Organisms and

Ecosystem

Ecology definea
introduced hy Reiter in 1868 and E Haeckel (1869)
thetern
it asDe ecology
stuay
was
or natural environment including the relations of organisi
Father of Indian bcol08y
another ana to their surroundings. R Mishra is known as
He defined ecology, it as the interaction of functions and factOrs.
form,

Autecology
It is the branch of ecology, which is concerned with the study of an individual
DAY
organism (an individual species). Outlines
.Ecology
Organism and their Envin
Synecology of Habitat and Nichee
It is the branch of ecology, which deals with the study of a group (or groups)
unit.
Population
organisms that are associated together as a
Population Interactions
.Ecosystem
Ecological Pyramids
Organisms and their Environment Ecological Succession
Ecology at the organismic level is essentially physiological ecology, which tries to Ecosystem Services
understand how different organisms are adapted to their environments in terms of
not only survival but also reproduction.
The variations in precipitations leads to the formation of major biomes such as
desert, rainforest and tundra.
 life. Organism POpul
important
factor for ay
Water is an
wide range of salinity) or
aline
pulation growth depends on factors like 451
Habitat and Niche
Habitat It is a place where
an organism
lives. It
euryhaline (tolerate
(can
tolerate only a
Light influences

n a r r o w range
of salinity).
life on earth as plants prepare od

Food availability
GWeather
Population Interactions
Living organisms cann
set of environmental during
photosynthesis.
(Gi) Predation pressure nteract in various
in isolation and they
presents a particular successful growth.
and release oxygen
Communities nterspecific ways to form
and chemical
onditions suitable for its Soil sustains life
on earth. The physical (iv) Competition
nteraction of biologica
interac
Life exists on different habitats
like grassland,
properties of soil, such
as
grain size, porosity, pH
equation for population growth is could be populations of two ctions arise from the
different species. They
forests, coniferous determine the type of plant that can beneficial, detrimental
eserts, tropical and temperature
tundra, deep ocean mineral composition organisms in or
neutral.
rests, arctic and alpine grow in particular habitat. N+1N +105 +)-(D +B] ways:
a
population interact in the
The
following
enches, torrential streamns, permafrost polar a
boiling thermal spring8 N, =
Population density at time t.
gions, high mountain tops, even air intestine i1s a B Birth rate, 1. Mutualism
inking compost pits and
nique habitat for many microbes. Population I =
Immigration, D =
Death rate, It
is the
interspecific interaction in which both the
Ecological niche It is of an organism includes the It is a unit of biotic community made up of near
E Emigration interacting species are benefitted.
functional role in individuals of a
hysical space occupied by it, its permanent group of interbreeding species
the conditions of existence. found in a space at a particular
time.
2. Predation
ne community and Immigration
() Each species has its own unique
niche. Different population characteristics are as follows: It is an
interspecific interaction, where
same niche and
predator) kills and consumes the other weaker animal
one
() Two species cannot occupy exactly animal
coexist.
1. Population Attributes
(called prey).
species of competitors
will have Natality Population densiy Morality
(i Closely related
similar requirements along the niche dimensions,
A population has certain attributes that an individual B
so that their niche will overlap one another partially organisms does not have. 3. Parasitism
These are as follows: It is the interspeciic interaction, where one of the
or fully.
that i) Birth rate (natality)
Emigration species depends on the other species for food and
iv) If the niche of one species completely overlaps shelter, in this process, the host is damaged.
of another, then one of the species will
be
(ii) Death rate (mortality)
eliminated. The maximum population of species that a
(ii) Sex ratio Commensalism
is environment can sustain is called carying 4.
(v) If the niche overlaps partially, coexistence (iv) Immigration particular It is the interspecific interaction, where one species
possible in two ways: capacity. is benefitted, while the other species is neither
fundamental (v) Emigration The population growth models are
(a) One species fully occupies its own benefitted nor harmed.
niche excluding the second species from parts of In any population, three ecological age groups are
( Exponential growth model
its fundamental niche and leaving it to occupy
smaller realised niche.
(i) Logistic growth model 5. Competition
Post-reproductive in the individuals of
When the resource availability is unlimited
interaction either among
It is a type of
(b) Both species have restricted realised niches, each inaivauaius
la0itat, the population grows in an exponendal orthe same species (intraspeciic) between(interspecific
or
utilising a smaller range of particular niche
dimensions than they would in the absence of
to
8eDmetric fashion. No population can continue gro population of different species
Reproductive becomes
other species. Onentially as the resource availability competition).
umiting at certain point of time.
Environmental Factors growthSo
population showing logisticis more 6, Amensalism in
Pre-reproductive realishc inn
between two different species,
The habitat includes both biotic and abiotic h Curve. This growth model It is the interaction the other is
neither
afure. is harmed and
which one species
(i) Pre-reproductive
factors. benetitted nor harmed.
Biotic factors mostly influence growth and i) Reproductive BB
Name of Species A Species
reproduction. It contain (ii) Post-reproductive dt interaction
status
() Plants
The age Pyramids reflect the growth Mutualism
(i) Animals population. These are as follows: Competition
(ii) Microbes An expanding/growing population Predation
(iv) Interaction of organisms (i) A stable population
Parasiusmn
Abiotic faclors are temperature, water, light and soil. (ii) A declining population time ( Commensalism
Post-reproductive
Temperature the organisms.
functions and
Amensalism
governs =exponential growth
geographical distribution of Some Reproductive
organisms are eurythermal, while others are Pre-reproductive Declining b=logistic wth
A carrying capacity
stenothermal. Expanding Stable
 40 DAYS PMT ogy Organisms and
FunctionS of Ecosystem osystem DAY 34
452 in following types: rhe major functions of anu 453
Ecosystems
are
classified
Ecosystems
roductivity

ecosystem are (b) Detritus

food chain
Adaptations of
attribute of the
Aquatic ecosystems
productivity.rate b i o
biomass Organic matter
Adaptation is any
physiological and Terrestrial ecosyslemns
The
produclion is aste and nde Fung1, Protozoa Insects,es.
organisms (morphological, the organism to
enables Productivities are two types
called and Algae Crustaceac an
behavioural) that
reproduce in its
habitat. Forests Grassland Deserts Freshwater Salt water
centupede
survive and
over
evolved a ecosystem ecosystem
Prin f roductivity
(a) Primary is
expressed as the Land vertebrates Some aquatic
Malluscs. rotfers.
amorea biomass organic matter
have
Many adaptations and a r e genetically
or
eorates aEs, worms and
long evolutionary time
period by produced per
external Lakes Streams
unit over a time nematodes
fixed. For example,
in the absence of Ponds
Food chains
North photosynthesis and plants during are not
source of water,
the kangaroo rat in
of meeting all its Estuaries Marine (8) or energy (kcal m). expressed in terms of
weight
gelher in isolated units but are hooked
American deserts is capable Wetlands
in an ecosystem,
fat
forms interlinking
through its internal ecosystem 1ood chains pattern of number
hl Secondary
requirements a
productivity is web-like arrangement of
AT Oganic matter by the rate of formation
a
I0od web
oxidation. has non-living (abiotic) and living (bioticl biotic) knowD as a
altitudes of Every ecosystem consumers. The
The tribes living at high
mountains have a higher
count of red blood components. net p ctivity of the whole annual (iv) Nutrient Cycling
cells and haemoglobin and high vital capacity
ately
approximately 170 billion
billion tons of biosphere is The nutrients are
than people living in plains.
Components of Ecosystemns organic matter. never lost from an
recycled again indefintely. The ecosystem but are
of ecosystems may be given as: ) Decomposition 1.e.
carbon, amount of nutrients.
The following are the components in soil at
nitrogen, phosphorus calcium, etc.. present
Decomposers breakdown complex any given time is called as
) Biotic Components matter standing state.
Ecosystem into inorganic substances like carbon dioxide, Environmental factors like temperature, soil nature
It include autotrophic components (self-nourishing), and nutrients and this water moisture
Ecosystem is a functional unit of
nature, process is called
can
regulate the rate oi release of nutrients.
(depend on other) and decomposers. Nutrient cycles are
interact among heterotrophiccomponents of two types
decomposition.
where living organisms
themselves and also with the surrounaing ü)Abiotic Components Dead plant remains such Gaseous cycle exists in the atmosphere, e.g. carbon
leaves, bark, flowers
as
cycle and nitrogen cycle.
physical environment. Abiotic component of an ecosystem consists of non-living and dead remains of animals, ncluding faecal matter,
substances and factors. constitute detritus (raw material for decomposition). Carbon Cycle
The important steps n the Carbon cycle occurs through
process of atnosphere. oceans and
decomposition are living and dead organisms.
() Fragmentation (i) Leaching About 71% of global carbon is found as dissolved form in
Abiotic and Biotic Components of Various Types of Ecosystem (i) Catabolism (iv) Humification
x 10"
the ocean. About 4 kg of carbon is fixed in the
Component Marine Ecosystem Grassland Ecosystem Forest Ecosystem Desert Ecosystem biosphere through photosynthesis annually.
Mainly trees. Teaks, Sal, Shrubs, bushes, some grasses ) Mineralisation.
Biotic Phytoplanktons, Dichanthium, Cynodon, and very few trees. Cycads,
Carbon dioxide is also returned to the atmosphere through
Quercus in temperate forest
Components díaloms, Digitaria, Dactyloctenium, cacti, palm, coconuts, etc
i)Energy Flow (a) Burning of fossil fuels, fuel wood and organic debris
Setaria, few shrubs Pinus, Abies, Cedrus,
1. Producers dinoflagellates, (b) Forest fires
microscopic algae, Juniperus and
Rhododendron
The flow of energy from the sun to producers and
members of Phaeophyta len to consumers is unidirectional. (c) Volcanic acitivity
and Rhodophyta
earth's crust,
2. Consumers Crustaceans, molluscs Deer, sheep, cow, buffaloes,
eafhoppers, flies, beetle, Animals, insects, some
nan ecosyystem, energy as transferred in the form Sedimentary cycle exists on the
(a) Primary and fishes rabbit, mouse, also some ugs, spider, deer, mouse reptiles and camel
and it leads to degradation and loss ofactivities
0od tood major a eg. phosphorus cycle and sulphur cycle.
and moles
insects, termites and
millipedes
O energy as heat during metabolic
is rock in the form of
(b) Secondary Carnivorous fishes Fox, jackal, snake, frogs, Lizard, fox, snake and birds Reptiles ery smal fraction becomes stored as biomass. are The natural reservoir of phosphorus
the plants through their
lizards and birds nature, basically two types of food chains
eCOgnised
phosphates. Phosphates enter
roots and than the food chain.
(c) Tertiary Harring, shad and Hawk and vulture Lion, tiger, wild cats, etc. Vultures
are decomposed
mackeral carnivore la Grazing food chain The organic wastes and dead organisms which release
fishes like cod, bacteria,
by the phosphate-solubilising
haddock, etc Autatroph Herbivore Pimary carnivore
phosphorus back
in the soil.
3. Decomposars Chiefly bacteria and Mucor, Aspergillus, Most fungi Aspergillus Pungi and bacteria, which
are
producer) primary consumer) secondaryconsume
input of phosphorus
rainfall
through
Penicillium Pusarium, The atmospheric betwen organisms
fungi Polyporus, Pusarium. thermophilic
phosphorus
Cladosporium and Ahizopus
Secondary carnivore
or gaseous exchange of
BacteriaBacillus,
Clostridium and (tertiary consumer and environment
is negligible.
Streptomyces
Abiotic Temperature zones, Rainfall less than 25 CIn
Components
air,|
Og. minerals rich salts,
CO, H,0, nitrate, phosphate Soil and atmosphere ana
and sulphates, roughly 19% exlreme of temperalure
GC of the earth's crust cold
 strt1u e cconcept of
content. The
Ecological Pyramil of the trophic biomass
or energy
representations
number, pyramids.
the graphical of their Eltonian
pyramids are
terms
shown in known as
Ecological which may be a r e also
ecosystem, Elton (1927).
So, they
levels of
an
by Gharles
w a s proposed below in figure:
pyramid types of pyramids
Therea r e three
Types of Pyramid

Pyramid of energy
Pyramid of biomass

Pyramid numbers

Always upright |
Inverted
Upright Inverted Upright Marine
Pond ecosystem
Terrestrial
In most ecosystems,
Only in tree ecosystem
and aquatic
e.g. grassland ecosystem ecosystems
ecosystems

One Large fish

vulture Numerous parasites/ Crustaceans and

Fewsnakes Several birds
Several frogs
small fish /One One
Single tiger bird
Many grasshoppers tree Phytopla-
Crop plants nktons Several Several
Numerous rabbits fishes
parasites
Numerous Numerous
Several birds grasses and phytoplankton
Single long tree plants

wE
Ecological Succession 2. Secondary succession takes place in a region,
life existed in the past, but got destroyed complea
natural process by which
succession is it is comparatively faster as some soil or sedimes
a
Ecological
different groups or communities colonise the same area over
already present.
a period of time in a definite sequence. It is the in
developmental stages of community are known as seral
3. Autotrophic succession that begins
predominantly inorganic environment

stages.
Climax community is the final terminal community that
characterisedby early and continued dominan-
ana.
can maintain itself more or less indetinitely in equilibrium 4. Heterotrophic succession occurs in special
with the prevailing environment and the stage as climax. case, where the environment is predomu
The initial stage of the community of the area until climax organic.
is reached is known as pioneer stage or pioneer community. 5. Autogenic succession is resulting from the cu
Succession is of various
types brought about by the organisms themselves.
1. Primary succession takes
places where no life existed
before. It is comparatively slow as suitable soil has to be
5. Allogenic succession is resulting from
brought about by factors external to the comm
formed.
 sion ofPlants
C the
nature of
of hab
habitat, succession of
nature
on
Aased
Based plants can be grouped into two
rch suGCession occurs in water bodies and xerarch categories
Aydra ecies that invade a bare area are
succession takes place in dry or xeric
conditions (bare=
xks).TE called pioneer species.
ake
s)thousan of years for the establishment of climax community. Primary succession is a very slow process that
ndary
n seconda succession, the type of pioneer species
depends
on the
Condition ofsoil following
(ii) Availability of water
a Environmental conditions
(iv) Seeds/other propagules present
Pioneer, Seral and Climax Communities
Climax
Pioneer Community Seral Community Community
Crustose lichens stage Foliose lichen stage Moss stage Herb stage Shrub stage Forest stage
Rhus Mesophytic
Rhizocarpon Parmelia Polytrichum Rhus
trees
Dermatocarpon Tortula Pestuca Phytocarpus
Rinodina
Lecanora
Grimnia

Ecosystem Services and services. T

and aesthetic goods
wide of economic, environmental
base for a range
Ecosystems are the named as ecosystem
services.
of ecosystem processes a r e forest ecosystem.
products a healthy
ecosystem, e.g.
provided by a n
The following services
are
Purify water
oxygen
Purify air by releasing Pollinate crops
carbon
floods storage site for
Mitigate droughts and
Provide

Cycle nutrients values et. al., have tried

to put -

cultural and spiritual

Constanza
Robert n=
determine. dollars a
difficult to
Provide aesthetic, trillion US year,
biodiversity is this price to be 33
services of estimated

The value of services. Scientists have

life-support trillion US
dollar
tags on nature's p r o d u c t i o n is only 18
Our global gross
 SI

Wildlife Conservation

Concept of Biodiversity
Tho term
biodiversity was popularised bythe
Riodiversity is the heterogeneity which
exists at sOciobiologist Edward Wilson.
organisations in our biosphere. different levels of biological
Phe Scientific estimation of total number of
7 million.
species made by Robert
Mayer is about
More than 70% of all the
species recorded
DAY 35
are
animals, while plants
brvophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms) comprise (algae, fungi,
not more than
Among animals, insects are the most
22% of total.
than 70% of the total. species-rich taxonomic group making
Fungi species in the world are more
than the
up more
Outlines
amphibians, reptiles and mammals. combined total of the species of Concept of Biodiversity
fishes,
Biodiversity Conservation
Tndia shares 8.1% of global species
diversity and it makes India one of the 12 mega In-Situ Conservation
diversity countries of the world. Ex-Situ Conservation
Nearly 45000 species of plants
and twice as many of animals Earth Summit
have been recorded from
India. There are probably more than 100000 plant
species yet to be discovered and described.
species and more than 300000 animal

Thebiological diversity includes following three hierarchical levels:

Genetic Diversity
It is the
diversity in the number and types of genes present in different species annd
tie genetic variations in the same species.
 40 DAYS PMTBiologs Wildlife
Dodo

(Mauritius), Ouagga (Afric

Steller's sea cow
ow (Russia nd three sub-species
onservation DAY 35
log S =log
C+Z log A n) o
of
tigerare
r tiger are the examples of D e c i e s (Baluslralia).
Jauia),
465
464 Caspian)
recent
in
medicinal
plant
Where, S =Species
richness
Abour 27
species have been ov
<tincted extinction. In-Situ Conservation
to be ng last 20
variation goups ike amphibi
For example,
genetic
growing
in
different
Himalayan
concentration
A =Area
(regression coefficient
appea more ycars. Some n-Site Conservation)
of the line
extinction.
and
Rauwolfia
vomitorza
the ot
potency more
than
Z Slope vulnerable to It is the
ranges
occurs
in terms
reserpine (active
chemical).
India has
rice and 1000 C=Y-intercept
major causes of
biodiversity loss (TH through their conservation of living
within resources
ecosystems, in maintenance
of strains of ) Habitat Loss and Fragmentatic
50000
genetically
different SCA
log S= log C+ z log A uartel) are which they occur. Itthe natural
varieties of mango. 8 -s
g eale
(i) Over-exploitation
Species Invasions
Comprehensive includes
Nalional Parks,system protected areas such
of a
as
1lien.
Natural Sanctuaries, Natural
Species Diversity e ) Co-extinctions
Monuments. Reserves.
Cultural Landscapes
of species within
a region.
It indicates Biosphere Reserves and several others.
example, the
It is the variety habitat. For
the species richness
in any species Red Data Book
Western Ghats
havea greater
Eastern

amphibian
Ghats.

Area
odiversity Conservation A Red Data Book or Red List is
diversity than the
is the most ient and most taxa facing risk of extinction.
a
catalogue
Reasons of Biodiversity Conservation
tilisation of the natural beneficial Union of Conservation of Nature Internatior
Ecological Diversity The main reasons for more diversity in tropics than resources.
is protection, unlift and Conservation of Resources (IUCN) maintains it.
and Natu
level. Diversity the at scientific
the diversity at ecosystem
temperate regions are
so as maintain it at its
to management of Red Data Book or red list initialed
It is the present optimum
three perspectives was in 19
and ecosystem has of evolution level and derive
level of community also Species
formation (speciation) is a part able, benefits.for well as
Its purpose is to
community diversity),
which is Unlike temperate regions subjected to frequent strategies.
reasons for conserving biodiveristy can be grouped into
as future
(i) Provide awareness to the degree of
(i) a-diversity (within and is the diversity
within a
time period in the past, tropics thre
called local diversity glaciation for much undisturbed for millions of years
hree categories biodiversity.
community. is the remained relatively (i) Provide global index about existing de-
(between community
diversity) evolutionary time for species rate of biodiversity
(i) -diversity and had a long arrowly Utilitarian Reasons
betweencommunities.
two diversification. (ii) ldentification and documentation of
spe
diversity diversity, State that human beings derive a number of economic
(iii) y-diversity,
which is also called regional Tropical
environments are less seasonal, Telatively medicinal
high risk of extinction.
the total richness of species
in all the habitats
more constant and predictable, which promote niche enefits like food, fibre, firewood, industrial and (iv) Preparing conservation strategies and
represents a r e a or landscape. lead to a greater species diversity. products. conservatuon action.
found within region, geographical
a specialisation and
available in the tropics, IUCN is International Union for
Conservation Network (WCN; There is m o r e solar energy Conserva
According to World
and animal species which contributes to higher
productivity and in turn . Br0adly Utilitarian Reasons Nature and Natural Resources, which
2004), the total number moreplant
of called World Conservation Union (WCU)
than 1.5 million and yet Stalis that biodiversit plays a major role providing
far is slightly greater diversity.
defined so
which cannot be givena price-tag. The main objectives of IUCN is to pro
discovered. COsystem services, wildlife anc
more are to be support the conservation of
Importance of Biodiversity Iheyare
resources. WCU has its headquarter
at
that communities with more ) production of oxygen.
Patterns of Biodiversity Ecologists
believe
stable than those
with less
) pollination of flowers, without which fruitl'seeds
are not
Switzerland.
os
decreases as we move away from species tend to be
more
Red list has following categories
Species diversity to has the following attributes: produced.
Therefore according species. A stable community
the equator towards the poles.
earth the biodiversity is toomuch variations
in the
i aesthetic pleasures like bird watching. watching spring (i) Threatened Species
non-uniform diversity on the 1) It shall not show The species, which is
liable to be
as: year-to-year productivity. tlowers, etc.
divided into following patterns resilient to seasona
not allowed to realise
it's full biotic pc
resistant or
ii) It must be either ftrom exotic speci
providing protection
(i) Latitudinal Gradients disturbances. Ethical Reasons
Generally, tropics (latitudinal range
of 23.5 N to 23.5°S)
also resistant to invasion by alien species. has intrinsic value, even
ifit is not ot any
i) Extinet
(iii) It must be tor very species an
when there is n=
harbour more species than temperate or polar
areas.
are essential a0nomic value to us. A taxon is extinct,
richness and diversity
the equator has nearly The species race ou and pass individual has died.
Columbia located near survival of human We for their well-being doubt that it's last
as well as have
1400 species of birds, whereas New
York at 41°N has ecosystem health a moral duty to care
n D1ological legacy to our future generdo the Wild EVW)
105 species and Greenland at 71N only 56 species. the earth.
Biodiversity Conservation
(ii) Extinct in in the wild,
extinct
India with much of its land area in the tropical latitudes, A taxon is
has more than 1200 species of birds. Loss of Biodiversity the known only to survive in cultivation
wel
has has been declining rapiau 1s
ExSitu
naturalised population,
The tropical Amazonian rain forest in South America
or as a
Biodiversity islands by humaat than
In-situ conservation
Pacific past range.
the greatest biodiversity on earth. colonisation of tropical extinction of
Conservation Endangered (CE)
to have led to the m
i)Species-Area Relationships
said (iv) Critically endangeres
2000 species of native birds. of Nalure Sphere National Wildife
Sacred
taxon is critically
A risk of ex
Humboldt observed that withina Cumented parks sanctuaries forest
extremely high
Conservation
Alexander von for
IUCN (International Union Tor
reserves causes facing a n luture (92
egion species richness
increased with increasing Red List (2004)tebrales
Natural Resources),
verteb.
issue wild in the
immediate
plored areas limit.
upto a and
the extinction of 784 species 5 Zoos
Seed
pollen

Gene
bank Cuilure
1014 plants).
Botanical
On a logarithmic scale, the relationship is a straight 359 invertebrates and 87 planls) in thelas
garden banks
ienerihed by the equation
 y and Wildlife
dlife
40 DAYS
PMT Biology J m p o r t a n tW i l Vildlife Projects Conservatior DAY 33 467
ofIndia
oject tiger (Panth tigris)
Dependent
(CD)
endangero order to chec The oject sphere Reserves in India
466 critically ,Or (oPn 973 in it was underPletionect
was started Site
19itially,
Conscrvation
as
in population
currently quality
(vii) depen dent, Location (Sate) Area in
Taxa that do
and may

not
be
classified
as
conservation
iger..
underlaken in 17
tly the projecl has been e National Parks.
recently
the
1.
Nilgiri Karnataka. Kerala and
Year
Km
(v) Endangered (EN)
when
il is not vulnerable But
a total of 23),. ended to more amil Nadu
1986 5520
high
(DD) NationalParks 2. Nanda Devi
hen there is indequate inform
endangered,
A taxon
is facing
endangered but i n the
a very
future.
(viii) Data
Deficient
when there
is indequate information mportant Tiger Reserves in India Norek Ultarakhand 1988 5860
critically wild
near
data deficient, exti
i t ' s risk of
extinction Meghalaya
extinction
in the
A taxon is assessment of Manas Asom
1988 820
risk of a direct or
indirectp o p u l a t i o n s t a t u s . 1989 2837
to make Name Sunderbans
(vi) Vulnerable (vu) is not
it's
distribution
or
State Area 6.
Paschim Banga 1989 9630
w h e n it Gulf of
Mannar
car
based o n
is vulnerable,
but 1s Nagarjunsagar Andhra Pradesh (Kmf 7. Great Nicobar
Tamil Nadu 1989 10500
A taxon endangered
in (ix) Non-Evaluated (NE) Andaman and
endangered or in the
wild
non-evaluated
when it has
not
1982
Asom 3568 1989 885
Manas
under the category
critically extinction
frog Nanital Islands
high
r+sk of is 2840 8. Simlipal
facing a term future, e.g.
Madagascar
(Antilope
A taxon
against any
criteria.
Indravali Madhya Pradesh Odisha 1994 4374
the
medium
antongili).
black buck
yet been
assessed
Simplipal Odisha 2799 9. Dibu-Saikhowa Asom
1997 765
(Dyscophus 2750 10.
Species in
India 73
Sunderbans West Bengal Dehang Debang Arunachal Pradesh 1998 5111
cervicapra).
Number of T h r e a t e n e d 2585 11. Pachmarhi
Example (Animal) 197 Namdapha Arunachal Pradesh Madhya Pradesh 1999 4926
Example (Plant) 982 1985 12. Kanchanjunga
Sikkim
Number of Species Kanha Madhya Pradesh 1945 13. Agasthyamalai
2000 2619
Category Animal Sus salvanius (pigmy hog) 973
1973 Bandipur-Nagarhole
Karnataka Kerala and Tamil 2001 3500
Plant Berberis nilghiriensis 1509 Nadu
44
18
Bentickia nicobarica
Ailurus fulgens (red panda) Dudhwa-Katernia Ghat Uttar Pradesh 14. Achanakmar
Critically endangered 987 1362 Madhya Pradesh and
Antelope cervicapra (black buck)
2005 3835
113
43
Cupressus cashmeriana
1973 Ranthambhore
Rajasthan 1334 Amarkantak Chhattisgarh
Endangered 87
973
Corbett Uttarakhand 1316 15. Kachch
Gujarat 2008 12454
Vulnerable Palamau Bihar 16. Cold desert
I973 1026 Himachal Pradesh 2009 7770
includes all plants, animals Rajasthan
and 17. Seshachalam
Sariska
Wildlife its natural
habitat. Wildlife week (October 1-71 ie
1978 866 Andhra Pradesh 2010 4755
organism present in animals. Wildlife 1989 Valmiki Bihar 840
It refers to any living and domesticated
microorganisms
other than the
cultivated plants
the wildlife. Six
v a l u e s of wildlife are
commercial, recreational. 1968 Kalakad-Mundanthurai Tamil Nadu 800 Note
in the public about situated in Dehradun. 1978 Periyar Kerala
Institute of India is 77 Sites with Bold letter have been recognised by UNESCO on
awareness
celebrated to create
and social. Wildlife
scientific West Bengal world network of biospere reserves
biological, aesthetic, 962 Buxa
759
Wildlife in India
with luxuriant tropical forests. b) Lion project (Panthera leo persica) The project was (i) National Parks
conditions
India has varied climatic and geographical about 350 species of mammals,
2100 species of started in 1972. It is located in Gir National Park, A national park is an area strictly reserved for the
Indian wildlife comprises about
75000 species of animals including Junagarh (Gujarat). protection and welfare of wildlife. In India. there are
birds and plenty of reptiles like
lizards and snakes. 96 natüonal parks (April 2007) covering an area of
c) Snow leopard project (Panthera uncia) Throughout of India's total
Animals
Important Indian Wild Fimalayas, e.g. Khangchendzonga National Park 38029.18 square kilometers, i.e. 1.16%
surface area. The first national park in the world, the
Site ofConservalion
Common Name ScientificName (Gangtok). Yellostone National Park, was founded in 1872 in LUSA.
Gir forest
Asiatic lion Panthera leo persica ) Musk deer project (Moschus moschiferus) Kedarnath of India
Antilope cervicapra
Velavader National Park
and
In 1935, the first national park was
Black-buck
(Gujarat) sanctuary (Uttarakhand), Manali Sanctuary (FP) established in the foothills of the Himalayas (Hailey
Shikari Devi sanctuary (HP). National Park) presently known as Corbett National
Great Indian bustard Choriotis nigriceps Desert National Park
Asom and Chittagong ) Project elephant It was launched in 1992 and it covers Park. A total of 166 National Parks have been
Hoolock gibbon Hylobates holock both wild and domestic authorised. Plans are underway to establish the
Indian clephant Blephas maximus elephants.
remaining scheduled parks.
DachigamNational Park
Kashmirstag(Hangul) Cervus elaphus hanglu
Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary
Biosphere Reserves
Lion-lailed macaque Macaca silenus was launched (iv) Sanctuaries
AdAept of biosphere
reserves
Musk deer Moschus chrysogaster Kedarnath Sanctuary der
LAB programme of UNESCO (started in 197) These are notified for the protection of
wild anima
500 sanctuaries ir
Nilgiri tahr Hemitragus hylocrius Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary started in India in and fauna. In India, there are over
Peacock Pavo cristatus North and Central India 986. Erve programme was
Tat biosphere different states. Among these, the 28 tiger reserves
are
0.1otal reserves in ndia art 14. one of special significanc
Pigmy hog Sus sulvanius
Bhutanand Western Asom governed by Project Tiger,
RhinoceTos Rhinoceros unicornis Mfirst biosphere established
reserve o in the conservation of
the tiger. Some wildliE
Kaziranga giri Biosphere Reserve. named bird sanctuary.
Snow leopard
Panthera uncia Dachigam National Park A biosphere reserve
bufter and sanctuaries are specifically
Swamp deer (Barasingha) of core, for signature at Ear
Cervus duvauceli Kanha National Park Manipuat reserve is made
convention was opened
The
Sambhar Cervus unicolor niger Kanha National Park hanipulation zone. Summit in Rio de on Janeiro on
5th June,
December, 1993.
199 a
Thamin deer a nands for Man and Biosphere programue. entered into force o n 29th
Cervus
eldi eldi Kaibul Lamjao (Manipur) by
Tiger Panthera tigris nand Biosphere Programme was
launched
Wild ass
Equushemionus khur
Project Tiger sites
Rann of Kutch
UNESCO in 1971.
 e (
40 DAYS
PMT Bioklogy
situ Conservation
onservation DAY 35
469
of I n d i a
site Conservation) 'Tissue Culture
Sanctuaries
Slate ans, conservation outside the
468 Parks
and Location
De
extended to
Madhya uating sample populationnabitats
an nay otherwise endangered species as well as those
National
Name Mandla and
Important
Pradesh i De require
Stale
Kanha National Park
Balaghat c e Centres, maintained at one
place
very rapid
in asepticclimatic condition and
Location Madhya botanical gardens.
Name
Nagarjuna Sagar
Nalgonda
Andhra
Pradesh Pench National Park
Seoni
Pradesh
Maharashlra
Seed
banks, etc.
culture collections, Genetic Engineering cultures.
This
Organismtechnique
Andhra Chaurilagarh
helps in the
e pools,
East Godavari Melghat National Park
Sanctuary
Coringa Sanctuar
Pradesh
Keibul Lamjao National Logtak Manipur and genetic
increasing its usefulness manipulalion ot
Andhra
ntanical Gardens to
people.
Nellore
Pulicat (Lake) Sanctuary
Pradesh
Andhra
Park
Nokvek National Park
West Garo Hills Meghalaya
Odisha garden is a collection of living Hot Spots
Balagaon otanica
Namdapha National Park Tirap Pradesh Chilka Lake Bird for both pure nese are areas that are extremely rich in
Asom Sanctuary
Mayurbhanj Odisha lshese play an important role applied
in the dve
nigh endemism and species diversity
Kaziranga National Park Sibsagar Simlipal National Park are under constant threat.
Barpeta
Asom Jaiselmer and Rajasthan iesan of plant species sO much, that dreas are particularly in floral wealth and endemic. not Tnese
Manas National Park Bihar Desert National Park
Barmer are several instances when plants believed lowering plants but also in reptiles. only n
Daltongun
Palamau National Park
Valmiki Nagar Sanctuary
Champaran
Bihar
Keoladeo Ghana Bird Bharatpur Rajasthan xtinct, were found living only in botanical Swallow-tailed butterflies and some mammals. anphibians.
Punjab
Sukhna Lake Sanctuary
Chandigarh
Gujarat Sanctuary
Ecologically, hot spots are determined by four factors
Rann of Kutch
Ranthambore National Sawai Madhopur Rajasthan sdens. i) Numbers of
Dhangadhra Sanctuary
Junagarh
Gujarat species/species diversity.
i) Degree of endemism.
Gir National Park Park
Bhavnagar
Gujarat
Sarika National Park Alwar Rajasthan eed B a n k s
Velavadar National Park
Haryana Tamil Nadu (1) Degree of threat to habitat due to its degradation and
Sultanpur (Lake) Bird Gurgaon Kalakad Sanctuary
Tirunelveli
lh seed banks, germplasm is stored as seeds ragmentation.
Marine National Park Gulf of Mannar Tamil Nadu accessions. Under suitable
Sanctuary
Bilaspur
Himachal
Nainital Uttarakhand
various
(iv) Degree of exploitation.
Covind Sagar Bird Pradesh Corbett National Park
itions, seeds many species can be stored
of
Dudhwa National Park
Lakhimpur kheri Uttar Pradesh There are 25 hot spots of the world. two are found in India
Jammu ana year.
Sanctuary Uttarakhand up to
50-100
into neighbouring countries, i.e. Western Ghats Sri
Dachigam National Park Srinagar
Kashmir Kedarnath Sanctuary
Kedarnath
Uttarakhand
extending
Lanka and Indo-Burma region (covering the Eastern Himalayas
Karnataka Rajaji National Park
Shivalik hills
Bandipur National Park Mysore
Karnalaka Valley of Flowers Chamoli Uttarakhand allen Storage also known as cradle of speciation). There are 15 hot spots in
Ranganathittu (Bird) Mysore the in tropical forests, 5 in mediterranean type forests and in
National i s considerably important islands. The total number of hot spots in tropics 16. 15
nservation of genetic diversity. The life of
Sanctuary Kerala
Periyar National Park Idukki Park West Bengal
Palakkad Kerala Buxa National Park Buxa
been reported 3 years in some
mainland and 1 island.
Silent Valley National
Madarihat West Benga den has
Jaldapara Sanctuary
Park Cles.
Indravali National Park Bastar Madhya Sunderban National Park | 24-Parganas WestBengal
Pradesh
Zoos in India arth Summit is dedicated
(v) Sacred Forests LSigned by 150 government leaders at the 1992 Rio
Earth Summit, the Convention on Biological Diversity
and cultural City State
India has history religious
of Name Visakhapattnam Andhra Pradesh lo promoting sustainable development.
of South Africa. 190 countries-
traditions that emphasised protection 2002 in Johannesburg,
Development was held in
Park
Indira Gandhi Zoological
nature. Hyderabad
Andhra Pradesh
The World Summit on Sustainable
reduction in the current rate of
biodiversity loss at global, regiona
Nehru Zoological Park a significant
achieve
Sacred forests are undisturbed
forests
Chennai
Tamil Nadu ELged their commitment to
without any human intervention and highly Parkk and local levels by the year 2010.
Arignar Anna Zoological Karnataka of the World
surrounded by degraded lanseales. Park Mysore Wildlife Organisations
Sri Chanarajendra Zoological Important Environment and
Conference on
These forests contain number of rare, Gujarat United Nations
Park Ahmedabad MNHS Mumbai Natural History Society .UNCED
endangered and endemic species. Kamla Nehru Zoological Maharashtra Trade Endangered
Development
Society of India
Such sacred groves are found in Zoo Mumbai CITES onvention o n International
in Wildlife Preservation
Veermata jijabai Udyan Bihar Species of wild Fauna and Flora
WPSI
World Wildlife Fund
(a) Khasi and Jaintia Hills in Meghalaya Patna wWF Research Institut
(b) Aravalli Hills of Rajasthan
Sanjay Gandhi Biological Park Ultar Pradesh
IBWL Indian Board for Wildlife
of Nature
and NEERI
National Environment Engineering
Kanpur UCN nternational Union for Conservation
(c) Western Ghal regions of Karnataka and Kanpur Zoo Jharkhand
Bokaro Natural Resources
Maharashlra Jawaharlal Nehru Biological Park NWAP
Karnataka National Wildlife Action Plan
(d) Sarguja, Chanda and Bastar areas of Bannerghatta Biological Park Bengaluru
Madhya Pradesh Tamil Nadu
Guindy Snake Park Chennai
Tamil Nadu
Zoos Children's Corner Zoo Chennai
It is a place, where wild animals are Maharashtra
Aurangabad
ept for public showing. They have Aurangabad Zoo Madhya Pradesh
ecorded success with captive breeding of Indore
Indore Zoo
nimals.