St. Paul University Iloilo: The Physical Self

St.
Paul University Iloilo

GEC 1: Understanding the Self
MODULE 2 Unpacking the Self

Total: 17hours
TIME FRAME 9 hours-Synchronous Meetings
7 hours Asynchronous Meetings
1 hour-Term Exam
COMPILED BY NERI, BERNACEL D.
OVERVIEW
This module explores the various aspects of self and identity, and the different forces and
institutions that shape it. This module covers five topics namely: physical self, sexual self,
material/economic self, spiritual, political and the most recent one, digital self. This chapter covers 9
hours per week.
The Physical Self

We are living in a world where the material and immaterial self are both represented. Society
shapes us in many ways, possibly more than we realize it. This involves:
➔ how we perceive our bodies visually;

➔ how we feel about our physical appearance;
➔ how we think and talk to ourselves about our bodies; and our sense of how other people view our
bodies.
The current embedded idea of what is attractive, beautiful, or handsome is an

unrealistic image, which is genetically impossible for many to emulate. This unrealistic image is
continually driven into our minds by the media through ads, movies, and TV shows. A positive
view of "self" involves understanding that healthy, attractive bodies cone in many shapes and
sizes, and that physical appearance says very little about our character or value as a person.
What Is Beauty?
Beauty is defined in so many ways, but in its simplest sense, beauty can be described as
happiness. Every person is unique. Our individual experiences and memories tie together to form
our versions of beauty. No culture, company, or concept could ever truly define beauty.
"The best and most beautiful things in the world cannot be seen or even touched-they must be
felt with the heart.”- Hellen Keller
1
St. Paul University Iloilo
What Philosophers think about Beauty?
The Stanford Encyclopedia Philosophy, 2016. The nature of beauty is one of the most enduring
and controversial themes in western philosophy.
Beauty, traditionally, was among the ultimate values along with goodness, truth, and justice. It
was the primary theme among the ancient Greek, Hellenistic, and Medieval philosophers; it was
central to 18th-19th century thought. By the beginning of the 20th century, beauty had declined
as a subject of philosophical inquiry.
The two most debated views about beauty are:
1. Beauty is objective
2. Beauty is subjective
WESTERN PHILOSOPHICAL VIEWS
Beauty is treated as an objective quality.
● St. Augustine - things were beautiful because it gave delight or whether it gave delight because it
was beautiful.
● Plato- beauty as a response to love and desire. It is considered beautiful if it reflects the idea of
beauty in the realm of forms.
● Aristotle-beauty is order, symmetry, and definiteness that can be demonstrated by mathematical
sciences.
18th Century-Beauty is associated with pleasure as a personal preference.
● David Hume “ Beauty is no quality in things themselves. It exists meely in the mind which
contemplates them; and each mind perceives a different beauty; and every individual ought to
acquiesce in his own sentiment, without pretending to regulate those of others"
● Immanuel Kant "The judgement of taste is therefore not a judgement of cognition and is
consequently not logical but aesthetical, by which we understand that whose determining ground
can be no other than subjective"
● Francis Hutcheson "The perception of beauty does depend on the external sense of sight;
however the internal sense of beauty operates as an internal or reflex sense. The same is the
case with hearing; hearing muscle does not necessarily give perception of harmony as it is distinct
from hearing"
Psychology
● Cognitive Bias- a cognitive bias is an error in reasoning, evaluating, remembering, or any other
mental process that is often a result of holding onto one's preferences and beliefs regardless of
contrary information. Page
● The Halo Effect also known as the Physical Attractiveness Stereotype and the "what is beautiful
is good" principle refers to the tendency of people to rate attractive individuals more favorably for
2
their personality traits or characteristics as compared to those who are less attractive. We are
programmed to be drawn to strong indicators for maleness (for a woman) and femaleness ( for
men) partly because they reflect an individual's health. Page
How does cultural tradition shape body image?
Cultural Traditions can either be a positive or a negative influence on body image and on
self-esteem. Body image is generally defined as how one thinks and feels towards one's body.
People see cultural group membership as an integral part of who they are.
When culture is experienced as a personally meaningful activity, it is difficult for a person

to resist the conscious and unconscious way that culture influences a person's life. For example,
a study reported that young Filipino women were dissatisfied with their bodies that possibly
stemmed from unreasonable weight concerns and extreme drive for thinness.
Self Esteem
Coined by William James in 1800. James presented self esteem as the number of
successes a person achieves in the domain of life that are important to him/her, divided by the
number of failures that occurred in those areas. Self-esteem is about how you value yourself and
how you feel others value you.
"Do not judge a book by its cover"

- Conscious mind
Physical Beauty
Subconscious mind
contradict the conscious mind
The dictionary's definition of beauty is, "the degree to which a person's physical traits are
considered pleasing or beautiful". Because even though physical beauty is extremely important,
the good news is that physical beauty standards differ from one person to another. Page 23 of
24
Self Image problem
Your looks do not match your beauty standards. To have a positive self image and a
higher self-esteem you must fix your false beliefs about physical attractiveness first.
3
The Sexual Self

FACTORS INFLUENCING SEXUAL SELF
A. Family Influences
Children's interests, preferences, behaviors, and overall self-concept are strongly influenced by
parental and authority figure teachings regarding sexual stereotypes.
B. Urban Setting
The correlation between homosexuality and urbanization is more substantial in men than women.
Large cities seem to provide a friendlier environment for same-gender interest to develop and be expressed
than in rural areas. (Laumann, et al., 1994).
On the other hand, existing literature highlighted that the following are the challenges faced by
LGBTQ+ in rural living:
● High levels of intolerance

● Limited social and institutional supports; and
● Higher incidence of social isolation.
C. History of Sexual Abuse
Previous studies claimed that abused adolescents, particularly those victimized by males, are more
likely to become homosexual or bisexual in adulthood. Though, some findings suggested no significant
relationship between child abuse and sexual orientation in adulthood. (Wilson and Wisdom, 2009)
D. Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD's)
Also known as STI or sexually transmitted infection, STD is generally a disease or infection
acquired through sexual contact where the organisms that cause STD are passed on from person to
person in blood, semen, and vaginal or any other bodily fluids.
STD can also be transmitted non-sexually such as:
● Mother to infant during pregnancy

● Blood transfusion; and
● People sharing needles for injection
STDs do not always cause symptoms, which is one of the reasons experts prefer the term "sexually
transmitted infections" to "sexually transmitted diseases."
4
RESPONSIBLE PARENTHOOD AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH ACT OF 2012
(REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10354)
Informally known as the Reproductive Health Law or RH Law, is a law in the Philippines that
guarantees access to contraceptive methods, such as fertility control, sexual education, and
maternal care.
RESPONSIBLE PARENTHOOD AND REPRODUCTIVE

HEALTH ACT OF 2012
An act providing for a national policy on Responsible

Parenthood and Reproductive Health
Citation Enacted by Republic Act No. 10354 House of

Representative of the Philippines
Date enacted December 19, 2012
Enacted by Senate of the Philippines
Date signed December 21, 2012
Signed by Miriam Defensor Santiago
Date commenced January 17, 2013
Passage of the legislation was controversial and highly divisive. After the RH bill was passed into law, the
Supreme Court delayed its implementation. On April 8,2014, the Court ruled that the law was “not
unconstitutional” but struck down eight provisions partially or in full.
GOALS, OBJECTIVES, AND STRATEGIES OF REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH LAW SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:
● Reduce by three quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the natural mortality ratio.
● Reduce by two thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate.
● To have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse, the spread of HIV/AIDS.
REGIONAL OBJECTIVES:
● Improve access to the full range of affordable, equitable, and high quality family planning and
reproductive health services to increase contraceptive use rate and reduce unwanted pregnancies and
abortion.
● Making pregnancy safer.
5
● Support countries and areas in developing evidence based policies and strategies form the reduction of
maternal and newborn mortality.
● Improve access to the full range of affordable, equitable, and highly quality family planning and
reproductive health services to increase contraceptive use rate and reduce unwanted pregnancies.
● Improve the health and nutrition status of women of all ages, especially pregnant and nursing women.
● Gender, women and health.
● Integrate gender and rights considerations into health policy programs, especially into reproductive
health and maternal health.
● Improve the health and nutrition status of women all ages.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF FAMILY PLANNING
BENEFITS OF USING FAMILY PLANNING ACCORDING TO DOH
Mother
● Enables her to regain her health after delivery.

● Gives enough time and opportunity to love and provide attention to her husband and children.
● Gives more time for her family and own personal advancement.
● When suffering from illnesses, gives enough time for treatment and recovery.
Children
● Healthy mothers produce healthy children.

● Will get all attention, security, love, and care they deserve.
Father
● Lightens the burden and responsibility in supporting his family.

● Enables him to give his children their basic needs.
● Gives him time for his family and own personal advancement.
● When suffering from illnesses, gives enough time for treatment and recovery.
DISADVANTAGES
● Birth control health risks.

● Possibility of pregnancy.
● Pregnancy after birth control.
6
THE NATURAL FAMILY PLANNING METHOD
The Natural Family Planning (NFP) is the method that uses the body's natural physiological changes
and symptoms to identify the fertile and infertile phases of the menstrual cycle.
Such methods are also known as fertility based awareness methods.
● NFP methods are generally preferred contraceptive method for women who
do not wish to use artificial methods of contraception.
● However, NFP methods are unreliable in preventing unwanted pregnancy.
● It also takes time to practice and use NFP properly.
● It does not protect a person against STDs, including HIV.
A. PERIODIC ABSTINENCE (FERTILITY AWARENESS) METHOD
During the menstrual cycle, the female hormones estrogen and progesterone cause some observable
effects. These changes provide a basis for periodic abstinence methods.
There are three common techniques used in periodic abstinence methods:
a. Rhythm (calendar method) -tracking of a woman's menstrual cycle history to predict her ovulation.
b. Basal body temperature (BBT) monitoring -monitoring the changes in body temperature of the
woman to determine whether she is fertile or infertile.
c. Cervical mucus (ovulation) method -also called Billing's method, involves examining the color and
viscosity of the cervical mucus to discover when ovulation is occurring.
B. LACTATION AMENORRHEA METHOD
Though exclusive breastfeeding, the woman is able to suppress ovulation. However, if the infant were
not exclusively breastfed, this method would not be effective. Generally, after three months of exclusive
breastfeeding, the woman must choose another method of contraception.
C. COITUS INTERRUPTUS
Oldest method of contraception. The couple proceeds with coitus; however, the man must release his
sperm outside of the vagina. This is only 75% effective because pre-ejaculation fluid that contains a few
spermatozoa may cause fertilization.
7
D. HORMONAL CONTRACEPTION/ ARTIFICIAL FAMILY PLANNING
Effective family planning methods that manipulate the hormones that directly affect the normal
menstrual cycle so that ovulation will not occur.
a. METHODS OF ARTIFICIAL FAMILY PLANNING

● Oral contraceptives
● Transdermal Contraceptive patch
● Vaginal Ring
● Subdermal Implants
● Hormonal Injections
● Intrauterine Device
● Chemical Barriers
● Diaphragm
● Cervical Cap
● Male Condoms
● Female Condoms
b. SURGICAL METHODS
One of the most effective birth control method. This method

ensures conception is inhibited permanently.
● Vasectomy
● Tubal Ligation
The Material and Economic Self

William James, Also known as the father of American Psychology identified
various components of the Empirical self, one of which is what he called a
Material Self.
According to James, that Man’s “Material self” is not only consisting of his
own body but also includes the different things he possess from ones family,
8
friends, as well as things such as, ones clothes, house, cars, gadgets, end even the amount of money he has
in the bank.
In James’ idea of the Material Self, One defines

themselves and at the same time is being defined by the
people they are acquainted with along with the accumulation
of objects and achievements that a person acquired from the
different endeavours and experiences in life.
The losing of such objects or people will render one feel

that apart of him was also lost at the same time.
We represent ourselves through clothes, the gadgets we

wear, the friends we have and the things that we do. All of
these contribute to whether we are accepted or not in the
world we live in. With this in mind, the choices that we make in
order to achieve the recognition of others depends not only on
our own capabilities but more so on the value we and the other
people give to what we have or can acquire.
Having the ability to find the things that will define yourself that will persist through time, were
your life and achievements both defines who you are and what you are capable of and at the same
time provide you with the direction and knowledge on what to prioritize will result to a more
cohesive and easier establishment of who you are as a person and what you want to be in life.
Economic Self-Sufficiency
It is the ability of individuals and families to consistently meet their needs including food,
housing, utilities, health care, transportation, taxes, dependent care and clothing with minimal or no
financial assistance or subsidies from private or public organizations.
GUIDING PRINCIPLES
a. Individuals and families

They are able to meet financial needs and they do not fall into poverty when they cannot
work or work is unstable. They have personal savings enough to cover basic necessities
and emergencies. When they lose their jobs, they have time to look for another or upgrade.
b. Job Stability Individuals
They have sustained employment.
c. Educational Attainment
Individuals reach their employment goal through academic or vocational achievement.
9
d. English Literacy
Individuals have the ability to speak, read and write the English language
e. Family Structure
The stability of families and attributes of parents influence development of positive
behaviors and healthy relationships
f. Health/Disability Status
Individuals with physical, cognitive, mental, sensory, emotional or developmental
capacity concerns participate to the fullest extent possible at school, at work, or through
meaningful daily activities
g. Community Connections
Individuals have community relationships to people or organizations that bolster self-
sufficiency, or in the case of youth, future self-sufficiency
The Spiritual Self

The spiritual self will be cohesive in its belief and practices that one’s belief is echoed by one’s
acts.
● Belief – It sets the foundation for one’s action and not readily recognizable.
● Practice – It is the action which manifests the belief of the person and is observable.
● Religion – An organized group who believes and performs the same religious and spiritual rituals.
According to William James (1890), Spiritual self is defined as the innermost workings of the person's
mind, the behavior, beliefs and even morals that involves every aspect of the human as a person. Considering
the will of the person, how they distinguish between right and wrong and also one’s intellect are some of the
manifestations of the spiritual self of a person.
He also mentioned that people will find more satisfaction in having been able to show of the spiritual
self like their intelligence, to have their wishes be done, and to act upon their conscience than to count or show
their possession, because he said that the spiritual self “is the most enduring and intimate part of the self”.
10
Manifestations of the Spiritual Self
● Person’s Will – Refers to one’s wishes, these are the things that we want to see and
achieve in our lives.
● Intelligence and abilities – these are the perceived strengths of a person, the things that
they have confidence in doing and believe to have a certain level of mastery.
● Morals – it is the definition of what is right and wrong, distinguishing the things that are
acceptable for a person, the society and at the same time the determination of the possible
effects of their actions to themselves, their environment and other people.
● Values – is the person’s ability to distinguish what is important and what is not. With one’s
values system a person may be able to prioritize what they think are the tasks or things that
they need, what are things that should be done or resolved immediately and what are those
that they can delay without grave repercussions.
Center of religion and worship
a. Christians
Man is created in the image of God. God is the all-knowing, all-good, Alpha and Omega. He is also
God the Father, God the Son, and the Holy Spirit.
Roman Catholic – Saint worshipping is a common practice.
b. Muslim
The word means one who submits and surrenders to Allah (God) and his laws. Allah was the one who
showed the founding Prophet, Mohammed, the message (Torah).
Halal – permissible meat, foods, and drinks under Muslim law.
Islam is the second largest religion in the Philippines.
c. Buddhism
It was believed to have found its way in the Philippines during the 6th and 7th century by the Chinese
Traders. There is no personal God but one should follow the path of Buddha (The Enlightened One).
Worship is a sign of respect rather than veneration (honor).
d. Buddhism and Hinduism
Man’s goal is to reach Nirvana (removal of desires and sufferings.)
11
e. Protestantism
It was introduced by the Americans. Salvation through Christ Jesus was deeply emphasized and one
must be born again and accept Jesus Christ as the Lord and the Savior.
f. Prayer
It is a general practice in almost all religions.
g. Cult of Death
The members of Peoples Temple at Jonestown, Guyana committed a mass suicide after they have
been ordered by the American Preacher Jim Jones to drink poison. Over 900 people were killed during this
event last November 1978.
h. Animism
The belief that inanimate objects may be worshipped, like trees, plants, sun, sea, or all of them at the
same time. This was the belief before the Spaniards came.
Hanging coffins along mountain’s crevices would bring the dead closer to gods. (Sagada)
Spiritual or Faith Healers- it an alternative healing, but sometimes the main go-to. They use the spirit to
diagnose and cure the sick.
Tawo of Bicol- they are invisible creatures that are thought to cause a wide range of illnesses and the only
person to communicate with them are the faith healers or albukaru.
Belief in supernatural beings- E.g. Aswang, Mangkukulam, Tikbalang, Tiktik, Kapre, Duwende, etc.
However, It is not unusual to see people with strong faith adhering to superstitious beliefs. Our spiritual beliefs
affect our decision politically and economically.
The Practice of Religion
Examples are:
1. Worship 7. Celebration
2. Rites 8. Meditation
3. Rituals 9. Dances
4. Sacrifices 10. Matrimonial
5. Fiestas 11. Funeral
6. Trances 12. Baptismal
These acts become religious when they are considered sacred by the practitioners depending on their belief.
Example: Wine, Incense, Flowers

12
Article 33 of the RPC (Revised Penal Code)
One can be imprisoned for committing the crime of offending the Religious Feelings. Our Constitutional
provisions ensure religious freedom.
The Practice of Religion: Belief in Supernatural Being and Power
Religion refers to beliefs and behaviors related to supernatural beings and powers. Worldview is broader
than religion. Worldview refers to the collective body of ideas that members of a culture generally share
concerning the ultimate shape and substance of their reality. Religion also differs from spirituality, which is a
concern with the sacred in an individual manner. All cultures have religion, spirituality, a worldview and magic
(Haviland, 2007)
Functions of Religion
● Cognitive Function- enabling humans to explain the unexplainable phenomena.

● Emotional Function- helping individuals to cope up with anxieties that often accompany illness,
accidents, death and other misfortunes.
● Social Function- social control, conflict resolution and building group solidarity.
Difference between Religion and Spirituality
The Concept of Dungan
The “soul“ or spirit of a person has two dimesions; (1) human body and (2)spiritual. Soul referred to as
kaluluwa by the Tagalogs or dungan by the Ilonggos comes from the root word duwa, two.
The dungan is not seen by the human eye, it takes on a different form. For instance, it can be in a form an
insect or a small animal such as lizard. The Bisayans believe that the dungan leaves the body while person is
13
asleep. Travelling dungan outside the body must be free from accidents such as getting trapped in a jar. Only
when the soul has safely reunited with the body, the person will be awake.
Dungan is also connoted as “willpower”. If a person has a strong willpower, is it said to have a strong dungan
(Magos, 1986)
Rituals and Ceremonies
Rituals or patterned behavior are forms of communications which signify commitment to other
members of the group. It is done publicly as it is the manifestation of the belief, values, and basic
ideals.
It also gives assurance that the person will do their fair share of the “work.” This creates a
deeper bonding with other members and the community.
When members make sacrifices to meet the higher demands of the religion, the higher the
commitment. The higher the commitment, the greater the cooperation. The more cooperation, the
longer the survival of the religion.
Ceremonies are performed on a special occasion. On the other hand, the purpose of ceremonies is
to bring people together on a specific occasion
Religion, Magic, & Witchcraft
Magic refers to methods that somehow interface with the supernatural and by which people can bring about
particular outcomes.
Witchcraft refers to the practice of magic, especially black magic; the use of spells.
Witches were the people who renounced Catholic faith and devoted themselves, their body and soul, to the
service of evil. They offered unbaptized children to the Devil and engaged in orgies that included having
intercourse with the Devil himself. They are generally associated with immoral and anti-social behavior such as
greed, vengeance, and envy. It involves connivance with the evil.
But these three were mixed in the Filipino’s concept of spiritual self.
Finding the Meaning of Life
Victor Frankl
● He is a psychiatrist who was imprisoned for three years in a concentration camp during World War II.
● He was able write a book entitled, “Man’s Search for Meaning” where he discussed the Logotherapy
(ways in finding the meaning of life.) This varies from time to time, as well as from person to person.
14
Logotherapy
1. By creating a work or doing a deed. Whenever we find value in who we are through the things we do,
then we create meaning in our lives.
2. By experiencing something or encountering someone. Whenever we experience goodness, truth,
beauty, or being loved.
3. By the attitude we take toward unavoidable suffering. Even in suffering, we can turn it into triumph.
Suffering ceases to be suffering the moment it finds a meaning.
The Political Self and Being a Filipino

What makes a Filipino a genuine Filipino? If you were to introduce yourself as a Filipino to a person
of another nationality and he/she asks "Who are Filipinos?", what will you reply?
Abstraction
● The Philippines we know today only emerged in the 1890s after over three centuries of
colonization of the Spaniards.
● Foreign culture, beliefs, language and religion have made a huge dent on our own by setting
a foundation to the contemporary Filipino identity and culture.
● In this chapter, you will learn that an individual's race, ethnicity, and physical characteristics
are not the only factors that make a person's national identity.
● Values and traits are also important indicators that set apart one nationality from the other.
Who is a Filipino?
According to the 1987 Philippine Constitution, Filipino citizens are:
● Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines

● Those born before January 17, 197, of Filipino mothers who elect Philippine citizenship
upon reaching the age of majority.
● Those who are naturalized in accordance with law.
● However, citizenship is not only the marker of being a Filipino
● Culture and history have greatly influenced the manner Filipinos learn, live, and behave.
Filipino Values and Traits
While Philippines may be known for its awe-inspiring beauty, unique traits, reputable
values, and laudable talents make the country a place to be
15
Tourists who visited the Philippines can never forget the big and bright smiles that greeted
them, the colorful and loud jeepneys, the common Filipino phrases such as “Mabuhay” and
“Salamat" and habits such as saying “po” and “opo” to the elders, leaving shoes or slippers at the
front door before entering a house, and the importunate asking of “Kumain ka na ba?".
a. The Filipino Hospitality
Filipinos welcome their guests and tourists as if they are their own brothers and sisters.
Always makes their guests feel at home, offering them something to eat or even a place to stay.
They bring out their best sets of plates and chinaware for their honored guests and would
even go as far as spending a lot of money and going into debt just so they can satisfy them during
festivals or fiestas, they serve heaps of festive food and invite the whole barangay over pasalubong
and pabaon.
b. Respect for Elders
Filipinos greet their elders by kissing their hand while saying “Mano po!" and constantly
using “po” and “opo” in conversations. References to elder: Ate, kuya; Tito, Tita; Lolo, Lola;
Manong, Aling.
c. Close Family Ties
Filipinos maintain a tight relationship with their families regardless if the children are old
enough and already have families of their own. They are fond of family reunions during birthdays,
holidays, or fiestas year-round.
d. Cheerful Personality
Filipinos have a habit of smiling and laughing a lot - they smile when they are happy, or
sometimes even when they are sad or angry. Smiling has been a coping strategy for many Filipinos
especially during trying times and calamities. They always try to maintain a positive outlook in life
which makes them resilient and able to manage almost everything with a simple smile.
e. Self-sacrifice
An attitude that can be seen as an extension of Filipino hospitality. Filipinos go out of their
way to extend help to friends, families, and loved ones. They wish comfort and better lives for their
loved ones and would even go to the extent of working abroad to earn more money for their family.
f. Bayanihan
The spirit of communal unity and cooperation of Filipinos. Filipinos are always ready to
share and help their friends and loved ones who are in need.
16
g. “Bahala Na” Attitude
Filipino version of the famous line “Hakuna Matata" meaning no worries. Originated from
“Bathala na" where Bathala means God, and the phrase meaning leaving everything into God's
hands. Can be viewed as something similar to cheerful and positive of Filipinos.
h. Colonial Mentality
Regarded as the lack of patriotism and the attitude where Filipinos favor foreign products
more than their own. The desire to look more foreign than local and keep up with foreign beauty
trends.
i. Mañana Habit
Filipino term for procrastination. Derived from a longer Filipino phrase “Mamaya na". Poor
habit of laziness that results in heavier workloads.
j. "Ningas Kugon"
The attitude of eagerly starting things but quickly losing eagerness soon after experiencing
difficulty. Laziness is a common problem among Filipinos.
k. Pride
Most Filipinos hold on their pride as if they are more precious than keeping a good
relationship with family and loved ones. When two parties are not in good terms, they find it so hard
to apologize and wait until the other party asks for an apology first.
l. Crab Mentality
A toxic trait where one resents the achievement of another instead of feeling happy for
them. Just like crabs, they pull each other down and ruin each other's reputation rather than
bringing them up resulting to no progress.
m. Filipino Time
Filipinos have common attitude of arriving late at commitments, dinner, or parties especially
if they are meeting someone close to them. The 7:00 PM call time is moved to 7:30 PM, and almost
everyone arrives at the same time because everyone is using Filipino time.
17
FILIPINO MARKERS
Constant reminders of our nationality.
1. Proverbs or Salawikain
a. Sayings that convey lessons and reflections on Filipino practices, beliefs, and
traditions a. Proverbs expressing a general attitude toward life and laws that govern
life;
b. Ethical proverbs recommending certain virtues condemning certain vices;
c. Proverbs expressing a system of values;
d. Proverbs expressing general truths and observations about life and human nature;
e. Humorous proverbs;
f. Miscellaneous proverbs
2. Superstitions
Some of these may be influenced by beliefs from other cultures, but Filipinos have retold
these superstitions according to their own experiences and they sometimes end up even more
interesting. E.g. A woman singing while cooking will end up a spinster so parents remind their
daughters to avoid singing while preparing their meals.
3. Myths and Legends
Stories aimed to explain origin of things, at the same time, teach a valuable lesson. Some of
these stories stemmed in pre-Christianity period, but have evolved to the stories we know today.
4. Heroes and Icons
Heroes serve as a reminder of true patriotism and nationalism as they have sacrificed their
lives for the sake of country's freedom and progress. Famous icons and heroes serve as important
Filipino markers as they have made the Filipino name more pronounced worldwide through their
own expertise.
HOW TO BE A GOOD FILIPINO?
How you can be useful to the development and progress of our country.
1. Be an active Filipino citizen
Aware of current events and participates in government programs that aim for the country's
progression and development. Exercising right to vote - every Filipino citizen of legal age have a
chance in choosing the right leaders for the Philippines who are genuine in helping and caring for
the Filipino people.
18
2. Study the Philippine History
The road to history is long and bloody, and by learning and fully understanding the events of
Filipino history, you will learn why is it important to love your country with your life, extend help to
your fellow Filipinos in need, and recognize abuse of political power.
3. Support Local Products
You not only support local manufacturers and businessmen, but also strengthen the local
economy. Business owners will also invest within the country. Supporting our local products
displays creativity, innovativeness, and resourcefulness.
4. Speak the Filipino Language
Jose Rizal highlighted the importance of speaking a national language as a way of displaying
the love for one's country. It has been a decade-long debate whether to use Filipino as the
instructional language in school and to translate textbooks into Filipino, however, this is still not
strictly imposed.
5. Do not spread fake news and be democratic in engaging with dissent
Internet has made the spread of fake news very common. Likewise, it has also made us
engage in intense arguments with people across the globe about political positions, for example.
Verify what you read online, especially in social media before actually believing in it. Recognize
disagreement in political views, be tolerant, and argue intelligently without having to resort to name-
calling people.
The Digital Self

Digital self - the self that is constructed online.
➔ Oriented inward-others cannot see the online user's over attributes.

➔ Narrative in nature-online users will only come to know the person primarily through
what that person tells them.
➔ Retractable-others are unable to link the online self-claims to the offline identities.
➔ Multipliable-people can interact with one another in different domains S of the online
world at relatively the same time.
Self-presentation - people are able to present themselves online in the manner that they want to.
Kinds of people you interact with online:
★ people you don't know at all

★ people you know both online and offline
★ people you know only online
19
In the online social domain : it is “okay” to contact or be contacted by complete strangers.
Self-presentation behavior any behavior intended to create, modify, or maintain an

impression of ourselves in the minds of others.
Why do people engage in self-presentation?
Helps facilitate social interaction, enables individuals to attain material and social
rewards. It also helps people to privately construct their desired identities.
Social media platforms are used for:
★ social browsing.
★ social searching.
★ communication.
★ impression management.
The main motives of attempting to manage the impressions of others:
● Instrumental-the attempt to control or influence any other people's perception.

● Expressive- gain rewards and increase one's self-esteem.
Impression management- attempting to be in control of one's personal behavior and identity.
Strategies :
1. Self-promotion- a person actively says things or takes action to show his or

her competence to an audience.
2. Ingratiation-- someone tries to win the approval or acceptance of others.
3. Exemplification- an exemplifier often wants other people to know how hard
he/she has been working because of the need to advertise his/her behavior.
4. Intimidation- showing off authority, power, or the potential to punish in order
to be seen by observers as someone who could be or is dangerous.
5. Supplication- the individual exploits his/her weakness or shortcomings to
receive help or benefits.
What makes us so addicted?
Communication is necessary in our unending search for sense and meaning to our
world."one cannot not communicate"
Social world is constructed through interactions between people:
➢ roles
➢ rules
➢ categorizations
➢ stereotypes
20
Social Networks--have the power to amplify this human nature and they fulfill the
most deeply felt human need of finding a psychological distinctiveness and self-definition in
a social context.
● Social validation is important.
Boundaries of the self-online:
Private
• Personal/Individual Public
• Mental events in a person • behaviors that are open to the
that are inherently observations of other people.
unobservable by others. • observable behavior
• Phenomenological • acting as agent for others
experience • information about self not
• acting only for self controlled by actor
• actor controls access to • acting in the interest of the
information regarding self community
• acting in the interest of a
limited number of people
Advantage/s Possible Risk/Disadvantage/s
Making your profile Open communication; Opens up the

public Allows open discussions; possibility for
Provides opportunity to hackers; scams;
widen business negative
contracts; Targets a wide comments and
audience, Improves bashing
business reputation;
Helps expand the market
Making your private You have control over Network is very

public viewers; Profile is limited;
protected from Engagement is
scammers and bashers very low; You
don't get to meet
interesting; It will
not help grow your
business
21
Personal/individual--the concept you develop about yourself that evolves over the course of
your life.
Social identity--a person's sense of who he/she is based on group membership (s)
Characteristics of:
PERSONAL IDENTITY SOCIAL IDENTITY
The emphasis is on the individual. The emphasis is on what the person has in
It is created through differences in personal common
characteristics when comparing the self with with the members of his or her group.
others. It is created based on similarities with others.
Sexuality online vs. Gender online
Stereotype- a fixed, overgeneralized belief about a particular group or class of people
Factors:
1. hormones
2. personality or temperament
3. social or environmental factors
4. 4media and the internet
22

St. Paul University Iloilo: The Physical Self

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

St. Paul University Iloilo: The Physical Self

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

St.

Paul University Iloilo

MODULE 2 Unpacking the Self

COMPILED BY NERI, BERNACEL D.

The Physical Self

➔ how we perceive our bodies visually;

The current embedded idea of what is attractive, beautiful, or handsome is an

What Philosophers think about Beauty?

The two most debated views about beauty are:

WESTERN PHILOSOPHICAL VIEWS

Beauty is treated as an objective quality.

18th Century-Beauty is associated with pleasure as a personal preference.

How does cultural tradition shape body image?

When culture is experienced as a personally meaningful activity, it is difficult for a person

"Do not judge a book by its cover"

Self Image problem

The Sexual Self

● High levels of intolerance

C. History of Sexual Abuse

D. Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD's)

STD can also be transmitted non-sexually such as:

● Mother to infant during pregnancy

RESPONSIBLE PARENTHOOD AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH ACT OF 2012

(REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10354)

RESPONSIBLE PARENTHOOD AND REPRODUCTIVE

An act providing for a national policy on Responsible

Citation Enacted by Republic Act No. 10354 House of

Date enacted December 19, 2012

Enacted by Senate of the Philippines

Date signed December 21, 2012

Signed by Miriam Defensor Santiago

Date commenced January 17, 2013

GOALS, OBJECTIVES, AND STRATEGIES OF REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH LAW SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF FAMILY PLANNING

BENEFITS OF USING FAMILY PLANNING ACCORDING TO DOH

● Enables her to regain her health after delivery.

● Healthy mothers produce healthy children.

● Lightens the burden and responsibility in supporting his family.

● Birth control health risks.

THE NATURAL FAMILY PLANNING METHOD

Such methods are also known as fertility based awareness methods.

A. PERIODIC ABSTINENCE (FERTILITY AWARENESS) METHOD

There are three common techniques used in periodic abstinence methods:

B. LACTATION AMENORRHEA METHOD

D. HORMONAL CONTRACEPTION/ ARTIFICIAL FAMILY PLANNING

a. METHODS OF ARTIFICIAL FAMILY PLANNING

One of the most effective birth control method. This method

The Material and Economic Self

In James’ idea of the Material Self, One defines

The losing of such objects or people will render one feel

We represent ourselves through clothes, the gadgets we

a. Individuals and families

The Spiritual Self

Manifestations of the Spiritual Self

Center of religion and worship

Roman Catholic – Saint worshipping is a common practice.

Halal – permissible meat, foods, and drinks under Muslim law.

Islam is the second largest religion in the Philippines.

Worship is a sign of respect rather than veneration (honor).

d. Buddhism and Hinduism

Man’s goal is to reach Nirvana (removal of desires and sufferings.)

It is a general practice in almost all religions.