Contents

1. USING THE DICTIONARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

2. THE SENTENCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. TYPES OF SENTENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

d
- Declarative, Imperative, Interrogative, Exclamatory

Lt
4. SUBJECT AND PREDICATE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Porus and Alexander . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

t.
Prefixes and Suffixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Pv
5. KINDS OF NOUNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
- Proper, Common, Collective, Abstract, Countable, Uncountable

s e
Making a Sundae on Sunday . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

ic
Paragraph Writing—I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

rv
6. NOUN: NUMBER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Se
- Singular, Plural
7. NOUN: GENDER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
- Masculine, Feminine, Common, Neuter
n
io
Collocat ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
8. KINDS OF ADJECTIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
at

- Quality, Quantity, Number, Ordinal, Demonstrative, Interrogative, Possessive

uc

9. COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Ed

- Positive, Comparative, Superlative

10. ORDER OF ADJECTIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
a

Paragraph Writing—II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
di

11. PRONOUNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
In

- Personal, Subject, Object, Demonstrative, Possessive, Interrogative

12. ADJECTIVE OR PRONOUN? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
n

Comic Cor ner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

so

Nominalisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
ar

Craft Cor ner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

Pe

Concept Check 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
13. ARTICLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
©

- Indefinite, Definite
Visit to the Fête . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Narrative Writing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
14. SIMPLE TENSES: PRESENT, PAST AND FUTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Comic Cor ner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
15. PRESENT AND PAST PARTICIPLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Homophones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
16. CONTINUOUS TENSES: PRESENT AND PAST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

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 17. FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Letter Writing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
18. PERFECT TENSES: PRESENT AND PAST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

d
19. SIMPLE TENSE TO PERFECT TENSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

Lt
The Way Animals Talk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Synonyms and Antonyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

t.
Pv
20. TRANSFORMATION OF SENTENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
21. QUESTION TAGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

s
Diary Writing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

e
Joining a Club . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

ic
22. KINDS OF ADVERBS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

rv
- Manner, Time, Place, Degree, Frequency

Se
23. COMPARISON OF ADVERBS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
- Positive, Comparative, Superlative
n
How the Little Kite Lear ned to Fly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
io
One-word Substitution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
at

24. PREPOSITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

uc

- Place, Time, Movement

25. CONJUNCTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Ed

- and, but, or, because, for, nor, yet, so, although, unless, either...or, no sooner...than, hardly...when, neither...nor,
not only...but also, both... and, so that, in order that, even if, as long as, as though, provided that, as soon as, only if
a

Comic Cor ner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

di

Pictures Tell a Story . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142

In

26. INTERJECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144

n

When Mother Reads Aloud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

so

Words Often Confused . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148

Comic Cor ner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
ar

27. CAPITAL LETTERS AND PUNCTUATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

Pe

- Full Stop (.), Question Mark (?), Exclamation Mark (!), Comma (,)
Giving Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
©

28. DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158

One Word, Different Parts of Speech . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Craft Cor ner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Concept Check 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Word Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Animals and Birds: Gender, Young Ones and Collective Nouns . . . . . . . . . . 166
Nominalisation: Nouns to Adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Nominalisation: Verbs to Nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166

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 Using the
1. Dictionary

d
Lt
REWIND

t.
Pv
We have learnt that words are arranged in an alphabetical order in a dictionary.

s
A dictionary entry tells us more than just the meaning of a word. This is a page

e
from the Longman New Junior English Dictionary. Read the labels carefully to

ic
find out what extra information a dictionary can give.

rv
Se
running head
the word that appears on the
top of each page and helps
n
the user locate a word in the
io
headword dictionary; on the left-hand
one of the words in the page, the running head is the
at

dictionary that is first entry on that page, and

arranged in alphabetical on the right-hand page, the
uc

order running head is the last entry

on that page
Ed

pronunciation guide
shows the pronunciation of
the word
a

part of speech
di

tells you the grammatical

In

group to which the word

definition
belongs
tells you what the
word means
n
so
ar
Pe

derivative
tells you about words
©

that are derived from the

headword

example sentence
tells you how to use the
word in sentences

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 PRACTISE
A. Put these words in alphabetical order as they would appear in a dictionary.

deep dark depend dance direct distant

dream deport defense doughnut dear dove

d
drove Dr department dent drift danger

Lt
dye die dive decipher daughter dam

t.
Pv
e s
ic
rv
Se
n
io
at
uc

CHALLENGE
Ed

B. Get into pairs. One of you can pick a word from the dictionary that
a

has two meanings. Read out one of the two meanings to your friend.
di

Your friend has to guess the word and the second meaning of the
In

word.
n

Scoring: The person who guesses the correct word, gets +1. For
so

guessing the correct meaning, the person scores +1. Add up the
scores to find the winner.
ar
Pe

RECAP
©

A dictionary not only gives the definition of words, it also gives information on
pronunciation and usage.

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 2. The Sentence

d
Lt
t.
Pv
REWIND

e s
Arrange these groups of words so that they make sense.

ic
1. Our class/for a picnic/went/last week.

rv
2. the Lotus Garden/Arun/as the picnic spot/suggested.
3. was/Everyone/very excited.
Se
n
4. baked/Our class teacher/a chocolate cake.
io

5. different kinds/All of us/of food/brought.

at

6. had/We/a wonderful time!

uc

All the above groups of words make sense after you have placed them in the
Ed

correct order.
a

A group of words that makes complete sense is called a sentence. A

di

sentence always begins with a capital letter and ends with a full stop, a
In

question mark or an exclamation mark.

n

Now, read these sentences.

so

•  We went for a picnic last week.

ar

•  Our class teacher baked a chocolate cake.

Pe

In these sentences, the highlighted words are the subjects, and the underlined
words are verbs. Let us see what happens if we remove either the subject or the
©

verb.
•  We for a picnic last week.
•  baked a chocolate cake.
These sentences don’t make sense. Thus, we see that every sentence should
have a subject and a verb in order to make complete sense.

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 PRACTISE
A. Which of these are complete sentences? Rewrite the ones that are
incomplete.
1. Oh, no! We our train.

d
2. likes listening to all kinds of music.

Lt
t.
3. sleeps all the time.

Pv
s
4. How can I improve my handwriting?

e
ic
rv
5. Ravi’s pet parrot a lot.

6. Jaya loves watching cartoons. Se

n
io
at

7. Wow, that such a beautiful painting!

uc
Ed

8. Have you ever seen Preeti fighting with anyone?

a
di

LEARN
In

Now, look at these groups of words. Would you say that these are
n

sentences?
so

1. in the rain 2. at the station

ar

3. wearing a raincoat 4. of wood

Pe

5. crossing the road 6. without waiting for a moment

These groups of words make partial sense, but not complete sense. They do
©

not begin with capital letters, nor do they end with full stops, question marks
or exclamation marks. Therefore, these groups of words cannot be called
sentences.

Groups of words that make partial sense are called phrases. A phrase does
not have a verb.

Booklet-Cornerstone-5.indb 4 9/2/2019 4:53:57 PM

 PRACTISE
B. Make sentences with these phrases.
1. for a minute 2. a big red nose 3. in the open air
4. cloudy day 5. coming back home 6. in the middle
7. at full speed 8. after the party

d
Lt
t.
CHALLENGE

Pv
C. Complete these sentences using the correct phrases from the box.

e s
ic
in your best handwriting heavily all day

rv
Se
in the red saree at the stroke of midnight
into the garden into several pieces
n
io
at

1. The lady is my mother.

uc

2. The vase fell and broke .

3. It rained .
Ed

4. Write this letter .

a

5. , she left the

di

party.
In

6. Govind’s dog ran .

n
so
ar

RECAP
Pe

•  A group of words that makes complete sense is called a sentence.
©

•  Groups of words that make partial sense are called phrases.

Booklet-Cornerstone-5.indb 5 9/2/2019 4:54:01 PM

 3. Types of
Sentences
Sneak Peek

d
•  declarative

Lt
LEARN •  imperative

t.
•  interrogative

Pv
What do these sentences express? According
•  exclamatory
to your understanding of the sentences, write

s
statement (S), question (Q), command (C) or strong

e
feeling (SF) against them.

ic
rv
1. Have you completed your homework?

Se
2. Today is a bright day.
3. Is today a bright day?
n
io
4. Wear a sun hat.
at

5. What a bright day it is!

uc

6. Take out your books.

Ed

7. I’m not feeling well.

8. Watch out!
a
di

We have learnt that a group of words that makes complete sense is called a
In

sentence.
There are four kinds of sentences. Study this table to understand the function
n
so

of these sentences.
ar

Type of sentence Function Example

Pe

assertive sentence simply states something •   Jayesh kicked the ball.

©

interrogative sentence asks questions •  Is that an ostrich?

imperative sentence gives orders/commands, •   Sit down. (command)

makes requests or gives •  P
  ass me that book, 
advice please. (request)

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 Type of sentence Function Example

•  Wear your pearl 
earrings with that
dress. (advice)

exclamatory sentence expresses strong •  W

  hat a lovely place 
feelings this is!

d
Lt
•  Declarative sentences are also known as assertive sentences or

t.
statements.

Pv
•  Declarative sentences and imperative sentences end in a full stop (.).
•  Interrogative sentences end in a question mark (?).

e s
•  Exclamatory sentences end in an exclamation mark (!).

ic
rv
Se
Sometimes, a sentence may be made up of just one word:
n
io
•   Stop.
at

•   Leave.
uc

•   Run.
All these are one-word sentences and they give commands. Hence,
Ed

we see that the verb is the heart of a sentence, and it is not possible
to write a sentence without a verb.
a
di

Sometimes, imperative sentences can also end in an exclamation

mark if the command is forceful. For example,
In

•   Stop!    •  Go away!
n
so
ar
Pe

PRACTISE
©

A. Identify whether these sentences are declarative, interrogative, imperative

or exclamatory. Then, write the correct closing punctuation mark in each of
the boxes.
1. What a terrible crash it was
2. Get this book from the stationery shop
3. How beautiful your rose garden is

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 4. Avani is the best dancer in our class
5. Please stop drawing faces on my new book
6. When does school reopen after the summer break
7. Please turn down the volume of your music system
8. Pragati loves drawing pictures of all kinds of animals
9. This is the cupboard where we keep the chalk and duster
10. How many books did you borrow from the library this week

d
11. Istanbul is the most important and popular city of Turkey

Lt
12. What a thrill it would be to win a trip to Switzerland

t.
Pv
B. Rearrange each set of jumbled words into two meaningful sentences with
proper punctuation and capitalisation. The kind of sentences to be formed is

s
written in the brackets. One has been done for you.

e
1. regularly I do am tired your exercise excuses of you (interrogative and

ic
declarative)

rv
Do you exercise regularly?
I am tired of your excuses.
Se
n
2. this it who bought yesterday I T-shirt is (interrogative and declarative)
io
3. shining what view the are a wonderful stars (declarative and
at

exclamatory)
uc

4. best gave players the won their hurrah we have in (declarative and
Ed

exclamatory)
5. the lunch pass salt when please me is (imperative and interrogative)
a

6. door opened close who the the door (interrogative and imperative)
di

7. about please tell me all it let me see book your (imperative and
In

imperative)
n

8. road parked deserted where you car have your the looks (interrogative
so

and declarative)
ar

9. so today put wallet why back happy in pocket are your the you
Pe

(interrogative and imperative)

10. the wake me often when train Delhi why up you smile more reaches
©

don’t (interrogative and imperative)

11. me do free when Eskimos live in call you are still igloos (imperative and
interrogative)
12. where wow an exciting can I buy a bar that’s of chocolate plan
(exclamatory and interrogative)

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 CHALLENGE
C. Read this passage and mark the sentences as declarative (D),
interrogative (In), imperative (Im) or exclamatory (E).
Mohit loved to eat. He ate anything and everything. His mother
smiled as Mohit gobbled up all the greasy parathas with plenty of

d
butter. However, Mohit’s sister, Meeta, didn’t eat much at all.

Lt
When their mother took them to a fast-food restaurant, Mohit would

t.
feast on burgers and pizzas and French fries. After that, he would

Pv
have a triple sundae, or sometimes, two! But, Meeta would be

s
struggling to finish her first burger all the while.

e
‘I wish Meeta would eat as well as Mohit,’ thought her mother.

ic
rv
One day, Mohit fell terribly ill. Dr Bose was called to examine

Se
Mohit.
The doctor looked at Mohit and said, ‘Mrs Malik, what does your son
n
io
eat?’
at

‘My son’s a good boy,’ said Mrs Malik. ‘He eats everything I put
uc

before him.’
Ed

The doctor couldn’t believe her ears when she heard the list of things
that Mohit loved to eat. ‘Mrs Malik,’ she said, ‘Mohit eats all the
a
di

wrong things!’
In

‘Then, what should we do?’ asked Mrs Malik.

n

‘Give him plenty of fresh fruits, green vegetables and cereals,’ said
so

the doctor, ‘and no chocolates, candies, toffees, etc. Look at his

ar

teeth! They are full of cavities!’

Pe
©

RECAP

There are four kinds of sentences—declarative, interrogative, imperative and

exclamatory.

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