CIRCULAR LETTER OF THE MINISTER OF

PUBLIC WORKS AND HOUSING

NUMBER : 24/SE/M/2015
DATED 23 APRIL 2015

ON

MANUAL FOR DESIGNING A BRIDGE

STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING SYSTEM

MINISTRY OF PUBLIC WORKS AND

HOUSING
To the honorable:
Echelon I Officials at the Ministry of Public Works and Housing

CIRCULAR LETTER
NOMOR: 24/SE/M/2015

ON
MANUAL FOR DESIGNING A BRIDGE STRUCTURAL HEALTH
MONITORING SYSTEM

A. General

To ensure the safety and reliability of the bridge structure, it is

necessary to assess the condition of the structure and carry out
maintenance during the design service life of the structure. The actual
loading and condition of the structure need to be considered when
carrying out maintenance. The most important thing for the
assessment is the correspondence of the actual information. The
structural health monitoring system includes field inspections, data
collection using sensor systems, and experimental development to
provide extensive information ensure the safety and reliability of the
bridge structure, it is necessary to assess the condition of the structure
and carry out maintenance during the design life of the structure.

B. Basis of Formation

1) Government Regulation Number 34 of 2006 on Roads (State Gazette

of the Republic of Indonesia of 2006 Number 86, Supplement to the
State Gazette of the Republic of Indonesia Number 4655);
2) Government Regulation Number 38 of 2007 on the Division of
Government Affairs between the Government, Provincial
Governments, Regency/City Regional Governments (State Gazette
of the Republic of Indonesia of 2007 Number 82, Supplement to the
State Gazette of the Republic of Indonesia Number 4737);
3) Presidential Regulation Number 7 of 2015 on the Organization of
State Ministries
4) Presidential Regulation Number 15 of 2015 on the Ministry of Public
Works and Housing (State Gazette of the Republic of Indonesia of
2015 Number 16);
5) Decree of the President of the Republic of Indonesia Number 121/P
of 2014 on the Establishment of Ministries and the Appointment of
Ministers of the Working Cabinet for the Period of 2014-2019;
6) Regulation of the Minister of Public Works Number
07/PRT/M/2012 on the Implementation of Research and
Development in the Field of Road.

C. Purposes and Objectives

This Circular Letter is intended as a reference for Echelon I Officials at

the Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing, designers,
constructors and supervisors in carrying out general structural health
monitoring system activities to ensure the safety and reliability of
bridge structures. Bridge structural health is the performance and
integrity of the bridge structure.

D. Scope
This manual stipulates the requirements and procedures for designing
a bridge structural health monitoring (SHM) system, which includes
components of the SHM system, technical monitoring, monitoring
objectives, interpretation and analysis of field data, as well as reporting
on the structural health monitoring process.

E. Closing
More detailed provisions regarding the Manual for Designing a Bridge
Structural Health Monitoring System are listed in the Appendix which
is an integral part of this Ministerial Circular Letter.

Thus, we convey. Thank you for your attention.

“
—i
Enacted in Jakarta
On 3 April 2O15

MINISTER OF PUBLIC WORKS

AND HOUSING

M. BASUKI HADIMULJONO

Cc to the honorable.:
Acting Secretary General, Ministry of Public Works and Housing.
 ATTACHMENT
CIRCULAR LETTER OF THE MINISTER OF
PUBLIC WORKS AND HOUSING
NUMBER : 24/SE/M/2015
ON
MANUAL FOR DESIGNING A BRIDGE STRUCTURAL
HEALTH MONITORING SYSTEM

MANUAL
Building Construction Materials and Civil Engineering

Designing a bridge structural health monitoring

system

MINISTRY OF PUBLIC WORKS AND

HOUSING
 Table of Content

Table of content ...............................................................................................................................i

Preface ............................................................................................................................................ ii
Introduction .................................................................................................................................... iii
1 Scope ................................................................................................................................. 1
2 Normative references ........................................................................................................ 1
3 Terms and definitions ........................................................................................................ 1
4 Requirements..................................................................................................................... 4
4.1 Objectives of structural health monitoring system ............................................................. 4
4.2 Components od structural health monitoring system ........................................................ 4
4.2.1 Sensor and acquisition data system .................................................................................. 5
4.2.2 Data communication system.............................................................................................. 9
4.2.3 Data processing and configuration system ........................................................................ 9
4.2.4 Data storage ...................................................................................................................... 9
4.2.5 Diagnostic .......................................................................................................................... 9
4.3 Levels of structural health monitoring system ................................................................. 10
5 Designing a monitoring system........................................................................................ 12
5.1 Structural identification .................................................................................................... 12
5.1.1 Steps in structural identification ....................................................................................... 12
5.1.2 Application of non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques ................................................ 13
5.1.3 Field testing...................................................................................................................... 14
5.1.4 Damage classification and damage mechanism ............................................................. 15
5.1.5 Determination of threshold value for stability, serviceability, and load-bearing capacity 16
5.2 Determination of the objectives of structural health monitoring and parameter .............. 17
5.3 Numerical analysis ........................................................................................................... 17
5.4 Design of SHM components ............................................................................................ 18
5.5 Installation and calibration system ................................................................................... 18
5.6 Interpretation and analysis of field data ........................................................................... 18
5.6.1 Structural model calibration ............................................................................................. 18
5.6.2 Local procedure ............................................................................................................... 18
5.6.3 Global procedure ............................................................................................................. 19
5.7 Reporting and warning system ........................................................................................ 19
Bibliography ................................................................................................................................. 23

Figure 1 – Components of structural health monitoring system .................................................... 5

Figure 2 – Configuration of data transmission and acquisition system ......................................... 7
Figure 3 – The concept of SHM procedure for bridges ............................................................... 11
Figure 4 – The process of designing a structural health monitoring system ............................... 12

Table 1 – Sensor selection criteria ................................................................................................ 6

i
 Preface

The manual for designing a bridge structural health monitoring system is the result of the Research
and Development of the Research and Development Center for Roads and Bridges which refers
to the Guideline for Structural Health Monitoring, SAMCO 2006. This manual describes designing
structural health monitoring for bridges, determining monitoring levels, sensor system, data
transmission and acquisition system, data processing and configuration system, to data
management system. The health of bridge structure is the performance and integrity of the bridge
structure.
This manual was prepared by the Technical Committee 91-01 Building Construction Materials and
Civil Engineering, the Technical Subcommittee 91-01-S2 Road and Bridge Engineering through
the Bridge and Road Complementary Facility Working Group, Research and Development Center
for Roads and Bridges.
The writing of this manual follows the National Standardization Manual (PSN) 08:2007 and
discussed in a consensus forum held on July 17, 2014 in Bandung by the Technical
Subcommittee, which involved various sources, experts and related institutions.

ii
 Introduction

To ensure the safety and reliability of the bridge structure, it is necessary to assess the condition
of the structure and carry out maintenance during the design service life of the structure. The
actual loading and condition of the structure need to be considered when carrying out
maintenance. The most important thing for the assessment is the correspondence of the actual
information.
The structural health monitoring system includes field inspections, data collection using sensor
systems, and experimental development to provide extensive information. This procedure also
supports computational analysis with specific measurements of actual loads and practicality in
many applications. Advances in sensor technology with the application of information technology
and data analysis contributed to the development of this procedure. In Indonesia, a structural
health monitoring system has been applied to the Suramadu Bridge.
This manual describes the general technical requirements for designing a structural monitoring
system for all types of bridges. Specifically, for long-span bridges, the stipulation of more detailed
technical requirements can refer to the 'Simple Structural Health Monitoring System (SHMS)
Guidelines for Long-Span Bridge Construction' compiled by the Directorate General of Highways,
Ministry of Public Works.

iii
 DESIGNING A BRIDGE STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING SYSTEM

1 Scope

This manual stipulates the requirements and procedures for designing a bridge structural health
monitoring (SHM) system, which includes components of the SHM system, technical monitoring,
monitoring objectives, interpretation and analysis of field data, as well as reporting on the
structural health monitoring process.

2 Normative references

The reference documents below should be used and should not be left out in implementation of
this manual.

SNI ASTM C-597:2012, Standard test method for wave propagation velocity through concrete

SNI ASTM C-805:2012, Standard test method for rebound number of hardened concrete

SNI ISO 3452-1:2014, Non-destructive testing – Penetrant testing – Part 1: General Principles

SNI ISO 16810:2014, Non-destructive testing – Ultrasonic testing – General Principles

SNI ISO 16831:2014, Non-destructive testing – Ultrasonic testing - Characterization and

verification of ultrasonic thickness measuring equipment

SNI ISO 9934-1:2012, Non-destructive testing – Magnetic particle testing – Part 1: General
principles

SNI ISO 10675-1:2010, Non-destructive testing of welds – Acceptance levels for radiographic
testing - Part 1: steel, nickel, titanium and their alloys

3 Terms and definitions

For the purpose of this manual, the following terms and definitions are used.

3.1
Data Acquisition (DAQ)
sampling and signal processing, usually processed by a computer to obtain the desired
information

3.2
traffic load
all live loads, vertically and horizontally, due to vehicles on the bridge including their relation to
dynamic effects, but excluding impact effects

3.3
ductility
the ability of a material to undergo plastic deformation without rupture

3.4
data mining
extraction of previously unknown and potentially useful information from large databases

1 / 23
3.5
serviceability
the ability of the structure to serve the intended purpose

3.6
deterioration
processes that degrade the structural performance, including its reliability over time

3.7
Dynamic excitation
sources that cause a dynamic response to the structure

3.8
natural frequency
the frequency at which the structure is most easily excited

3.9
frequency domain analysis (FDA)
the dynamic analysis processed by taking frequency against time as an independent variable

3.10
vibration
periodic motion in the form of waves from structures or structural components

3.11
global positioning system (GPS)
a worldwide radio navigation system made up of a constellation of satellites and earth stations.
This system uses a network of reference points to accurately calculate each position in the field

3.12
inspection
on-site and non-destructive inspection to determine the current state of the structureon-site and
non-destructive inspection to determine the current state of the structure

3.13
investigation
collection and evaluation of information through inspection, document research, load testing and
other experimental methods

3.14
bridge
a road complementary facility that connects two ends of a road that is cut off by rivers, canals,
valleys and straits, or the sea, highways and railways

3.15
failure
the state or condition of a structure or structural component being unable to function for the
expected service

3.16
fatigue
side effects on metallic materials due to repeated cycles of stress

2 / 23
3.17
damage
unfavorable changes in the condition of the structure that can affect the performance of the
structure

3.18
Boundary conditions
a set of defined performance criteria, such as deflection, vibration level, etc., as reference
conditions that must be met by a structure under load

3.19
bridge management
a framework decision-making process covering the maintenance and operation of bridges, to
maintain the safety and serviceability of the structure, taking into account changing environments,
public expectations, and technological developments

3.20
monitoring
continuous observation or measurement of the condition of the structure

3.21
Structural health monitoring (SHM)
tracking various aspects of performance and structural integration in relation to service and safety
system

3.22
modal parameters
the most basic information about the vibration mode, i.e. the frequency of the vibration according
to the various shapes and damping

3.23
maintenance
routine activities to maintain proper structural performance

3.24
non-destructive testing
testing to assess the quality and integrity of the various components by characterization (e.g.,
damage detection) without any impact on the function of the components in their application

3.25
assessment
an activity to verify the reliability of existing structures for future use

3.26
sensor
a device designed to obtain information from an object and convert it into an electrical signal

3.27
Intelligent/expert system
software-based artificial intelligent system that analyzes information and improves the quality and
quantity of databases for specific purposes

3 / 23
3.28
Decision Support System (DSS)
an interactive computer-based information system that assists decision making by compiling
useful information from raw data, documents, and other knowledge

3.29
Fourier transform
an integral transformation that uses time domain and frequency domain variables for random
vibration analysis

3.30
wavelet transform
a tool for decomposing a signal into time and scale dependent components, in this case called
wavelet coefficients suitable for analysis of non-stationary data

3.31
load testing
testing of a structure or its components by loading to evaluate their behavior or properties, or to
predict the load-bearing capacity of a structure

4 Requirements

4.1 Objectives of structural health monitoring system

The main objectives of a bridge structural health monitoring system are:

a. Monitor the condition of the structure;
b. Assess the performance of the structure;
c. Detect damage or deterioration of the structure;
d. Verify or update the codes/rules/standards used in the design stage;
e. Provide supporting data for bridge inspection and preservation (refer to Bridge inspection
manual and Bridge preservation manual).

4.2 Components of structural health monitoring system

The detailed specifications of a structural health monitoring system may vary substantially.
Modern structural health monitoring systems usually consist of six general components, namely:
a. Sensor and acquisition data system;
b. Communication system;
c. Data processing and analysis system
d. Data storage;
e. Diagnostic (e.g.: crash detection and algorithm model);
f. Collection of the necessary information.

The flow diagram of the six components of the SHM system is shown in Figure 1.

4 / 23
 Sensor and acquisition data system
Includes different types of sensors and collection of
desired data

Data communication system

Data transmission from site to
storage/analysis
(e.g.: Remote processing)

Data processing system

Cleaning data from noise and extraneous information

Storage of Data collection

processed data Before or after
Data must be diagnostic
retrievable any time

Diagnostic
Conversion of new data to structure response

Figure 1 – Components of structural health monitoring system

4.2.1 Sensor and data acquisition system

This component involves the collection of raw data, including the actual sensors and systems
used to physically monitor the structure.

a. Sensor selection

The most important thing to the effectiveness of a structural health monitoring system is the
selection of appropriate and durable sensors that can provide the information needed for
monitoring and analysis. Sensor selection criteria can be determined in three main categories,
namely sensor performance characteristics, environmental constraints, and economic
considerations. This is shown in Table 1. These characteristics are adjusted to the needs of bridge
monitoring.

5 / 23
 Table 1 – Sensor selection criteria

Sensor performance Environmental Economic considerations

characteristics constraints
Sensitivity Temperature range Cost
Resolution Humidity range Availability
Range Size Reliability
Linearity Packaging Ease of installation
Hysteresis Isolation data acquisition needs
Accuracy Thermal effects
Repeatability
Stability
Response time
Frequency response

The purpose of evaluating this criterion is to select the sensor that best fits the identification of the
parameters that characterize the measurement magnitude and monitoring environment. This will
ensure that sensor selection maximizes measurement reliability and efficiency while minimizing
the associated uncertainty.

b. Sensor installation and placement

When designing a structural health monitoring system, it must be ensured that sensors can be
easily attached to the structure without changing the behavior of the structure. The presence of
sensor cables, conduit, junction box, and other accessories that need to be protected must be
considered and taken into account during the design process. Poor sensor durability, poor cabling
network installation, poor data acquisition equipment design can reduce the function of the
structural health monitoring system.

c. Data transfer to data acquisition system

Sensors produce analog or digital signals that represent the physical parameter being monitored.
Data acquisition is an intermediary device between the sensor and the computer which collects
signals generated by sensors, then convert and send them to a computer for processing.

The configuration of the data acquisition and transmission system (DATS) for a long-term bridge
monitoring system is generally much more complex, consisting of a local cable network of stand-
alone data acquisition units (DAUs) or substations, and global cable network, as shown in Figure
2. Local cable network refers to cables connecting distributed sensors to individual DAUs, and
global cable refers to cables connecting to a central database server. This unified system captures
the appropriate information, converts the information into digital data, and is directly connected to
the data center server for processing.

6 / 23
 Sensor Data
Sensor Acquisition
Unit 1
Sensor

Sensor Data
Sensor Acquisition
Unit 2 Central
Sensor database
server

Sensor Data
Sensor Acquisition
Unit n
Sensor

Integrated sensor system

Integrated sensor system

Figure 2 – Configuration of data transmission and acquisition system

A DAU generally consists of a number of electronic components including signal conditioner,

memory and data storage unit, microcontroller, communication device, uninterrupted power
supply, fan/air conditioner (AC), lightning protection, and GPS time synchronizer. For long-term
monitoring, all these components must be integrated in a cabinet or room that is waterproof and
with conditioned room temperature.

After the software has been installed, DATS must be tested or verified through field testing, e.g.,
load testing. Field verification can help identify problems with hardware, installation, cabling, and
software, so problems can be resolved before normal operation. After operating for a certain
period of time, the DAU will experience an error or damage. Therefore, it must be calibrated
periodically.

d. Data type

There are several types of data that can be monitored by a structural health monitoring system,
including:
a. Load
The SHM system can collect information on the magnitude and configuration of the loads
applied to the structure. Using this data, it can be determined whether the loads on the
structure are as expected, or are overloaded (which can be dangerous and damage the
structure). SHM can also be used to study load distribution on the structure. Loads can be
measured directly using load cells attached to the structure, or they can be inferred from strain
or other parameters measured in a particular member.

b. Deformation
All structures experience deformation or deflection to some degree. This deformation estimate
is designed based on simplifying assumptions, but SHM can monitor the actual deformation
caused by all physical and environmental loads. Excessive deformation or deformation in
unexpected places, may be a signal of deterioration or changes in the condition of the
structure that can be used to assess the structure and provide data on the need for
rehabilitation or capacity building of the structure.

7 / 23
 Deformation and deflection can be measured with various types of displacement transducers
and tiltmeters. A direct measure of displacement requires a precise reference point or
transducer grounding point.

c. Strain
Strain is a measure of the deformation intensity of a member. Strain can be used to obtain a
lot of information about the behavior and performance of a structure, it is the most commonly
used in SHM systems. The measured strain magnitudes and the variations in the magnitudes
recorded over the life of the structure can be examined to evaluate the safety and integrity of
the structure. Strain in a member can be directly measured at the desired location using
electrical resistance strain gauges, vibrating wire strain gauges, or fiber optic sensors (FOS).

d. Temperature
Changes in temperature can cause shrinkage or expansion of the material due to the effect
of thermal expansion. By combining temperature measurements, the SHM system can
provide information about how changes in temperature affect the structure, and whether
thermally induced loads and strains are as expected. Temperature can also affect the
readings of certain sensors or sensing equipment used in SHM. Thus, when collecting data
from temperature sensitive sensors, the effect of temperature must be measured and
accounted for. Temperature can be measured using thermocouples, circuits, thermistors, or
some types of FOS.

e. Acceleration
The load on the structure causes the acceleration of the member (F = Ma). The combination
of the frequency or amplitude response to dynamic excitation is called the modal response.
Although the structure is designed to withstand this acceleration, the SHM can be used to
determine exactly how the structure responds to the acceleration and the resulting load by
determining the modal response parameters. Due to changes in support conditions or material
properties, it is possible that modal parameters shift. Thus, under certain conditions, the SHM
system can be used to identify damage and deterioration by observing changes in the
measured modal response. Acceleration is usually measured using accelerometers.

f. Wind speed and pressure

Wind speed is usually not a major consideration in most bridge structures. However, for long
span bridges, the wind can determine the design criteria and must be recorded at various
locations in the SHM system. Wind speed can be measured using anemometers.

g. Monitoring with video surveillance

Video surveillance and webcam systems can be used to monitor conditions around the
bridge. An example of the use of video surveillance in SHM is to monitor highway bridges
that are passed by overloaded trucks. Sensors in the bridge (load cells, strain gauges,
displacement transducers) detect the vehicle and send signals to DAS to store a video
recording when the vehicle crosses the bridge.

8 / 23
4.2.2 Data communication system

In DATS, the communication network must be uniform to ensure data can be sent across the
entire system. Various communication network technologies such as Ethernet, RS-232, RS-485,
IEEE-1394 can be used for common networks. In a health monitoring system for long span
bridges, the distance from the DAU to the control center office can be several kilometers, fiber
optic cables can be used, or if possible, using available communication networks such as
telephone, internet, cellular, radio frequency, or satellite networks.
Communications and wireless networks have developed rapidly and are used for data
transmission but the transmission speed and accuracy are still not comparable to today's cable-
based networks. However, wireless networks have advantages in some situations, for example
for monitoring during construction where the wired network is not ready.

4.2.3 Data processing and configuration system

Data obtained from various sensors may contain extraneous information and unwanted noise. So,
it is necessary to process the data 'intelligently' before the data is stored for interpretation and
analysis. The purpose of 'intelligent' data processing is to remove unwanted information and make
data interpretation easier, faster and more accurate. In addition, it is to handle large amounts of
data generated by eliminating unnecessary data without compromising the integrity of the whole
system.
The functions of the data processing and configuration system include:
a. Setting up and displaying the operation of the data acquisition system
b. Pre-processing of the raw signal received from the data acquisition system
c. Archiving data into databases or storage media
d. Post-processing data
e. Displaying post-processing data
f. Data security system

4.2.4 Data storage

The collected and processed data or the data resulting from the health monitoring system must
be stored and managed properly for further display and analysis. In addition, relevant information
on the monitoring system, computational models and design documents need to be documented
as well. The amount of memory required for data storage should be adapted to the SHM
application (number and type of sensors, data sampling rate, etc.) and care should be taken to
ensure storage space is available.

4.2.5 Diagnostic

Diagnostics is concerned with analyzing abstract data signals to generate useful information
regarding the response and behavior of structures. This activity requires structural experts and an
understanding of the behavior of structures that may be affected by damage, deterioration, or
changes in condition.

The level of complexity of the analysis will change based on the needs of the monitoring program
and the components of the SHM system. In simple applications it is sufficient to convert the strain
reading to stress for assessment of the critical point (yield point).

9 / 23
Meanwhile, for a higher level of sophistication, it is necessary to create a numerical model or an
exact structural model of the structure calibrated to the initial measurements which will have to be
updated periodically according to the response data from the monitoring analysis.

4.3 Levels of structural health monitoring system

The level of monitoring depends on the results to be achieved. Currently, there are five levels
used to determine the depth of investigation (as defined by Wenzel, 2009). Figure 3 shows the
concept of developing procedures from simple routine checks to sophisticated monitoring. The
five levels are:
a. Level 1: rating. This represents the conventional assessment of the structure starting with a
visual field inspection that provides a subjective impression of the condition of the structure.
Some preliminary investigation is performed in order to provide a rating as a basis for
decisions. Bridge maintainers use databases to store the results.
Level 2: condition assessment. The information generated from visual inspection is often weak
(low accuracy). Therefore, it is necessary to decide whether the information is sufficient or
needs to be improved or even an approach with additional sophisticated instrumentation is
needed. This determines the type and quantity of instrumentation. For condition assessment
a simple instrumentation is sufficient and a simple decision support system will provide the
necessary additional information. Storage and treatment of data should also be done in the
existing database. The monitoring can be performed at single spots only.
b. Level 3: performance assessment. This intermediate level uses the same procedure as
described for Level 2. The level of assessment and performance elaboration in the decision
support process is considerably higher as additional information such as mode shape is
measured and elaborated. This provides additional indicators for the assessment and will
demonstrate the performance of the structure. It obviously requires a denser instrumentation
and synchronous monitoring.
c. Level 4: detail assessment and rating. The next step will be to establish an analytical model
representing the existing structure. The model will be compared with the monitoring results.
If that identification is simple, a step back towards Level 3 might be taken. If phenomena are
detected that cannot be explained from the records, further steps have to be taken to clear
the situation. The most obvious thing is to introduce a permanent record over some period of
time to capture the necessary phenomena valid for this specific case. Load testing also has
been proven successful to establish performance parameters. With these results a simple
model update can be performed to assess the results and provide a rating. Extensive
monitoring is required. The records should cover at least 24 hours, but preferably much longer
to capture environment and traffic situations.
d. Level 5: Lifetime prediction. For a serious lifetime prediction, the records available have
to be long enough to cover at least three cycles relevant for the structure. This is
normally in the order of three years. Simulation should be run from the analytical
model in order to achieve a theoretical performance for comparison. To handle the
large quantity of data, special software for decision support is required. Load testing
will be targeted and extensive. In addition, microstructural testing might be useful in
order to look into the performance of single elements of a structure. The update
process will be extensive and consider several conditions of the structure. This
includes particularly the loaded and unloaded cases and all the non-linearities
involved. In cases of reasonable doubt, this monitoring system should be operated
online and web based with a warning computed by decision support.

10 / 23
 Visual field inspection

Preliminary Analytical modeling

investigation

N
Simple Simulation
identification

Y
Instrumentation
Y
Reasonable Sparse, Dense, 3D, Permanent
doubts
spots synchron denser monitoring

N
Decision support

Load testing
Decision support

N Microstructural
OK testing

Database Y

Model update

Web-based data management

N N N N
OK OK OK OK

Y Y Y Y

Level 1: Level 2: Level 3: Level 4: Level 5:

Rating Condition Performance Detail Lifetime
assessment prediction
assessment assessment and rating

Figure 3 – The Concept of SHM Procedure for Bridges

11 / 23
5 Designing a monitoring system
The recommended main steps of the structural health monitoring system design are shown briefly
in Figure 4. During the design, installation, and operation process, consultation with a structural
health monitoring experts is required to ensure the successful application of this technology.

Start

Structural identification

Determination of the Theoretical and

purpose of SHM system numerical models
and measuring of the structure
parameters

Design of SHM components

System installation
and calibration

Interpretation and analysis of field data

Monitoring report on the actual condition of the structure

Figure 4 – The process of designing a structural health monitoring system

5.1 Structural identification

5.1.1 Steps of structural identification

The structural identification principle gives guidance for determination of an optimised

measurement system. Herewith, a structure can be characterised accurately and completely in
order to reliably establish its health at serviceability and ultimate limit states. To conduct
structural identification application systematically, the following steps are specified:
a. Collecting information and a-priory modelling
All design documents have to be consulted for checking the geometric values and the
characteristic values of the building material. Missing details or documents have to be
completed by measurement as well as by non-destructive testing on the structure and on
material samples. A model which represents the initial knowledge about the structure is often
incomplete and coarse and has therefore to be refined.
b. Identification of human resources
The number of human resources required is adjusted to the level of complexity of the SHM
system. Structural experts, informatics experts, materials experts, and instrumentation
experts are needed to oversee the implementation of this MKS system.

12 / 23
c. Evaluation of the actual condition
To assess the actual condition of the structure, the special structural features, existing
documentation, known damage, results of visual inspection as well as of non-destructive
and/or destructive tests, have to be considered.
d. Assessment of the existing bearing capacity
For the present use or intended change of the use of a structure the bearing capacity has to
be proved based on all existing information and the assumption of a safety concept for loads
and structural resistances.
e. Preparations for experimental analysis
In preparation of performing full scale tests a sensitivity analysis by the a-priory model has to
be required to determine optimal excitations and responses for dynamic tests and to select
acceptable ranges of measurements. Based on analytical and preliminary experimental
studies the configuration of loads for static tests, the kind, number and locations of sensors
should be optimised.
f. Full scale tests
Static load tests should be performed on account of insufficient knowledge about the structural
model, the interaction of components, the effect of known damage, the effectiveness of
remedial actions. Dynamic tests can be performed to verify global system behaviour and the
critical mechanisms that affect the global modes of vibration. For fatigue tests the dynamic
behaviour of structure needs to be known.
g. Processing of experimental data
The processing and conditioning of measurement data from full-scale test is an important step
to a higher confidence level of information about the structure.
h. Model calibration
Mechanical properties, boundary conditions and continuity conditions of the model are
adjusted to the physical insight observed during the experiment and obtained from the
processed experimental data.
i. Utilisation of calibrated models
The field-calibrated analytical model serves as the best measure of the actual conditions of
the structure. This may be used for load bearing capacity rating, load permitting and
evaluating internal forces, stresses and deformations under operational conditions.

5.1.2 Application of non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques

Non-destructive testing can be used to determine the actual condition of the bridge and can be
used as supporting data for bridge health monitoring.

a. Steel material condition testing

1) Liquid penetrant testing (refers to SNI ISO 3452-1:2014, Non-destructive testing –
Penetrant testing – Part 1: General principles)
2) Magnetic particle testing (refers to SNI ISO 9934-1:2012, Non-destructive testing –
Magnetic particle testing – Part 1: General principles)
3) Ultrasonic testing (refers to SNI ISO 16810:2014, Non-destructive testing – Ultrasonic
testing – General principles; and SNI ISO 16831:2014, Non-destructive testing –
Ultrasonic testing - Characterization and verification of ultrasonic thickness measuring
equipment)
4) Radiography testing (refers to SNI ISO 10675-1:2010, Non-destructive testing of welds –
Acceptance levels for radiographic testing - Part 1: steel, nickel, titanium and their alloys)
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 5) Eddy current electromagnetic testing
6) Visual testing
7) Thickness measurement
8) Measurement of electric potential difference

b. Concrete steel condition testing

1) Half-cell potential method
This method is used to detect potential corrosion of reinforcing bars in concrete.
2) Test for rebound number of hardened concrete (refers to SNI ASTM C-805:2012)
This test is used to evaluate the hardness of concrete surface.
3) Carbonation depth test
This test is used to determine whether the humidity (air containing CO2) has reached the
depth of reinforcement that allows corrosion to occur.
4) Surface permeability test
This test is used to measure the flow of water through concrete.
5) Penetration resistance test or Windsor Probe test
This test is a partial destructive test. It is used to measure surface hardness so that the
strength of the surface layer or near the surface of the concrete can be estimated.
6) Covermeter test
This test is used to measure the depth of the concrete cover and the diameter of the
reinforcing bars and their configuration.
7) Radiographic testing
This test is used to detect the presence of voids in the concrete and the position of the
prestressed sheath.
8) Test for propagation velocity (refers to SNI ASTM C-597:2012)
This test is used to measure the velocity of propagation of concrete so that the
compressive strength of the concrete can be estimated.
9) Impact echo test
This test is used to detect voids, delamination and other concrete anomalies.
10) Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) or impulse radar testing
This test is used to detect the position of reinforcing bars and stressing duct.
11) Infrared thermography
This test is used to detect voids, delamination, and other anomalies in concrete and also
detects water entry points in structures.

5.1.3 Field testing

a. Static loading testing

The degradation of the bridge over time and the increasing traffic load raises concerns about
the reliability of the bridge's service life. One way to assess the reliability of a bridge's service
life is through a load proof test.

A diagnostic test can be used to test or predict structural model analysis or while a load proof
test is used to assess the actual load carrying capacity of the bridge.

Load diagnostic tests are performed by driving a truck (measured weight) across the bridge
at low speed (pseudo static test) and at full speed (dynamic test). The weight of the truck is
selected not to exceed the current rating of the bridge. Before the test begins, the number of
strain sensors and in some cases other instruments such as deflection gauges are all set up
at predetermined locations on the bridge. Measurements are recorded as testing vehicles

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 crossing the bridge. From the data collected during diagnostic test, a number of properties
that affect the load capacity the bridge can bear can be determined. These properties, which
are normally considered for traditional load assessments, include:
1) Load distribution
2) Damping
3) Flexural strength of the superstructure elements (sectional properties including the action
of the composite section), and
4) Impact

b. Dynamic load testing

1) Ambient vibration test
Dynamic test methods without input control are classified as ambient vibration testing. The
popularity of this method is due to the convenience of measuring the vibration response
when the structure is subjected to service loads. This load can be either by traffic, wind,
waves, vehicles or pedestrians or other service loads. Thus, the ambient source
represents the correct excitation for the exposed structure over the service life.
2) Forced vibration testing
Forced vibration testing incorporates methods by which vibrations are artificially induced.
The applied input excitation amplitude and frequency are under control using a well-
designed excitation system. Forced vibration testing has the advantage of suppressing
the effects of external disturbances in the measured response of the structure.

5.1.4 Damage classification and damage mechanism

Damage can be defined as partly or fully destruction of the material structure and therefore a
weakening of the resistance of the affected structural component or the whole structure
respectively. Damages can be caused by several influences. Predominantly, damages are the
effect of deterioration processes. Those are mainly corrosion and fatigue. Furthermore, damages
are caused by excess of material strength though unplanned high loading.
The types of damage and the possibility of damage that will occur to the structure need to be
known to be considered in determining the objectives and measuring parameters of the structural
health monitoring.
a. General causes for damage
1) Overstressing (loading) with time invariant resistance. Possible cases:
a) Accidental and seismic loads (impact, earthquake, explosion)
b) Exceptional high variable loads (excessive live load, extreme wind, wave and snow)

2) Regular loading with reduced resistance. The decrease of the member resistance,
as considered in the design, is generally a time depending process, which can
initiate damage by:
a) Deterioration through chemical loading
• Surface corrosion of steel
• Pitting corrosion of steel
• Alkali silica reaction in concrete

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 b) Deterioration through mechanical loading
• Sub microscopic crack formation and crack growth until excess of the lower cross-
sectional limit by alternating loading of structural steel and reinforcement in
concrete (fatigue)
• Stress corrosion cracking of prestress tendons
• Fretting corrosion of steel members
• Microscopic crack formation in concrete leads to reduction of the transverse tensile
strength and for this reason to a decrease of the concrete compressive strength
(fatigue).
c) Deterioration through physical loading
• Damaging of polymers by ultraviolet radiation
• Damaging of materials by heat/fire
d) Creeping, shrinkage, relaxation
• reduced shear strength through loss of prestress by creeping
3) Combination of both 1) and 2)

b. Specific causes for damage

1) Corrosion of steel
a) Damaged anti corrosion coating
b) Cracks in concrete and other mechanical damage of structural concrete (plus moist
environment), caused by:
• Accidental loads
• Poorly configuration of reinforcement
• Constraints through changes in bearing conditions (foundation settlement and
rotation, reduction of degree of freedom)Kehilangan gaya prategang
a) Carbonation of concrete
b) Chloride ions (from see water)

2) Crack formation and crack growth in structural steel as well as microscopic crack
formation in concrete, caused by alternating loading above the fatigue strength through:
a) High cyclic loading
b) Cyclic loading plus reduced cross section (cracks)

c. Concepts of damage identification

The identification of damage generally is described by the process of:
1) Detection. Determination that damage is present in the structure
2) Localization. Determination of the geometric location of the damage
3) Quantification. Determination of the severity of the damage
4) Prognosis. Prediction of the remaining service life of the structure

5.1.5 Determination of threshold values for stability, serviceability, and load-bearing

capacity

Threshold values for condition describing values of structures can be gathered from applied codes
and guidelines or they can be determined taking local circumstances into consideration.
a. Stability
Stability has to be ensured within the ultimate limit state. For specific types of structures like
railroad bridges, threshold values are defined by applicable codes.

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 Threshold values for stability within the ultimate limit state can be determined on structural
models.
b. Serviceability
The limitation of deformation values and vibration under service loading is often regulated in
the applicable codes and guidelines. Otherwise, the threshold values for deformation and
dynamic behaviour can be defined according to existing policies or considerations, for
example referring to the results of field tests that have been carried out.
c. Load-bearing capacity
Condition values, which indirectly indicate the limit of the state, can be developed using
structural models. Fatigue stress is an exception, since here the ultimate limit state can be
reached by service loading where the cyclic stress is limited in dependence of the number of
cycles.

5.2 Determination of objectives of structural health monitoring and parameters

Determination of objectives of structural health monitoring is adjusted to the level of the structural
health monitoring system that has been mentioned in Sub-Article 4.3. The selected measuring
parameters are adjusted to the objectives of the SHM and the data required for the sustainability
of the bridge's life. In addition, it is also necessary to consider the types of damage that may occur
and their impact to determine the measuring parameters for the monitoring and maintenance
system of the bridge.

5.3 Numerical analysis

A numerical structural analysis requires an adequate model, which contains structural stiffness,
mass distribution and support conditions sufficiently exact. For structural evaluation, the most
accepted technique for modelling and comparing measured and calculated data is the finite
element approach. Once the finite element model has gained a certain level of completeness and
validity it provides best the basis for analytical prediction and simulation.

Substantial tasks of the numerical analysis are the identification of structural characteristics and
the simulation of the structural behaviour with the following options:
a. Determination of modal parameter
b. Verification of measurement results
c. Simulation of structural behavior
d. Realisation of parameter studies
e. Modelling of damages

Sources for inaccuracies of models are assumptions about the structure of the model (net sizing,
type of the elements, boundary conditions, linear or nonlinear behaviour) as well as the model
parameters (material parameters, stiffness, masses and moments of inertia). The correct
specification of the loads and other action is a substantial assumption for close-to-reality
simulation of the structural behaviour.

The following proceeding is recommended for examining the correctness of simulation results:
a. Review of the program code / input macros
b. Review of analysis results, e.g. by:
1) Modelling of experiments with definite boundary conditions
2) Extreme value analysis, estimation of effects
3) Statistic analysis of values with variable parameters
4) Comparison with alternative systems
5) Quantitative estimation of results

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5.4 Design of SHM components

Designing a monitoring system includes the selection of sensors, data acquisition systems, data
processing systems, data communication systems, and data interpretation systems. It also
includes determining the type of monitoring to be carried out such as static or dynamic, continuous
or periodic, load setting or ambient load.

5.5 Installation and calibration system

The system is installed and calibrated with initial readings (initial data). Assessments are carried
out for all MKS components, to determine whether they are functioning properly.

5.6 Interpretation and analysis of field data

5.6.1 Structural model calibration

Calibration is carried out by adjusting the numerical values of the parameter groups that determine
material, geometry, boundary, and continuity conditions until the difference between the measured
data and the simulated behavior of the analytical model is minimized. The calibrated model should
be checked against measured data that are not applied to calibration.

The mechanical properties, boundary conditions, and continuity conditions of the model must be
adjusted. The model configuration is adjusted to the physical conditions obtained during the
experiment/monitoring and from the experimental/monitoring data that has been processed. The
calibrated linear structure model serves as a starting point for nonlinear finite element analysis
simulations to predict possible failure modes.

5.6.2 Local procedure

The application of local procedures to the weak point analysis is sensible in following cases:
a. With the knowledge of type and location of existing damages the dimensions of the damage
have to be determined and the development has to be monitored (Level 3). Then the local
situation and global consequences are assessed. This applies to the present condition as well
as in sense of a prediction for future conditions (Level 4).
b. This procedure applies to the situation that on the basis of preliminary existing knowledge a
damage at a certain location of the structure is expected, e.g., by overloading or fatigue (Level
1). This task can be fulfilled using load monitoring.
c. An additional task for local monitoring of damages is to find causes of damage. Furthermore,
besides damage parameters the damage affecting values are monitored. Information about
the character of damages and damage causes can be obtained through correlations in
temporal context as well as between the magnitudes of the measurement results. An example
is the surveillance of crack widths, which can be affected by temperature influence, vibrations,
settlement or other causes.
d. If local damages have global consequences (e.g., the settlement of a bridge pillar) local
observations at other places than the damaged areas must be performed.

With local procedures measurement values are used, which are sensible for the type of damage
or for damage effects by suitable indicators

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5.6.3 Global procedure

if neither the existence of damage nor the possible damage position is known, sensitive global
system parameters have to be controlled and determined. This can be done both via continuous
and periodic monitoring, as well as with uniquely accomplished field tests.

a. Dynamic procedures
Vibration characteristics are global properties of the structure and, although they are affected
by local damage, they may not be very sensitive to such damage. As a result, the change in
global properties may be difficult to identify unless the damage is very severe or the
measurements are very accurate.
The information about the condition state of the structure is provided from measured changes
in vibration properties. The more commonly used techniques are based on
1) Natural frequencies methods
2) Mode shape and operational deflection shape methods
3) Modal strain energy methods
4) Residual force vector method
5) Model updating methods
6) Frequency response functions
7) Statistical methods

b. Static procedures
Not all kinds of damage are detectable with sufficient reliability by dynamic methods. There
are cases where the sensitivity of the dynamic damage indicator is low, so damage
identification is very difficult.

Static measurements always require a load situation where the damage identification can be
done using measured global parameters. Deformation measurements in most cases refer to
a reference position. A proved method for damage identification of beamlike structures is
proposed using differences of measured inclinations (Level 1 and 2 identification). Inclination
sensors do not need any reference position. The load is applied by a slowly moving truck
crossing the structure. The damage indicator is determined from the difference of the
influence lines of the inclinations in a damaged condition in relation to an initial condition. For
the data analysis noise reduction of the measured signals is very important. The method is
suitable also for the localisation of multiple damage.

5.7 Report and alert system

a. Status report
The measurement data must be examined in regular time intervals regarding functionality and
optimal behaviour of the hardware. Additionally, the monitoring results must be checked
regarding their physical reality for correctness and compatibility. Some examples of the
determination of the period and scope of measurement for each structural response being
reviewed can be seen in Section 12 Presentation of Sensor Measurement Results and
Reporting on the 'Simple Structural Health Monitoring System (SHMS) Guidelines for Long
Span Bridge Construction' which has been prepared by the Directorate General of Highways
which will be presented in an informative appendix.

During monitoring of dynamic values frequency spectra are compared as well as determined
natural frequencies, frequency frequentness and frequency changes in their course are
shown and examined for plausibility. Results of load determination are represented over the
monitoring time, distributed in load classes. Furthermore, the load distributions within
significant time periods are computed and compared.

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 As shown in Figure 3, a visual inspection should be performed. Technical requirements
regarding visual inspections or known as detailed inspections can be obtained in the Bridge
Inspection Manual compiled by the Research and Development Agency of the Ministry of
Public Works or related technical agencies.

The focus of the report for each level as described in Chapter 4.3 is:
1) Level 1;
• Input data: i) design documents, ii) designed figures;
• Focus of method: load rating using modeling and analysis of theoretical structures
compared with the results of visual inspections;
• Output: the value of the safety factor.

2) Level 2 to Level 4;
• Input data: i) design documents, ii) designed figures, iii) measurement results or
identification with non-destructive equipment;
• Focus of method: non-destructive testing with more and more congested scopes and test
locations for Level 3 and Level 4;
• Output: evaluation of the condition of the bridge elements and structures with conclusions
according to the scope of the test.

3) Level 4;
• Input Data: i) design documents, ii) designed figures, iii) measurement results or
identification with non-destructive equipment;
• Focus of method: non-destructive testing and non-destructive load testing of structures;
• Output: evaluation of the condition of the bridge elements and structures with
conclusions according to the scope of the test compared with theoretical analysis.

4) Level 5;
• Input data: i) design documents, ii) designed figures, iii) measurement results or
identification with non-destructive equipment
• Focus of method: monitoring with permanent sensors, and microstructural testing of
structural element test samples in the field based on the long-term durability of the
structure;
• Output: evaluation of the condition of bridge elements and structures with conclusions
according to the scope of the test compared with theoretical analysis to estimate the
remaining service life of the bridge.

b. Alerting
Besides periodic data transfer from the data acquisition computer on site to a central computer
an additional event orientated data transfer can become reasonable. This is the case when
in consequence of special events like excess of threshold values, significant changes of the
structural system and deterioration in parts of the monitoring system immediate information
need to be sent to the central computer or a fax machine.

A alert system can be created to anticipate accidents that may occur during the service life of
the bridge. Some of the things that are commonly used as the criteria for alert systems and
restrictions on the use of bridges are:
• Wind speed for wind in a direction perpendicular to the bridge floor system which will
hit vehicles passing over the bridge and eventually cause the vehicle to overturn;
• Excessive movement of the bridge structure due to vehicle loading or other
environmental actions.

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 Attachment A
(informative)

Presentation of sensor measurement results and reporting on the Simplified

Structural Health Monitoring System (SHMS) Manual for long-span bridge
construction compiled by the Directorate General of Highways

A.1 Wind sensor

The presentation of the results of the wind sensor/anemometer must at least consist of:
a. Average wind speed for every about 10 minutes
b. Wind speed vs angle of attack vs azimuth
c. speed information on the bridge deck for the safety of motorists
d. Comparison against safe wind speed for bridge users, design wind speed and flutter wind
speed

A.2 Effective temperature in the bridge element

The presentation of the temperature sensor results must at least consist of:
a. Timely daily, monthly and yearly variations of effective temperature
b. Temperature difference at the cross-section of the bridge

A.3 Air temperature and relative humidity

The presentation of the AT&RH sensor results must at least consist of:
a. Air temperature and relative humidity shown in the amplitude domain
b. Maximum, minimum and average value of the outside air temperature
c. Graph of timely, daily, monthly and yearly variations of outside air temperature
d. Maximum, minimum and average value data of outside relative humidity
e. Graph of hourly, daily, monthly and yearly variations of outside relative humidity
f. Maximum, minimum and average value data of inside air temperature
g. Maximum, minimum and average value data of inside relative humidity
h. Graph of timely, daily, monthly and yearly variations of inside relative humidity

A.4 Traffic
The presentation of the results of the Weight in Motion / WIM sensor must at least consist of:
a. Traffic flow per 10 minutes in each direction
b. Axle load distribution per 10 minutes in each direction
c. Number of vehicles per 10 minutes in each direction
d. Number of overloaded vehicles per 10 minutes in each direction

A.5 Seismicity
The presentation of the results of the seismograph sensor must at least consist of:
a. Acceleration time history curve at the base of the pylon with an indication of the maximum
acceleration value in 3 directions
b. Time history curve of displacement at the base of the pylon derived from acceleration data

A.6 Acceleration from accelerometer

The presentation of the accelerometer sensor results must at least consist of:
a. Acceleration time history curve at the base of the pylon with an indication of the maximum
acceleration value
b. Time history curve of displacement at the base of the pylon derived from acceleration data
c. Natural frequency value derived from acceleration time history curve

21 / 23
d. Comparison of the natural frequency value obtained from the acceleration record with the
initial natural frequency of the bridge / design data / data before the bridge operation.
e. Acceleration data obtained from a number of accelerometers can be developed to obtain the
mode shapes.

A.7 Strain
The presentation of the results of the strain gauge sensor must at least consist of:
a. Graph of timely, daily, monthly, and yearly variations of the strain
b. Maximum, minimum and average value of the strain that occur for 10 minutes

A.8 Inclination to the vertical plane

The presentation of the tiltmeter sensor results must at least consist of:
a. Graph of timely, daily, monthly, and yearly variations of the inclination
b. Maximum, minimum and average value of the inclination that occur for 10 minutes

A.9 Displacement
The presentation of the displacement transducer sensor results must at least consist of:
a. Graph of timely, daily, monthly, and yearly variations of the relative displacements
b. Maximum, minimum and average values of relative displacement that occur for 10 minutes

A.10 Cable force

The presentation of the results of the electro magnetic sensor must at least consist of:
a. Graph of timely, daily, monthly, and yearly variations of the cable force
b. Maximum, minimum and average value of the cable force that occur for 10 minutes
c. Force distribution curve on the cable
d. Comparison between the force that occurs with the initial cable force / design data / data
before the bridge operation.

A.11 Global positioning

The presentation of the GPS sensor results must at least consist of:
a. Graph of timely, daily, monthly, and yearly variations of displacement in the U, V, and W
directions
b. Maximum, minimum and average values of displacement in the U, V, and W directions that
occur for 10 minutes
c. Comparison of recorded displacements to those permitted in the design

22 / 23
 Bibliography

Rücker, W., F. Hille, and R. Rohrmann. 2006. F08b: Guideline for Structural Health Monitoring.
Berlin: SAMCO. http://www.samco.org/network/download_area/mon_guide.pdf (accessed in
2011).
Wenzel, Helmut. 2009. Health Monitoring of Bridges. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons.
Directorate General of Highways. 2013. Simple Structural Health Monitoring System (SHMS)
Guidelines for Long-Span Bridge Construction.
Bridge Inspection Manual. 2011. Research and Development Agency of the Ministry of Public
Works.
SNI ISO/TS 11774:2013, Non-destructive testing – Performance-based qualification
SNI ISO 9934-3:2012, Non-destructive testing – Magnetic particle testing – Part 3:Equipment
SNI ISO 9934-2:2012, Non-destructive testing – Magnetic particle testing – Part 2: Detection media
SNI ISO/TR 25107:2011, Non-destructive testing – Guidelines for NDT training syllabuses
SNI ISO/TR 25108:2010, Non-destructive testing – Guidelines for NDT personal training
organizations
SNI ISO/TS 18173:2010, Non-destructive testing – General terms and definitions
SNI ISO 20807:2008, Non-destructive testing – Qualification of personnel for limited application of
non-destructive testing
SNI ISO 9712:2008, Non-destructive testing – Qualification and certification of personnel
SNI 19-6869-2002, Test sampling method, shape, size and classification
SNI 19-6364-2000, Non-destructive testing – Qualification and certification of personnel
SNI 19-1862-1990, Ultrasonic test method using normal probe with direct contact method
SNI 19-1863-1990, Ultrasonic test method using angle probe with direct contact method
SNI 19-1058-1989, Nomenclature of ultrasonic testing

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, List of names and institutions

1. Initiator

Research and Development Center for Roads and Bridges, Research and
Development Agency of the Ministry of Public Works and Housing.

, 2. Compiled by:

Name Institutions

Septinurriandiani, ST Research and Development Center

for Roads and Bridges
Redrik Irawan, ST., MT

Enacted in Jakarta
On 23 April 2015

MINISTER OF PUBLIC WORKS

AND HOUSING

M. BASUKI HADIMULJONO