Case Study 1

Group Number – 2
Subject Name – Computer Graphics and Multimedia
Subject Code – ETCS 211

Submitted To: Submitted By:

Deepika Mam Name – Paras Gupta
Roll No. – 03111502718
Branch– CSE (M)
1) Open an image in an image-editing program capable of identifying colors.
Select three different pixels in the image. Sample the color and write down
its value in RGB, HSB, CMYK, and web (hexadecimal) color.

Solution :

Point Co-ordinates RGB HSB CMYK Hexadecimal

R = 130 H = 212o C = 47
1 (382, 437) G = 183 S = 47% M= 25 #82b7f3
B = 243 B = 95% Y=0
K=5
o
R = 239 H = 37 C=0
2 (799, 486) G = 176 S = 68% M= 26 #efb04c
B = 76 B = 94% Y = 68
K=6
o
R = 181 H = 72 C = 17
3 (1286, 527) G = 217 S = 86% M= 0 #b4d91f
B = 31 B = 85% Y = 86
K = 15
 2) Discuss and Compare Image Creating Software.

Solution:
1. Photoshop

With Photoshop you can easily combine multiple images and even remove
unwanted objects from the image. It offers basic features like perspective
correction, channel mixing, and clone stamp tool. The automatic options infuse
life to your images making your work ‘the talk of the town’ even if you are a
newbie. Photoshop runs on both Windows and Mac. Photoshop is also
considered as one of the best photo editing and graphic design software for
beginners as it comes with simplified options like:

o Basic: Cropping, straightening, rotating and flipping.

o Auto-Fix: One touch adjustment.
o Blemish Removal: Ability to remove any spot or dirt from the image.
o Colour: Slide controls to enhance the colours of the image.
o One-Touch filter: 20 eye-catching effects to choose from.
o Image Rendering: Panoramic image option.
o Borders: Add your personal touch.
o RAW photo support: RAW format support.
o Sharing: via sites like Facebook, Revel, Twitter, Tumblr, and more.

Pros of PHOTOSHOP
o Video editing is smooth.
o The crop tool is quite effective.
o Performance is highly improved.

Cons of PHOTOSHOP
o No perpetual license.
o The interface is crushing.
o Some tools lack progress bar visibility.

2. GIMP (GNU Image Manipulation Program)

GIMP or GNU Image Manipulation Program is the perfect alternative to Adobe

Photoshop. The professional tools make it ideal for photo editing and graphic
 designing. The photo manipulation feature is highly enhanced. The flexibility
of the tool allows you to create crystal-clear graphics and photos. Once you
begin using GIMP, it will definitely achieve the pedestal of being your main
desktop publishing tool. The interface is totally customizable and the full-
screen mode allows you to view and edit at the same time. Yes, not all the
extensive features are available. Still, there are many features that will
provide you a great experience. GIMP runs on GNU/Linux, OS X, Windows and
other OS. Being a cross-compatible graphic design software, it has a strong
support community. This is, hands down, one of the prime choices when
selecting graphic design software for beginners:

Pros of GIMP Cons of GIMP

o The UI is bright and modern. o Have a few bugs.
o Very easy to use. o Struggles with Cintiq tablets in
o Comes with single windows usage. the initial stage.

3. CorelDraw

If you are looking for a photo editor that gives you the ability to create infinite
no of designs without any restrictions while honing your skills at the same
 time? If so, you might want to check out CorelDraw, a vector graphics editor,
that is hands down one of the most popular Industry Standard editors
presently. CorelDraw has some cool productive functions and such an ease of
use that no other vector editor can match up to.

The tools give you full control so you can get fast and dynamic results. With
CorelDraw version X5 and above, you get an inbuilt organizer (Corel
CONNECT) also.

With tools like Twirl, Smear, Repel and Attract – vector object editing was
never so easy. The Alignment guide enables you to position objects as per
your requirement. CorelDraw works smoothly with large files in Corel Photo-
Paint, making it a must-have in the graphic design software list. It also
supports apps like Barcode wizard, Duplexing wizard, Bit stream Font
Navigator, etc. Check out more about CorelDraw.

Pros of CorelDraw :
o The interface customization is ideal.
o The design is very fresh.
o The training videos are very helpful.
o Choose from perpetual license or subscription.
o The right-click gives awesome vectorization.
o Shaping Docker gives maximum usage.

Cons of CorelDraw :
o No Mac version.
o Tools are hard to learn for newbies.
o Navigation is not easy.
o Navigation board is not visible.
o The freehand brush is hard to use.
 Case Study 2
Group Number – 2
Subject Name – Computer Graphics and Multimedia
Subject Code – ETCS 211

Submitted To: Submitted By:

Deepika Mam Name – Paras Gupta
Roll No. – 03111502718
Branch– CSE (M)
Q1) Face Modelling using blender

Solution :
Software used: Blender 2.79

Q2) Compare Huffman Coding, RLE and Arithmetic Coding for:

A:25 B:10 C:99 D:87 E:9 F:66
Solution:
Huffman coding is an entropy encoding algorithm used for lossless data
compression. In this algorithm fixed length codes are replaced by variable
length codes. When using variable -length code words, it is desirable to create
a prefix code, avoiding the need for a separator to determine code word
boundaries. Huffman Coding uses such prefix code. Huffman procedure works
as follow:
1. Symbols with a high frequency are expressed using shorter encodings than
symbols which occur less frequently.
2. The two symbols that occur least frequently will have the same length. The
Huffman algorithm uses the greedy approach at each step the algorithm
chooses the best available option. A binary tree is built up from the bottom up.
To see how Huffman Coding works, let’s take an example. Assume that the
characters in a file to be compressed have the following frequencies:
A: 25 B: 10 C: 99 D: 87 E: 9 F: 66

The processing of building this tree is:

1. Create a list of leaf nodes for each symbol and arrange the nodes in the
order from highest to lowest. Analysis and Comparison of Algorithms for
Lossless Data Compression: C:99 D:87 F:66 A:25 B:10 E:9

2. Select two leaf nodes with the lowest frequency. Create a parent node
with these two nodes and assign the frequency equal to the sum of the
frequencies of two child nodes. Now add the parent node in the list and
remove the two child nodes from the list. And repeat this step until you have
only one node left.

3. Now label each edge. The left child of each parent is labeled with the
digit 0 and right child with 1. The code word for each source letter is the
sequence of labels along the path from root to the leaf node representing the
letter.

Huffman coding for ( A: 25 B: 10 C: 99 D: 87 E: 9 F: 66 ) :

Run Length Encoding:

Run Length Encoding (RLE) is the simplest of the data compression algorithms.
It replaces runs of two or more of the same character with a number which
represents the length of the run, followed by the original character. Single
characters are coded as runs of 1. The major task of this algorithm is to identify
the runs of the source file, and to record the symbol and the length of each
run. The Run Length Encoding algorithm uses those runs to compress the
original source file while keeping all the non-runs without using for the
compression process.

RLE for (A: 25 B: 10 C: 99 D: 87 E: 9 F: 66) is : 25A10B99C87D9E66F

Arithmetic Coding:

Arithmetic Coding is useful for small alphabets with highly skewed

probabilities. In this method, a code word is not used to represent a symbol of
the text. Instead, it produces a code for an entire message. Arithmetic Coding
assigns an interval to each symbol. Then a decimal number is assigned to this
interval. Initially, the interval is [0, 1). A message is represented by a half open
interval [x, y) where x and y are real Numbers between 0 and 1. The interval is
then divided into sub-intervals. The number of sub-intervals is identical to the
number of symbols in the current set of symbols and size is proportional to
their probability of appearance. For each symbol a new internal division takes
place based on the last sub interval.

Compression Ratio for Huffman Coding:

Original 272

Compressed 114

Compression Ratio 41.91%

Comparison of RLE, Huffman and Arithmetic encoding

Performance RLE (Run Length Huffman Coding Arithmetic

Measure Encoding) Coding

Compression Ratio Very low Low High

Compression Factor Very high High Low

Compression Speed Very Fast Fast Slow

Memory Space High Low Very Low

Decompression Very Fast Fast Slow

Speed