READING ASSIGNMENTS

DSP First, 2/e

 This Lecture:
 Chapter 3, Section 3-1

Lecture 5  Other Reading:

Spectrum Representation  Appendix A: Complex Numbers

Aug 2016 © 2003-2016, JH McClellan & RW Schafer 3

LECTURE OBJECTIVES FREQUENCY DIAGRAM

 Want to visualize relationship between
 Sinusoids with DIFFERENT Frequencies frequencies, amplitudes and phases
 SYNTHESIZE by Adding Sinusoids  Plot Complex Amplitude vs.vs Frequency
N
x (t )   Ak cos(2 f k t   k )
Complex amplitude
10
7e j / 3 7e  j / 3
k 1 4e  j / 2 4e j / 2
 SPECTRUM Representation
R t ti
 Graphical Form shows DIFFERENT Freqs –250 –100 0 100 250
f (in Hz)
Spectral line
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Another FREQ
FREQ. Diagram MOTIVATION
A 440
A-440
 Synthesize Complicated Signals
cal axis
s

 Musical Notes
cy is the vertic

 Piano uses 3 strings for many notes

 Chords: play several notes simultaneously
 Human Speech
 Vowels have dominant frequencies
 Application:
pp computer
p g
generated speech
p
Frrequenc

 Can all signals be generated this way?

Time is the horizontal axis  Sum of sinusoids?
A musical scale consists of a discrete set of frequencies.
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Fur Elise WAVEFORM Speech Signal: BAT

 Nearly Periodic in Vowel Region

Beat
Notes  Period is (Approximately) T = 0.0065 sec

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Euler’s Formula Reversed INVERSE Euler’s Formula
 Solve
S l ffor cosine
i (or
( sine)
i )  Wh
Whatt is
i th
the ““spectrum”
t ” representation
t ti for
f
e j t  cos( t )  j sin( t ) a single sinusoid?
 Solve Euler’s formula for cosine (or sine)
e  j t  cos(  t )  j sin(  t )
e  j t  cos( t )  j sin( t ) cos( t )  12 ( e j t  e  j t )
e j t  e  j t  2 cos( t )
sin( t )  1 ( e j t  e  j t )
cos( t )  12 ( e j t  e  j t ) 2j
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SPECTRUM Interpretation GRAPHICAL SPECTRUM

 Cosine
C i = sum off 2 complex
l exponentials:
ti l A cos((7t  0.1)  A2 e j 0.1e j 7 t  A2 e  j 0.1e  j 7 t

A cos(7t )  A e j 7t
2
 2A e  j 7t A  j 0.1
e
A j 0.1
e
2 2
 One has a positive frequency
 The other has negative freq. -7 0 7 
Freq. in rad/s
 Amplitude of each is half as big
AMPLITUDE, PHASE & FREQUENCY are labels
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 Negative Frequency is still
NEGATIVE FREQUENCY a rotating phasor

 Is negative frequency real? e j t  cos( t )  j sin( t )

 Doppler
pp Radar p provides intuition
 Police radar measures speed by using the  View as vector rotating counterclockwise
Doppler
pp shift p principle
p  t
 Let’s assume 400Hz 60 mph  Angle changes vs. time
 +400Hz means towards the radar
 -400Hz means away (opposite direction)
e  j t  e j (  ) t
 Think of a train whistle
Negative frequency  clockwise rotation
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General form of sinusoid

spectrum SPECTRUM Interpretation

 General form:  Cosine

C i = sum off 2 complex
l exponentials:
ti l

A cos(t   ) A cos(7t  0.1)  Ae j 0.1e j 7 t 

 e e
A j j t
 e A  j   j t
e  2A e j 0.1e j 7 t  2A e  j 0.1e  j 7 t
2 2
 One has a positive frequency
 Amplitudes
A lit d are multiplied
lti li d b
by ½  The other has negative freq.
 Complex amplitudes are complex conjugates  Amplitude of each is half as big
 Called
C conjugate symmetry
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Recall SPECTRUM of cosine REPRESENTATION of SINE

A cos((7t  0.1)  A2 e j 0.1e j 7 t  A2 e  j 0.1e  j 7 t  Sine = sum of 2 complex exponentials:

A sin((7t )  2Aj e j 7t  2Aj e  j 7t
A  j 0.1 A j 0.1
e e
2 2  12 Ae  j 0.5 e j 7 t  12 Ae j 0.5 e  j 7t
1
j
 j  e j 0.5
-7 0 7 
Freq. in rad/s  Positive freq. has phase = -0.5
AMPLITUDE, PHASE & FREQUENCY are labels  Negative
N ti ffreq. has
h phase
h = +0.5
05
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GRAPHICAL Spectrum of sine SPECTRUM --->

> SINUSOID
EXAMPLE of SINE ((has Phase of –/2))
 Add the spectrum components:
A sin(7t )  1
2
Ae  j 0.5 e j 7t  12 Ae j 0.5 e  j 7t 10
7e j / 3 7e  j / 3
( 12 A)e j 0.5 ( 12 A)e  j 0.5 4e  j / 2 4e j / 2

–250 –100 0 100 250

f (in Hz)

-7 0 7 
AMPLITUDE, PHASE & FREQUENCY are labels What is the formula for the signal x(t)?
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Gather (A,)
(A  ) information Add Spectrum Components
Components-1
1
 Frequencies:  Amplitude & Phase
 Frequencies:  Amplitude & Phase  -250 Hz  4 -/2
 -250 Hz  4 -/2  -100 Hz  7 +/3
 10 0
 -100 Hz  7 +/3  0 Hz
 100 Hz  7 -/3
 0 Hz  10 0  4 +/2
 250 Hz
 100 Hz  7 /3
-/3
 250 Hz  4 +/2
Note the conjugate phase
x (t )  10 
DC is another name for zero-freq component 7e  j / 3e j 2 (100)t  7e j / 3e  j 2 (100)t
DC component always has 
 or (for real x(t) )
4e j / 2e j 2 ( 250)t  4e  j / 2e  j 2 ( 250)t
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Add Spectrum Components

Components-2
2 Simplify Components
10
7e j / 3 7e  j / 3 x (t )  10 
4e  j / 2 4e j / 2
7e  j / 3e j 2 (100)t  7e j / 3e  j 2 (100)t
–250
250 –100
100 0 100 250
f (in Hz)
4e j / 2e j 2 ( 250)t  4e  j / 2e  j 2 ( 250)t
x (t )  10  Use Euler’s
Euler s Formula to get REAL sinusoids:

7e  j / 3e j 2 (100)t  7e j / 3e  j 2 (100)t A cos( t   )  12 Ae j e j t  12 Ae  j e  j t

4e j / 2e j 2 ( 250)t  4e  j / 2e  j 2 ( 250)t
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FINAL ANSWER Example: Synthetic Vowel

 Sum of 5 Frequency Components

x (t )  10  14 cos(2 (100)t   / 3)
 8 cos((2 ( 250)t   / 2)
So, we get the general form:
N
x (t )  A0   Ak cos(2 f k t   k )
k 1
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SPECTRUM of VOWEL
Example: Synthetic Vowel (Polar Format)
 Sum of 5 Frequency Components

0.5Ak

k

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SPECTRUM of VOWEL Vowel Waveform
(Polar Format) (sum of all 5 components)
One epoch or
0.5Ak 2
one period

k -1

-2

Note that the period is 10 ms, which equals 1/f0

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The VODER
O by
y Dudley
y

Resonance controls

Stops & plosives

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