CEB4022

Materials Science for

Chemical Engineering
Chapter 3:
Properties of materials
Mechanical, Electrical and Thermal Properties

CLO1 : Analyze different type of materials and the important aspects of materials properties
i.e structural, mechanical, electrical, optical, magnetic and degradation of materials.

CLO2 : Select suitable materials that meet specified needs with appropriate consideration for
safety and environmental considerations

Dr Mohd Hilmi Noh

 Part 1
Mechanical Properties

Part 2
Electrical Properties

Part 3
Thermal Properties

2
 Part 1
Mechanical Properties

Part 2
Electrical Properties

Part 3
Thermal Properties

3
 Learning Outcomes: Part 1

Under subtopic of Mechanical Properties, at the end

you should be able to:
a) Define engineering stress and strain
b) State Hooke’s law and note the conditions
under which it is valid
c) Define Poisson’s ratio
d) Given an engineering stress-strain diagram,
determine
• Modulus of elasticity (Young modulus)
• Yield Strength (YS),
• Tensile strength (TS),
• Percentage of elongation %EL
e) Determine elastic and plastic behaviour
f) Define and calculate Resilience, Toughness,
Ductility

4
Importance of mechanical properties

What
materials can
be used?

 What maximum
load can it supports?

5
 1. Stress

6.
2. Strain
Toughness

Mechanical
properties

5. Ductility 3. Elastic

4. Plastic

6
7
 1. Engineering Stress
 Stress is the force per unit area on a body that tends to cause it to
change shape
 Stress is a measure of the internal forces in a body between
its particles
 Tensile stress (or tension) is the stress state leading to expansion
 the length of a material tends to increase in the tensile direction
 the volume of the material stays constant
 equal and opposite forces are applied on a body,
 Shear stress is a stress state where the stress is parallel to the
surface of the material
 opposed to normal stress when the stress is vertical to the
surface

8
 1. Engineering Stress
• Tensile stress, s: • Shear stress, t:
Ft Ft

Area, Ao Fs
Area, Ao

Fs
Ft
s=
Ft
=
N or Pa
2
t = Fs Ft
Ao m Ao
original area
before loading

9
 2. Engineering Strain
• Tensile strain: • Lateral strain:
d/2
d -dL
e= eL =
Lo Lo wo
wo

dL /2
• Shear strain:
q
x g = x/y = tan q
Strain is always
y 90º - q
dimensionless.
90º
Adapted from Fig. 6.1(a) and (c), Callister & Rethwisch 8e.
 Stress-Strain Testing
• Typical tensile test • Typical tensile
machine specimen

Adapted from
extensometer specimen Fig. 6.2,
Callister &
Rethwisch 8e.

gauge
length

Adapted from Fig. 6.3, Callister & Rethwisch 8e. (Fig. 6.3 is taken from H.W.
Hayden, W.G. Moffatt, and J. Wulff, The Structure and Properties of Materials,
Vol. III, Mechanical Behavior, p. 2, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1965.)
11
12
What Equation will be used for tensile strain?

l l - lo d
e= = =
lo lo lo

13
Stress Strain diagram

14
Stress Strain diagram

15
Stress Strain diagram

16
 3. Elastic Deformation
1. Initial 2. Small load 3. Unload

bonds
stretch

return to
initial
d
F
F Linear-
elastic
Elastic means reversible! Non-Linear-
elastic
d
17
 3. Elastic Deformation
 Deformation in which stress and strain are proportional is called elastic
deformation
For most metals that are stressed in tension and at relatively low levels,
stress and strain are proportional to each other through the relationship.

s=Ee
This is known as Hooke’s law, and the constant of proportionality E (GPa
or psi) is the modulus of elasticity, or Young’s modulus.
This modulus may be thought of as stiffness, or a material’s resistance to
elastic deformation.
The greater the modulus, the stiffer the material
The modulus is an important design parameter used for computing elastic
deflections.
Elastic deformation is nonpermanent, which means that when the applied
load is released, the piece returns to its original shape.

18
 Linear Elastic Properties
• Modulus of Elasticity, E:
(also known as Young's modulus)
• Hooke's Law:
s=Ee
s F

e
Linear- F
elastic simple
tension
test

19
 Young’s Modulus: Comparison
Graphite Composites
Metals
Ceramics Polymers /fibers
Alloys
Semicond
1200
1000 Diamond
800
600
Si carbide
400 Tungsten Al oxide Carbon fibers only
Molybdenum Si nitride
E(GPa) 200
Steel, Ni
Tantalum <111>
CFRE(|| fibers)*
Platinum Si crystal
Cu alloys <100> Aramid fibers only
100 Zinc, Ti
80 Silver, Gold
Glass -soda A FRE(|| fibers)* Based on data in Table B.2,
Aluminum Glass fibers only
60
40
Magnesium,
Tin GFRE(|| fibers)* Callister & Rethwisch 8e.
Concrete Composite data based on
109 Pa 20 GFRE*
CFRE*
reinforced epoxy with 60 vol%
of aligned
Graphite GFRE( fibers)*
10 carbon (CFRE),
8 CFRE( fibers) *
6 AFRE( fibers) *
aramid (AFRE), or
Polyester glass (GFRE)
4 PET
PS fibers.
PC Epoxy only
2
PP
1 HDP E
0.8
0.6 Wood( grain)
PTFE
0.4

0.2 LDPE

20
Young’s Modulus: Comparison

21
 Poisson's ratio, n

• Poisson's ratio, n:
Ratio b/w Lateral Strain and Tensile Strain

eL
n=-
e
Units:
metals: n ~ 0.33 E: [GPa] or [psi]
ceramics: n ~ 0.25 n: dimensionless
polymers: n ~ 0.40

n > 0.50 density increases

n < 0.50 density decreases

22
23
Example 1

24
Example 1

25
Useful Linear Elastic Relationships
• Simple tension: • Simple torsion:
2ML o
d = FL o d = n Fw o a=
EA o
L
EA o  r o4 G
F M = moment
a = angle of twist
d/2
Ao
Lo Lo
wo
2ro
dL /2
• Material, geometric, and loading parameters all
contribute to deflection.
• Larger elastic moduli minimize elastic deflection.

26
Example 2

27
Example 2

28
4. Plastic Deformation (Metals)
1. Initial 2. Small load 3. Unload
bonds
stretch planes
& planes still
shear sheared

delastic + plastic dplastic

F
F
Plastic means permanent! linear linear
elastic elastic
d
dplastic
29
 4. Plastic Deformation
 For most metallic materials, elastic deformation persists only to
strains of about 0.005.
 As the material is deformed beyond this point, the stress is no
longer proportional to strain, and permanent, non-recoverable, or
plastic deformation occurs.
 The transition from elastic to plastic is a gradual for most metals
 From an atomic perspective, plastic deformation corresponds to
the breaking of bonds with original atom neighbors and then
reforming bonds with new neighbors

30
 Plastic (Permanent) Deformation
(at lower temperatures, i.e. T < Tmelt/3)

• Simple tension test:

Elastic+Plastic
engineering stress, s at larger stress

Elastic
initially
permanent (plastic)
after load is removed

ep engineering strain, e

plastic strain Adapted from Fig. 6.10(a),

Callister & Rethwisch 8e.

31
 Yield Strength, sy
• Stress at which noticeable plastic deformation has
occurred.
when ep = 0.002
tensile stress, s
stress level at which
sy plastic deformation
begins, or where the
phenomenon of yielding
occurs.

engineering strain, e P.S. : Refer slides of “stress

strain diagram” previously
ep = 0.002 Adapted from Fig. 6.10(a),
Callister & Rethwisch 8e.

32
 Yield Strength : Comparison Graphite/
Metals/ Composites/
Ceramics/ Polymers
Alloys fibers
Semicond
2000
Steel (4140) qt

1000
Yield strength, sy (MPa)

Ti (5Al-2.5Sn) a

in ceramic matrix and epoxy matrix composites, since

700 W (pure)

since in tension, fracture usually occurs before yield.

600

in tension, fracture usually occurs before yield.

Cu (71500) cw
500 Mo (pure)
Steel (4140) a
400
Steel (1020) cd
Room temperature
300 values

Hard to measure ,
Al (6061) ag

Hard to measure,
200 Steel (1020) hr
¨
Ti (pure) a
Ta (pure) Based on data in Table B.4,
Cu (71500) hr
Callister & Rethwisch 8e.
100 a = annealed
dry hr = hot rolled
70 PC ag = aged
60 Nylon 6,6
50 Al (6061) a PET
cd = cold drawn
cw = cold worked
40 PVC humid
qt = quenched & tempered
PP
30 HDPE
20

LDPE
Tin (pure)
10
Yield Strength : Comparison

34
 Tensile Strength, TS
 After yielding, the stress necessary to continue plastic deformation
in metals increases to a maximum point and then decreases to the
eventual fracture
 The tensile strength TS (MPa or psi) is the stress at the maximum
on the engineering stress–strain curve
 This corresponds to the maximum stress that can be sustained by a
structure in tension
 If this stress is applied and maintained, fracture will result.
 All deformation up to this point is uniform throughout the narrow
region of the tensile specimen.
 At maximum stress, a small constriction or neck begins to form at
some point, and all subsequent deformation is confined at this neck,
 This phenomenon is termed ‘‘necking,’’ and fracture ultimately
occurs at the neck.
 Fracture strengths are not normally specified for engineering design
purposes.

35
 Tensile Strength, TS
• Maximum stress on engineering stress-strain curve.
Adapted from Fig. 6.11,

TS Callister & Rethwisch 8e.

F = fracture or
sy
ultimate
engineering

strength
stress

Typical response of a metal

Neck – acts
as stress
concentrator
strain
engineering strain
• Metals: occurs when noticeable necking starts.
• Polymers: occurs when polymer backbone chains are
aligned and about to break.
36
 Tensile Strength: Comparison
Graphite/
Metals/ Composites/
Ceramics/ Polymers
Alloys fibers
Semicond
5000 C fibers
Aramid fib
3000 E-glass fib
Tensile strength, TS (MPa)

2000 Steel (4140) qt

AFRE(|| fiber)
1000 W (pure) Diamond GFRE(|| fiber)
Ti (5Al-2.5Sn)aa CFRE(|| fiber)
Steel (4140)cw Si nitride
Cu (71500)
Cu (71500) hr Al oxide
300
Steel (1020)
Al (6061) ag
Room temperature
Ti (pure) a
200 Ta (pure) values
Al (6061) a Si crystal Based on data in Table B.4,
100 wood(|| fiber)
<100> Nylon 6,6 Callister & Rethwisch 8e.
Glass-soda PC PET a = annealed
40 Concrete PVC GFRE( fiber)
PP CFRE( fiber) hr = hot rolled
30
AFRE( fiber) ag = aged
HDPE
Graphite cd = cold drawn
20 LDPE cw = cold worked
qt = quenched & tempered
10 AFRE, GFRE, & CFRE =
aramid, glass, & carbon
fiber-reinforced epoxy
composites, with 60 vol%
wood ( fiber) fibers.

1 37
Example 3

38
39
 5. Ductility

 Ductility is another important mechanical property.

 It is a measure of the degree of plastic deformation that has
been sustained at fracture.
 A material that experiences very little or no plastic deformation
upon fracture is termed brittle.
 Ductility may be expressed quantitatively as either percent
elongation (%EL) or percent reduction in area (%RA).

40
 5. Ductility
• Plastic tensile strain at failure: Lf -Lo
% EL = x 100
Lo
smaller %EL

larger %EL

Ao
Lo Af Lf

• Another ductility measure: Ao - Af

% RA = x 100
Ao
41
42
Example 4

43
Example 4

44
 Resilience, Ur

Resilience is the capacity of a material to absorb

energy up to yield strength

The associated property is the modulus of resilience,

Ur , which is the strain energy per unit volume

Resilient materials are those having high yield

strengths and low moduli of elasticity

Such alloys would be used in spring applications

45
 Resilience, Ur

• Ability of a material to store energy

– Energy stored best in elastic region

ey
Ur =  sde
0
If we assume a linear
stress-strain curve this
simplifies to

1
Ur @ sy e y
2
Adapted from Fig. 6.15,
Callister & Rethwisch 8e.

46
 6. Toughness

It is a measure of the ability of a material to absorb

energy up to fracture.
Specimen geometry as well as the manner of load
application are important in toughness
determinations.
For a material to be tough, it must display both
strength and ductility; and often, ductile materials
are tougher than brittle ones.

47
 6. Toughness

• Energy to break a unit volume of material

• Approximate by the area under the stress-strain curve.

Engineering small toughness (ceramics)

tensile large toughness (metals)
stress, s
very small toughness
Adapted from Fig. 6.13,
Callister & Rethwisch 8e. (unreinforced polymers)

Engineering tensile strain, e

Brittle fracture: elastic energy

Ductile fracture: elastic + plastic energy

48
 Recap: Stress Strain Diagram

Ts: Tensile strength

Toughness

Resilience
Lf
Lf - Lo Ductility, percentage of resultant elongation at fracture
%EL = x 100
Lo 49
 Hardness
 Another mechanical property that may be important to consider is
hardness
 It is a measure of a material’s resistance to localized plastic
deformation (e.g., a small dent or a scratch).
 Quantitative hardness techniques
 A small indenter is forced into the surface of a material to be
tested, under controlled conditions of load
 The depth or size of the resulting indentation is measured, which
in turn is related to a hardness number
 Hardness tests are performed more frequently than any other
mechanical test for several reasons:
1. They are simple and inexpensive
2. The test is nondestructive
3. Other mechanical properties often may be estimated from
hardness data, such as tensile strength

50
 Hardness
• Resistance to permanently indenting the surface.
• Large hardness means:
-- resistance to plastic deformation or cracking in
compression.
-- better wear properties.
apply known force measure size
e.g., of indent after
10 mm sphere removing load

Smaller indents
D d mean larger
hardness.

most brasses easy to machine cutting nitrided

plastics Al alloys steels file hard tools steels diamond

increasing hardness

51
Hardness: Measurement

52
53
 Design or Safety Factors
• Design uncertainties mean we do not push the limit.

Design stress, σd is taken as calculated stress

level σc multiply by factor N’
N’ = design factor
σd = N’ x σc σc = calculated stress at maximum load
σd = design stress

Alternatively, safe stress or working stress,

σworking is used instead of design stress.
Often N is
sy between
sworking = 1.2 and 4
N σy = yield strength 54
 Design or Safety Factors
 Design allowances must be made to protect against unanticipated failure.
 Design stress, stress level (on the basis of the estimated maximum load)
multiplied by a design factor N’
 N’ is greater than unity.
 Safe stress or working stress is used instead of design stress.
 The choice of an appropriate value of N is necessary.
 If N is too large, then component overdesign will result, that is, either too much
material or a material having a higher-than-necessary strength will be used.
 Values normally range between 1.2 and 4.0.
 Selection of N will depend on several factors, including
 economics,
 previous experience
 the accuracy with which mechanical forces
 material properties may be determined
 the consequences of failure in terms of loss of life and/or property
damage.

55
Example 5

56
57
 Summary
• Stress and strain: These are size-independent
measures of load and displacement, respectively.
• Elastic behavior: This reversible behavior often
shows a linear relation between stress and strain.
To minimize deformation, select a material with a
large elastic modulus (E or G).
• Plastic behavior: This permanent deformation
behavior occurs when the tensile (or compressive)
uniaxial stress reaches sy.
• Toughness: The energy needed to break a unit
volume of material.
• Ductility: The plastic strain at failure.
• Hardness: Resistance to localized plastic deformation .

58
 Part 1
Mechanical Properties

Part 2
Electrical Properties

Part 3
Thermal Properties

59
Outcomes from Topic 2
Electrical Properties

• How are electrical conductance and resistance

characterized?
• Effect of temperature on resistivity
• How to calculate electrical conductivity

60
 Electrical Conduction
• Ohm's Law: V=IR
voltage drop (volts = J/C) resistance
C = Coulomb (Ohms = J.s.C -2)
current (amps = C/s)

• Resistivity, :
-- a material property that is independent of sample size and
geometry Cross sectional area
of current flow

Distance between 2
points of current
• Conductivity, s 1 path
s=


61
 Electrical Properties
• Which will have the greater resistance?

2 2  8
D R1 = =
D 2 D 2
  
  2 

2D   R1
R2 = = =
2D  D
2 2
8
  
  2 

• Analogous to flow of water in a pipe

• Resistance depends on sample geometry and
size.

62
 Definitions
Further definitions

J = s e <= another way to state Ohm’s law

current I
J  current density = = like a flux
surface area A
e  electric field potential = V/

J = s (V/ )

Electron flux conductivity voltage gradient

63
 Conductivity: Comparison
• Room temperature values (Ohm-m)-1 = ( - m)-1
METALS conductors CERAMICS
Silver 6.8 x 10 7 Soda-lime glass 10 -10 -10 -11
Copper 6.0 x 10 7 Concrete 10 -9
Iron 1.0 x 10 7 Aluminum oxide <10 -13

SEMICONDUCTORS POLYMERS
-14
Silicon 4 x 10 -4 Polystyrene <10
Germanium 2 x 10 0 Polyethylene 10 -15 -10 -17
GaAs 10 -6
semiconductors insulators
Selected values from Tables 18.1, 18.3, and 18.4, Callister & Rethwisch 8e.

64
Conductivity: Comparison

65
Example: Conductivity Problem
What is the minimum diameter (D) of the wire so that
V < 1.5 V?
 = 100 m
Cu wire - I = 2.5 A +

100 m
< 1.5 V
 V
R= = 2.5 A
D 2 As I
4 6.07 x 107 (Ohm-m)-1
Solve to get D = 1.87 mm

66
 Metals: Influence of Temperature and
Impurities on Resistivity
• Presence of imperfections increases resistivity
-- grain boundaries
These act to scatter
-- dislocations electrons so that they
-- impurity atoms take a less direct path.
-- vacancies
6
Resistivity, 

• Resistivity
(10 -8 Ohm-m)

5
4 increases with:
-- temperature
3 d -- wt% impurity
-- %CW
2 i
1
t  = thermal
0 -200 -100 0 T (ºC) + impurity
Adapted from Fig. 18.8, Callister & Rethwisch 8e. (Fig. 18.8 adapted from
J.O. Linde, Ann. Physik 5, p. 219 (1932); and C.A. Wert and R.M. Thomson,
+ deformation
Physics of Solids, 2nd ed., McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1970.)

67
Metals: Influence of Temperature and
Impurities on Resistivity

68
 Estimating Conductivity
• Question:
-- Estimate the electrical conductivity s of a Cu-Ni alloy Adapted from Fig.
18.9, Callister &
that has a yield strength of 125 MPa. Rethwisch 8e.
180
Yield strength (MPa)

(10 -8 Ohm-m)
50

Resistivity, 
160
140 40
125 30
120
100 20
21 wt% Ni 10
80
60 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50
wt% Ni, (Concentration C) wt% Ni, (Concentration C)
Adapted from Fig. 7.16(b), Callister & Rethwisch 8e. -8
 = 30 x 10 Ohm - m
From step 1:
1
s = = 3.3 x 106(Ohm - m)-1
CNi = 21 wt% Ni 

69
 Summary
• Electrical conductivity and resistivity are:
-- material parameters
-- geometry dependent
• Conductors, semiconductors, and insulators...
-- differ in range of conductivity values
• For metals, resistivity is increased by
-- increasing temperature
-- addition of imperfections

70
 Part 1
Mechanical Properties

Part 2
Electrical Properties

Part 3
Thermal Properties

71
 Outcomes from Topic 3
Thermal Properties

• How do materials respond to the application of heat?

• How do we define and measure...
-- heat capacity?
-- thermal expansion?
-- thermal conductivity?
-- thermal shock resistance?

• How do the thermal properties of ceramics, metals,

and polymers differ?

72
 Heat Capacity
The ability of a material to absorb heat
• Quantitatively: The energy required to produce a unit rise in
temperature for one mole of a material.
energy input (J/mol)
heat capacity dQ
(J/mol-K) C=
dT temperature change (K)

• Two ways to measure heat capacity:

Cp : Heat capacity at constant pressure.
Cv : Heat capacity at constant volume.
Cp usually > Cv
J  Btu 
• Heat capacity has units of  
mol  K  lb - mol  F 
73
 Dependence of Heat Capacity on
Temperature
• Heat capacity...
-- increases with temperature
-- for solids it reaches a limiting value of 3R

R = gas constant 3R Cv = constant

= 8.31 J/mol-K

Adapted from Fig. 19.2, Callister

& Rethwisch 8e.
0 T (K)
0 qD
Debye temperature
(usually less than Troom )
• From atomic perspective:
-- Energy is stored as atomic vibrations.
-- As temperature increases, the average energy of
atomic vibrations increases.
 Atomic Vibrations
Atomic vibrations are in the form of lattice waves or phonons

Adapted from Fig. 19.1, Callister & Rethwisch 8e.

75
 Specific Heat: Comparison
Material cp (J/kg-K)
• Polymers at room T
Polypropylene 1925 cp (specific heat): (J/kg-K)
Polyethylene 1850 Cp (heat capacity): (J/mol-K)
Polystyrene 1170
Teflon 1050
increasing cp

• Ceramics
Magnesia (MgO) 940
Alumina (Al2O3) 775
Glass 840
• Metals
Aluminum 900
Steel 486 Selected values from Table 19.1,
Tungsten 138 Callister & Rethwisch 8e.

Gold 128

76
 Thermal Expansion
Materials change size when temperature
is changed
Tinitial
 initial
Tfinal > Tinitial
Tfinal
 final

l -l
final initial
= a l (Tfinal -Tinitial )
 l initial
linear coefficient of
thermal expansion (1/K or 1/ºC)

77
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion: Comparison
Material a (10-6/C)
at room T
• Polymers
Polypropylene 145-180 Polymers have larger
Polyethylene 106-198 a values because of
Polystyrene 90-150 weak secondary bonds
Teflon 126-216
• Metals
increasing a

Aluminum 23.6
Steel 12
Tungsten 4.5
Gold 14.2
• Ceramics
Magnesia (MgO) 13.5 Selected values from Table 19.1,
Alumina (Al2O3) 7.6 Callister & Rethwisch 8e.

Soda-lime glass 9
Silica (cryst. SiO2) 0.4

78
 Thermal Expansion: Example
Ex: A copper wire 15 m long is cooled from 40 to - 9⁰C.
How much change in length will it experience?

-6  -1
• Answer: For Cu a
  = 16.5 x 10 ( C)

 = a   0 T = [16.5 x 10 -6 (1/ C)](15 m)[ 40C - ( -9C)]

 = 0.012 m = 12 mm

79
 Thermal Conductivity
The ability of a material to transport heat.
Fourier’s Law
temperature
dT
q = -k gradient
heat flux dx
(J/m2-s) thermal conductivity (J/m-K-s)

T1 T2
T2 > T1
x1 heat flux x2

• Atomic perspective: Atomic vibrations and free electrons in

hotter regions transport energy to cooler regions.

80
 Thermal Conductivity: Comparison
Energy Transfer
Material k (W/m-K) Mechanism
• Metals
Aluminum 247 atomic vibrations
Steel 52 and motion of free
Tungsten 178
electrons
Gold 315
• Ceramics
increasing k

Magnesia (MgO) 38
Alumina (Al2O3) 39 atomic vibrations
Soda-lime glass 1.7
Silica (cryst. SiO2) 1.4
• Polymers
Polypropylene 0.12
Polyethylene 0.46-0.50 vibration/rotation of
Polystyrene 0.13 chain molecules
Teflon 0.25
Selected values from Table 19.1, Callister & Rethwisch 8e.

81
 Thermal Stresses
• Occur due to:
-- restrained thermal expansion/contraction
-- temperature gradients that lead to differential
dimensional changes

Thermal stress =s

= Ea  (T0 -Tf ) = Ea  T
where αℓ is Coefficient of thermal Expansion
and E is Modulus of elasticity

82
 Example Problem
-- A brass rod is stress-free at room temperature (20ºC).
-- It is heated up, but prevented from lengthening.
-- At what temperature does the stress reach -172 MPa?
Solution:
T0 Original conditions
0
Step 1: Assume unconstrained thermal expansion
0  
= ethermal = a  (Tf -T0 )
Tf  room
Step 2: Compress specimen back to original length
0 
-
s s ecompress = = -ethermal
  room
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 Example Problem (cont.)
The thermal stress can be directly
0 calculated as
s s s = E(ecompress )

Noting that ecompress = -ethermal and substituting gives

s = -E(ethermal ) = -Ea  (Tf -T0 ) = Ea  (T0 -Tf )

Rearranging and solving for Tf gives
20ºC
-172 MPa (since in compression)
s
Tf = T0 -
 Ea 

Answer: 106ºC 100 GPa 20 x 10-6/ºC

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 Thermal Shock Resistance
• Occurs due to: non-uniform heating/cooling

rapid quench
s
tries to contract during cooling T2 Tension develops at surface
s = -Ea  (T1 -T2 )
resists contraction T1

Temperature difference that Critical temperature difference

can be produced by cooling: for fracture (set s = sf)
quench rate s
(T1 - T2 ) = (T1 -T2 ) fracture = f
k  Ea 
set equal
sk
• (quench rate)for fracture = Thermal Shock Resistance (TSR)  f
 Ea 
sk
• Large TSR when f is large
Ea 
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 Thermal Protection System
Re-entry T
• Application: Distribution
Space Shuttle Orbiter

reinf C-C silica tiles nylon felt, silicon rubber

(1650ºC) (400-1260ºC) coating (400ºC)
Chapter-opening photograph, Chapter 23, Callister 5e (courtesy
of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.) Fig. 19.2W, Callister 6e. (Fig. 19.2W adapted from L.J. Korb, C.A.
Morant, R.M. Calland, and C.S. Thatcher, "The Shuttle Orbiter Thermal
Protection System", Ceramic Bulletin, No. 11, Nov. 1981, p. 1189.)
• Silica tiles (400-1260ºC):
-- large scale application -- microstructure:
~90% porosity!
Si fibers
bonded to one
another during
heat treatment.
100 mm
Fig. 19.3W, Callister 5e. (Fig. 19.3W courtesy the National Fig. 19.4W, Callister 5e. (Fig. 219.4W courtesy Lockheed Aerospace
Aeronautics and Space Administration.) Ceramics Systems, Sunnyvale, CA.)
 Summary

The thermal properties of materials include:

• Heat capacity:
-- energy required to increase a mole of material by a unit T
-- energy is stored as atomic vibrations
• Coefficient of thermal expansion:
-- the size of a material changes with a change in temperature
-- polymers have the largest values
• Thermal conductivity:
-- the ability of a material to transport heat
-- metals have the largest values
• Thermal shock resistance:
-- the ability of a material to be rapidly cooled

87
 Overall Recap
Part 1 Mechanical Properties
 Stress and Strain
 Elastic and Plastic Deformation
 Other Mechanical Properties (Hardness, Ductility,
Toughness, Resilience, Yield Strength, Tensile Strength)

Part 2 Electrical Properties

 Conductivity
 Resistivity

Part 3 Thermal Properties

 Specific Heat
 Thermal Expansion
 Thermal Conductivity
 Thermal Stress
 Thermal Shock Resistance
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