E s s e n t i a l C h e m i s t r y f o r C a m b r i d g e I G C S E ® 2 nd E d i t i o n

Unit 3 Structure and bonding

SUMMARY QUESTIONS:
1 Simple molecular – low melting point and does not conduct electricity.
Giant ionic – high melting point and conducts electricity when dissolved in water.
Giant covalent – high melting point but doesn’t conduct electricity.
Metallic – solid conducts electricity.
2 (a) Ionic
(b) Covalent
(c) Covalent
(d) Ionic
(e) Ionic
3 Pair; molecules; shares; electrons; outer; shell; eight; stable
4A Simple molecular
B Giant ionic
C Simple molecular
D Metal
E Giant ionic
5 (a) Na+ = [2,8]+, with electrons represented as crosses; Cl− = [2,8,8]−, with electrons
represented as dots for [2,8,7] and one cross to make it [2,8,8]−, dots and crosses can be
interchanged.
(b) Nitrogen shares one pair of electrons with each three of the hydrogen atoms. There is a
lone pair remaining on the nitrogen.
(c) Each hydrogen atom shares its one electron with the other to make a bonding pair and no
other electrons.
6 Methane – simple molecular
Middle diagram – giant ionic
Right hand diagram – giant molecular / giant covalent

PRACTICE QUESTIONS:
1 B Sodium ions have eight electrons in their outer shells
2 D There are two lone pairs and two bonding pairs
3 (a) KCl has high melting / boiling point, methane has low melting / boiling point; KCl conducts
electricity when dissolved in water, methane doesn’t conduct; KCl soluble in water, methane
is not.
(b) K+ = [2,8,8]+, with electrons represented as crosses; Cl− = [2,8,8]−, with electrons
represented as dots, with one cross in the outer electron shell, dots and crosses can be
interchanged.
(c) Correct structure of methane (See Figure 3.2.5).

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 E s s e n t i a l C h e m i s t r y f o r C a m b r i d g e I G C S E ® 2 nd E d i t i o n

4 (a) Any two of:

Both have covalent bonds; both have giant structures / network of bonds / extended
bonding. ALLOW: both are made of carbon atoms
(b) Diamond has atoms arranged in a tetrahedral structure / bent hexagons, graphite has flat
layers / flat hexagons; diamond has three-dimensional network of bonds but graphite only
has two-dimensional layers / network / graphite has weak bonds between layers.
(c) Giant covalent structures
(d) The forces between the layers of carbon atoms are weak; so the layers can slide over each
other.
(e) Cutting tools / jewellery
5 (a) See Figure 3.2.3
Electron pair joining the atoms; no other electrons around hydrogen and 8 outer electrons
around Cl; inner electron shells on chlorine correct [2,8].
(b) (i) HCl ionises in water, whereas carbon monoxide and methane do not.
(ii) Any one of:
Does not conduct electricity as a gas / low melting or boiling point
(iii) H+ = [0]+ / empty shell shown / just nucleus shown (charge must be shown);
Cl− = [2,8,8]− / ring diagram showing this structure
(charge must be shown on top right).
6 (a) (i) Gas; low boiling point due to weak forces between molecules / weak intermolecular
forces. NOT: weak forces between atoms / particles.
(ii) Solid; all atoms joined by strong / covalent bonds in a giant structure. NOT: reference
to carbon molecules
(b) See Figure 3.3.4. Two bonding pairs of electrons shared between each oxygen atom and
the carbon atom; two lone pairs on each oxygen atom.
(c) (i) Both have tetrahedral arrangement of atoms; both have three dimensional network of
covalent bonds.
(ii) Silicon atoms attached to oxygen atoms / two types of atoms present in silicon dioxide
/ only one type of atom in diamond / more open space in silicon dioxide / all atoms
closer together in diamond.
(d) SiO2
(e) Any four of:
Neither conduct electricity / none of the electrons are free to move / no delocalised
electrons; both are hard / both have three-dimensional structure of strong bonds / covalent
bonds; both have high melting points; both have three-dimensional structure of strong
bonds / covalent bonds.
7 (a) Any three of:
Zinc conducts electricity (or heat), sulfur does not / zinc has a high melting (or boiling)
point, sulfur has low melting or boiling point / zinc is malleable (or ductile), sulfur is brittle /
zinc gives ringing sound when hit on hard surface, sulfur gives sound of dull thud / zinc has
shiny surface, sulfur has dull surface.
(b) See Figure 3.6.1. Ions shown as positive charges; regular arrangement of ions; electrons
shown delocalised / randomly arranged between the ions.
(c) Single pair of electrons between each sulfur atom; each S atom has 8 electrons surrounding
it; at least one S atom with 2 lone pairs of electrons shown. IGNORE: incorrect number of
sulfur atoms, i.e. allow marks with 4 or 5 atoms.

© OUP 2015: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute