a) What is the upstream pressure? b) What is the pressure gradient at the midpoint of the sand? ) What is the average pressure gradient throughout the sand? d) Where does the mean pressure occur? ANSWER: 0.11865 10" x125(p,’ —10°) 10x10" 62010" x0.029x0.80 > p, =327Ipsia 110418.2 psia Pay ZT. T, P S618 =0.001 inp KA ud (1a 0862.10" > 9.901127 SLO) dh, dP 9 g 1 Psi, 54, 2418.2 "5.615 0.029 dy de ft °) dp _ p.—p, 3271-100 dx de 1000 =2271% d) D, p vee = 2135.5 psia _O.11865kA(p,' = p,') The, __0.11865(10" )(125\(2135.5* -10°) 10x 10° == > 1 = 367 ft 6201(0.80)(0.029) PROBLEM 7.6 ‘A horizontal pipe 10 cm in diameter (LD.) and 3000 cm long is filled with a sand of 20% porosity. It has a connate water saturation of 30% and, at that water saturation, a permeability of oil of 200 md. The viscosity of the oil is 0.65 cp and the water is immobile. a) What is the apparent velocity of the oil under a 100 psi pressure differential? b) What is the flow rate? c) Calculate the oil contained in the pipe and the time needed to displace it at the rate of 0.055 cu cm/sec. iild) From this actual time and the length of the pipe, calculate the actual average velocity e) Calculate the actual average velocity from the apparent velocity, porosity, and connate water. f) Which velocity is used to calculate flow rates, and which is used to calculate displacement times? 2) If the oil is displaced with water so that 20% unrecoverable (or residual) oil saturation is left behind the water flood front, what are the apparent and actual average velocities in the watered zone behind the flood front if the oil production rate is maintained at 0.055 cu cm/sec? Assume piston-like-displacement of the oil by the water. h) What is the rate of advance of the flood front? i) How long will it take to obtain all the recoverable oil, and how much will be recovered? j) How much pressure drop will be required to produce oil at the rate of 0.055 cu cm/sec when the water flood front is at the midpoint of the pipe? ANSWER: (0.2%) 14.7 = 14.77 = 0.0007" yl (0.653000) | orem |e b) FAD 4 =? = 215) = 78.54em" wL 100" (0278.54) 147 _, q=0.05sem (0.65) 3000 112©) t=“ =0,g1—swiv, =a") q N = (ax(5)? x(3000))(0.2)(1- 0.3) = 32986.8 329868 — soy regcae y= 5997074 0.085 86400 d) = 20) —o.oosemy. 1 599760 sec e) we 0.0007 eg, Vow = Fa = 0.005% @l=s,) 021-030) f) Apparent velocity is used to calculate flow rates and actual velocity is used to calculate displacement times 8) _q_ uss = 0.00070, 10S. = (4x (5) X3000)(0.2)(0.5) = 23562em* N ccm? / t=7,9,, = A. = (78.54)(0.007) = 0.55¢" x Vee = 28562 = 42840sec.t—0.Sdays 0.55 113id yp = Mel (0.055) 0.65)(1500) KA (0.2)(78.54) Ap =502psia Al4atm AD, = AP escus + Ap = 100+ 50.2 =150.2psia PROBLEM 7.7 (a) Three beds of equal cross section have permeabilities of 50, 200, and 500 md and lengths of 40, 10, and 75 ft, respectively. What is the average permeability of the beds placed in series? (b) What are the ratios of the pressure drops across the individual beds for liquid flow? (c) For gas flow will the overall pressure drop through beds in series be the same for flow in either direction? Will the individual pressure drops be the same? (d) The gas flow constant for a given linear system is 900, so that p12- p22 = 900 Lik. If the upstream pressure is 500 psia, calculate the pressure drops in each of two beds for series flow in both directions. The one bed is 10 ft long and 100 md; the second is 70 ft and 900 md. (e) A producing formation from top to bottom consists of 10 ft of 350 md sand, 4 in. of 0.5 md shale, 4 ft of 1230 md sand, 2 in. of 2.4 md shale, and 8 ft of 520 md sand. What is the average vertical permeability? (f) If the 8 ft of 520 md sand is in the lower part of the formation and carries water, what well completion technique will you use to keep the water-oil ratio low for the well? Discuss the effect of the magnitude of the lateral extent of the shale breaks on the well production. 114ANSWER: a) 40+10+75 = L, 40, 10, 75 ze Die Kk, 350° 200° 500 Tk, =125md w+tsqe2ag 22 = 28.72 0 4a, 4 Jn, 8 = 3507 05 1230 24” 520 4) The solution of this problem is left to readers. ¢) The solution of this problem is left to readers. f) The solution of this problem is left to readers. 115PROBLEM 7.8 (a) Three beds of 40, 100, and 800 md, and 4, 6, and 10 ft thick, respectively, are conducting fluid in parallel flow. Ifall are of equal length and width, what is the average permeability? (b) In what ratio are the separate flows in the three beds? ANSWER: a) kh, = 40x 4) + 1006) + (80010) _ gaging Sh, 446410 = 0.0182 100x6 38x 20 0.0685 kh, _ 800X10 =0.913 kh, 43820 PROBLEM 7.9 ‘As project supervisor for an in situ uranium leaching project, you have observed that to maintain a constant injection rate in well A, the pump pressure has had to be increased so that pe-pw has increased by a factor of 20 from the value at startup. An average permeability of 100 md was measured from plugs cored before the injection of leachant. ‘You suspect buildup of a calcium carbonate precipitate has damaged the formation near the injection well. If the permeability of the damaged section can be assumed to be 1 md, find the extent of the damage. The wellbore radius is 0.5 ft, and the distance to the outer boundary of the uranium deposit is estimated to be 1000 ft 116ANSWER: The solution of this problem is left to readers. PROBLEM 7.10 ‘A well was given a large fracture treatment, creating a fracture that extends to a radius of about 150 ft. The effective permeability of the fracture area was estimated to be 200 md. The permeability of the area beyond the fracture is 15 md. Assume that the flow is steady-state, single-phase, incompressible flow. The outer boundary at r= re = 1500 ft has a pressure of 2200 psia and the wellbore pressure is 100 psia (rw = 0.5 ft). The reservoir thickness is 20 ft and the porosity is 18%. The flowing fluid has a formation volume factor of 1.12 BbI/STB and a viscosity of 1.5 ep. a) Calculate the flow rate in STB/day. b) Calculate the pressure in the reservoir at a distance of 300 ft from the center of the wellbore. ANSWER: a= 0708p, =P.) sth/ MBI) ", Kk In) 15) nt a 200(15) In 05 ) ~ 1500 150 2001n(—) +151 ) nT59) Slay) Kk, In@=) + &, In 0.5 a= 0.00708(44)(20)(2200—100) = 972.3965, 5 ‘day 105.1291) ies 117b) 0.00708Kh P,~ Px _, 979 496 - 0.0070844)20) p, ~100 Mh, yl HOSU12) ty r, 05 Patr=300f=1778psia PROBLEM 7.11 (a) A limestone formation has a matrix (primary or intergranular) permeability of less than 1 md. However, it contains 10 solution channels per square foot, each 0.02 in, in diameter. If the channels lie in the direction of fluid flow, what is the permeability of the rock? (b) If the porosity of the matrix rock is 10%, what percentage of the fluid is stored in the primary pores, and what in the secondary pores (vugs, fractures, etc.)? (c) If the secondary pore system is well connected throughout a reservoir, what conclusions must be drawn conceming the probable result of gas or water drive on the recovery of either oil, gas, or gas-condensate? What then are the means of recovering the hydrocarbons from the primary pores? ANSWER: a) k., =1755md b) Fos 9.022% y, 118PROBLEM 7.12 During a gravel rock operation the 6 in. ILD. liner became filled with gravel, and a layer of mill scale and dirt accumulated to a thickness of I in. on top of the gravel within the pipe. If the permeability of the accumulation is 1000 md, what additional pressure drop is placed on the system when pumping a | ep fluid at the rate of 100 bbl/hr? ANSWER: ive. bbls = bbl, q= 1001) = 2400 Vay 4="cpy =0.196 f° 2400045) q= 0.001127 4 AP _, nyse Mo “L 0.001127KA — 0.001127(1000)(0.196) Ap =903psia PROBLEM 7.13 One hundred capillary tubes of 0.02 in. ID and 50 capillary tubes of 0.04 in. ID, all of equal length, are placed inside a pipe of 2 in. inside diameter. The space between the tubes is filled with wax so that flow is only through the capillary tubes. What is the permeability of this ‘rock"? ANSWER: 1D =0.02in(number=100) K(0.02in) = 20x 10° x (0.02)° = 8000darcy 119{0.02in) = 100% (0. 02)? =3.142x107 in? ID =0.04in(number=50) K(0.04in) = 20x10" x(0.04)* = 32000darey A(0.04in) = 50x - X(0.04)* = 6.283107 in* (8000%3.142 107) + (32000 6.28310 Zi: —x(2) vo darey PROBLEM 7.14 Suppose, after cementing, an opening 0.01 in. wide is left between the cement and an 8 in. diameter hole. If this circular fracture extends from the producing formation through an impermeable shale 20 ft thick to an underlying water sand, at what rate will water enter the producing formation (well) under a 100 psi pressure drawdown? The water contains 60,000 ppm salt and the bottom-hole temperature is 150°F. ANSWER: qa8rxi0 A@-P.) UBL PROBLEM 7.15 A high water-oil ratio is being produced from a well. It is thought that the water is coming from an underlying aquifer 20 ft from the oil producing zone. In between the aquifer and the producing zone is an impermeable shale zone. Assume that the water is 120coming up through an incomplete cementing job that left an opening 0.01 in. wide between the cement and the 8 in. hole. The water has a viscosity of 0.5 ep. Determine the rate at which water is entering the well at the producing formation level if the pressure in the aquifer is 150 psi greater than the pressure in the well at the producing formation level ANSWER: K=7.7x10" Ww =7.7x10" «Eh = 5347222 md = 5347 darcy 8 A, =3.14 i. Ma wi Y x3.5x10" x150 q=8.7x10" 0.5%20 q=317BPD PROBLEM 7.16 Derive the equation for the steady-state, semispherical flow of an incompressible fluid. ANSWER: _ 7.08kr.r,(p, — Pp.) 121PROBLEM 7.17 A well has a shut-in bottom-hole pressure of 2300 psia and flows 215 bbl/day of oil under a drawdown of 500 psi. The well produces from a formation of 36 ft net productive thickness. Use rw = 6 in.; re = 660 feet; u = 0.88 ep; Bo = 1.32 bb/STB. a) What is the productivity index of the well? b) What is the average permeability of the formation? ©) What is the capacity of the formation? ANSWER: a) oy ay_bbl 500 day.sia b) r quin(-) = 0.00708 "42. =P.) = te plo?) 0.00708hAp t (215)(0.88) in ——__05" _10.1md 0.00708(36)(500) ©) fe) 660. ala ) _ (215)(0.88) ine? capacity of formation = kt = = 0 0.00708(p,-p,) _0.00708(500) kh=384md-ft 122PROBLEM 7.18 A producing formation consists of two strata: one 15 ft thick and 150 md in permeability; the other 10 ft thick and 400 md in permeability. a) What is the average permeability? b) What is the capacity of the formation? c) If during a well workover the 150 md stratum permeability is reduced to 25 md out to a radius of 4 ft, and the 400 md stratum is reduced to 40 md out to an 8 ft radius, what is the average permeability after the workover, assuming no cross- flow between beds? Use re= 500 fi and rw = 0.5 fi. d) To what percentage of the original productivity index will the well be reduced? ¢) What is the capacity of the damaged formation? ANSWER: a) - Eh _ (sos Haw) = >s0md b) Capacity= ¥ k,h, = (50x15) +(400%10) = 6250md ~ fi ©) wk, In 25%1501n(50% 9.) ee 25105007) 4 1501n4/ k Inc) in) 25105007) + 1501n(4 5) 40x 400 in(509/ | -) 20.05 —_—_£0.05_ _ §6.8md 401n(500) + 400 n(84, 0s) ZA, _ (60X15) + (86.810) mn) 15+10 123d 4) Sp Productivity Index > ?— a, ‘Sp =0.28 or 28% e) Totaleapacityafterdamage=,,,. h, = (70.7225) =1768nd— fi PROBLEM 7.19 (a) Plot pressure versus radius on both linear and semilog paper at 0.1, 1.0, 10, and 100 days for pe = 2500 psia, q = 300 STB/day; Bo= 1.32 bb/STB; p = 0.44 cp; k = 25 md; h =43 ft; ct= 18 x 10-6 psis = 0.16. (b) Assuming that a pressure drop of 5 psi can be easily detected with a pressure gauge, how long must the well be flowed to produce this drop in a well located 1200 ft away? (c) Suppose the flowing well is located 200 ft due cast of a north-south fault. What pressure drop will occur after 10 days of flow, in a shut-in well located 600 ft due north of the flowing well? (4) What will the pressure drop be in a shut-in well 500 ft from the flowing well when the flowing well has been shut in for one day following a flow period of 5 days at 300 STB/day? ANSWER: The solution of this problem is left to readers. 124PROBLEM 7.20 A shut-in well is located 500 ft from one well and 1000 ft from a second well. The first well flows for 3 days at 250 STB/day, at which time the second well begins to flow at 400 STB/day. What is the pressure drop in the shut-in well when the second well has been flowing for 5 days (i.e., the first has been flowing a total of 8 days)? Use the reservoir constants of Prob. 7.19. ANSWER: _10.6quB) ge P= [ “ge 70.6(250\0.44)(.32)[ _ p (= 0.16044 18x10 X500" 24(43) (0.00105(25)(8x 24) 70.6(400)(0.44)(1.32) -E -0.16x0.44x18x10~ x1000° 24x43, “ 0.00105(25)(5 x 24) Ap = Ap, + Ap, = Ap = 9.536[- £,,(-0.0628)]+ 152575 [- F, (-0.402)] -E, In(x) - 0.5772 = -E, (0.06286) = from tabe 17.1 => x = 0.402 = -E,(-x) = 0.699 In(0.06286) — 0.5772 = 2.19 > Ap = (9.536)(2.19) + (13.2575)(0.699) = 31.54 psi PROBLEM 7.21 A well is opened to flow at 200 STB/day for | day. The second day its flow is increased to 400 STB/day and the third to 600 STB/day. What is the pressure drop caused in a shut-in well 500 ft away after the third day? Use the reservoir constants of Prob. 7.19. 125ANSWER: 4p, =p, +4p, +p, ap, = 70-6(200)(0.44)1.32)[ _ = 0 16X0.44x18%10" x 5007, | _ : 25(43) 0.00105%25 (3x24) = 7.629[- E,(-0.1676)|= 10.44 70.6(400 — 200)(0.44)(1.32) — 0160.44 18x10" x 500? x2 _ 25(43) 4 0.00105% 25x (2x24) ~ = 7.629[- E(-0.2514)]= 7.93 Ap. 70. .6(600 — 400)(0.44)(L 32)| E (CORK OA xtox 107 x 500° x2, _ 25(43) - 0.00105 x 25x (2x24) = 7.629|-E,(—0.50286)]=4.24 = Ap, = Ap, + Ap, + Ap, =1044+7.934 4.24= 22.6 psi PROBLEM 7.22 The following data pertain to a volumetric gas reservoir: Net formation thickness = 15 ft Hydrocarbon porosity = 20% Initial reservoir pressure = 6000 psia Reservoir temperature = 190°F Gas viscosity = 0.020 cp Casing diameter = 6 in. Average formation permeability = 6 md a) Assuming ideal gas behavior and uniform permeability, calculate the percentage of recovery from a 640 ac unit for a producing rate of 4.00 MM SCF/day when the flowing well pressure reaches 500 psia. 126b) If the average reservoir permeability had been 60 md instead of 6 md, what recovery would be obtained at 4.00 MM SCF/day and a flowing well pressure of 500 psia? ©) Recalculate part (a) for a production rate of 2.00 MM SCF/day. d) Suppose four wells are drilled on the 640 ac unit, and each is produced at 4.00 MM SCE/day. For 6 md and 500 psia minimum flowing well pressure, calculate the recovery. ANSWER: (a) 54.8% and 10.25 years (b) 83.6% and 15.64 years (c) 67.6% and 25.6 years (d) 56.7% and 2.65 years PROBLEM 7.23 ‘A sandstone reservoir, producing well above its bubble-point pressure, contains only one producing well, which is flowing only oil at a constant rate of 175 STB/day. Ten weeks after this well began producing, another well was completed 660 ft away in the same formation. On the basis of the reservoir properties that follow, estimate the initial formation pressure that should be encountered by the second well at the time of completion $= 15% h=308 co = 18(10)-6 psi-l w= 2.9 ep cow = 3(10)+6 psi-l k=35 md cf =4.3(10)-6 psi} rw=0.33 ft Sw =33% pi =4300 psia Bo = 1.25 bb/STB 127ANSWER: The solution of this problem is left to readers. PROBLEM 7.24 Develop an equation to calculate and then calculate the pressure at well 1, illustrated in Fig. 7.23, if the well has flowed for 5 days at a flow rate of 200 STB/day. = 25% h=30ft cr = 30(10)-6 psi- u=0.5 ep k=50 md Bo = 1.32 bb/STB rw = 0.33 ft pi = 4000 psia ANSWER: The solution of this problem is left to readers. 128PROBLEM 7.25 A pressure drawdown test was conducted on the discovery well in a new reservoir to estimate the drainage volume of the reservoir. The well was flowed at a constant rate of 125 STB/day. The bottom-hole pressure data, as well as other rock and fluid property data, follow. What are the drainage volume of the well and the average permeability of the drainage volume? The initial reservoir pressure was 3900 psia. Bo = 1.1 bbl/STB po = 0.80 cp = 20% h=22ft So = 80% Sw=20% co = 10(10)-6 psi-I cw = 3(10)-6 psi-1 cf = 4(10)- 6 psi-1 rw = 0.33 ft = my i want Fault 2 Fig. 7.23. Well layout for Prob. 7.24. 129Time in Hours Pwf, psi 05 3657 1.0 3639 15 3629 20 3620 3.0 3612 5.0 3598 7.0 3591 10.0 3583 20.0 3565 30.0 3551 40.0 3548 50.0 3544 60.0 3541 70.0 3537 80.0 3533 90.0 3529 100.0 3525 120.0 3518 150.0 3505 ANSWER: Draw Py versus log t in a semi log paper and then find the slope of figure. m=—S6psil cycle 130162.6quB mh —56(22) s=l ts) P= PaO og 43 | m uc, 162.6(125)(0.80)(1.1) _ k =14.5md CS AOS, HC, where: = 15.7510" psi” I-s, 1.151] SEE-970 _tgy _MS_, =)+3.23 -36 0.2(0.80)(15.75x10~)(0.33)° | Draw Pye Versus time in a Cartesian paper and then find slope of figure. 3680 3660 3640 3620 pwr 2°? mi, 3580 (P50) 60 3540 = 3520 3500 | 3480 o 50 100 150 200 Time (hr) im! = 0.383 0.233998 ___0.23390125)001)__agiizyg g? Ae gh ~~ (-O383N15.75' x107\22)(0.20) A=27.8 acres V = Ah=278x22=61 L.6ac— ft 131PROBLEM 7.26 The initial average reservoir pressure in the vicinity of a new well was 4150 psia. A pressure drawdown test was conducted while the well was flowed at a constant oil flow rate of 550 STB/day. The oil had a viscosity of 3.3 ep and a formation volume factor of 1.55 bbl /STB. Other data, along with the bottom-hole pressure data recorded during the drawdown test, follow. Assume that wellbore storage considerations may be neglected, and determine the following: a) The permeability of the formation around the well. b) Any damage to the well. c) The drainage volume of the reservoir communicating to the well = 34.3% h=93ft r= 1(10)-5 psi-l rw=05 ft Time in Hours Pats PS 1 4025 2 4006 3 3999 4 3996 6 3993 8 3990 10 3989 20 3982 30 3979 40 3979 50 3978 60 3977 70 3976 80 3975 132