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ODM 2020 Day 08 Lecture 01 Breccia Introduction DRC
ODM 2020 Day 08 Lecture 01 Breccia Introduction DRC
in porphyry and epithermal environments
Description and key textural features
David R. Cooke1, Nick Oliver2 and Andrew G.S. Davies3
1 – TMVC, CODES, University of Tasmania
2 – HCOV Global
3 – Teck
! WHAT IS A HYDROTHERMAL BRECCIA?
• We are going to use the term in this way:
Clastic aggregate generated by interaction of
hydrothermal fluid with country rock and/or magma
EASY COMPLICATED
• Hydrothermal breccia is a genetic term
• It is commonly misused as a descriptive term
• There are many problems, complications and
overlap with other genetic processes
Breccia Pipes and ‘Giant’ Epithermal Deposits
Lihir
Yanacocha
Cripple Creek
Baguio • Significant epithermal
Pueblo Viejo deposits associated
Porgera with large‐scale breccia
Pascua Lama bodies
Round Mountain
Veladero • Significant epithermal
Rosia Montana deposits without large‐
El Indio scale breccia bodies
Alto Chicama
Comstock Lode
Mc Donald
Hishikari
Puchuca‐Real
Waihi
Modified after Sillitoe, 1997
Kelian
0 200 400 Au (t) 600 800
Classification schemes – Sillitoe (1985)
• Genetic
• Systematic
• Emphasised need for descriptive approach first
• Linked to equivalent volcanic processes
• Comprehensive review of formation processes
• Lacked tectonic breccia group / characteristics
Magmatic hydrothermal Pipes related to intrusions
breccias Porphyry-type deposits
Sillitoe, 1985
Brecciation
Rocks can break when they:
• Cool • Grind
• Explode • Corrode
This means that breccias can form in
many geological environments by a
variety of processes:
• Sedimentary • Volcanic
• Tectonic • Magmatic
• Hydrothermal
Igneous‐cemented breccia: trachyandesite clasts
set in a quartz monzonite porphyry cement, cut by
quartz‐bornite veins with orthoclase alteration
halos, E31 prospect, North Parkes, NSW
Breccia description and
interpretation
• Breccias should be described in terms of their:
• Composition (matrix, cement, clasts)
• Texture (clast‐supported, jigsaw fit, etc)
• Morphology (pipe, vein, bed, etc.)
• Contact relationships
• Genetic nomenclature should only be applied
with caution after the various components of a
breccia complex have been described fully
Push‐up, fall‐down, or break‐apart breccia?
Breccia description
Ideal combination:
5 + 4 + 3 + 2 +1
Alteration Internal Components Grainsize Geometry
organisation A + B + C + D
Minimum Combination: 4 + 3 + 2
1) Geometry
• Pipe, cone, dyke, vein, bed,
irregular, tabular...
Contact relationships:
• Sharp, gradational, faulted,
irregular, planar, concordant,
discordant
Bat Cave breccia pipe, Northern
Arizona. (Wenrich, 1985)
Geometry Composite, discordant breccia body – Kelian, Indonesia
• Veins, pipes, dykes, sheets, inverted cones
• Varied scales
• Geometries can be very complicated and may
be very difficult to resolve during drilling
– Is the breccia discordant to stratigraphy?
– Is it merely a breccia bed that is part of the
200 m stratigraphy (e.g., volcaniclastic)?
Geometry
Breccia Pipe
Small clast‐rich breccia pipe within
a larger matrix‐rich breccia pipe, El
Teniente, Chile
Breccia description
2) Grainsize
• Breccia (> 2mm), sandstone (1/16 – 2 mm) or
mudstone (< 1/16 mm)
The term ‘breccia’ is derived from sedimentology,
where it refers to clastic rocks composed of large
angular clasts (granules, cobbles and boulders) with or
without a sandy or muddy matrix
3) Components:
A: Clasts
• Monomict or polymict
Composition: lithic, vein, breccia, juvenile magmatic,
accretionary lapilli, mineralised, altered
Morphology: angular, subangular, subround, round,
faceted, tabular, equant
• In most hydrothermal breccias, clast shapes and compositions don’t help
us to make inferences about formation processes (c.f. volcanic breccias)
• Rounded and angular shapes provide information regarding the relative
degree of transport and abrasion (energetics)
• Distinctive clast types may help with interpretations of breccia genesis
and/or paragenesis
Breccia description
5 + 4 + 3 + 2 +1
Alteration Internal Components Grainsize Geometry
organisation A + B + C + D
3) Components (cont.):
B: Matrix
• Mud to sand to breccia‐sized particles
• Crystal fragments, lithic fragments, vein
fragments
Textures:
• Bedded • Foliated
• Laminated • Massive
• Banded
The matrix is the finer grained clastic component of a breccia, produced by
grinding and abrasion of rocks and crystals. Some breccias have a complete
gradation in grainsize from the coarsest to the finest lithic fragments
Matrix
• Massive
• Laminated
• Foliated
• Sheared
• Oriented
sub‐vertical
or sub‐
horizontal?
0.5 cm
Matrix
• Can occur in vugs,
veins and draped
over clasts
• Can be used to
determine which
way was up
Breccia description
5 + 4 + 3 + 2 +1
Alteration Internal Components Grainsize Geometry
organisation A + B + C + D
3) Components (cont.):
C: Cement
• Ore and gangue mineralogy
• Grainsize
• Alteration
Textures:
• Cockade, massive, drusy, etc.
D: Open space (vugs)
Rhodochrosite‐kaolinite cemented
mudstone‐clast breccia Kelian, Indonesia
Infill components: cement
• Cement is a diagnostic component of most hydrothermal breccias
• It is the chemically precipitated hydrothermal infill component
• It is essential to discriminate hydrothermal cement from clastic matrix
Hydrothermal cement
Ore grades in hydrothermal breccias are
typically defined by the abundance of
hydrothermal (sulfide) cement
Chalcopyrite‐cemented
sericite‐altered granodiorite
clast breccia, Inca de Oro, Chile
Igneous cement
There are two main types of cement:
• Minerals precipitated from an
aqueous fluid (water and/or vapor)
• Minerals crystallized from magma
(e.g., monzonite‐cemented breccia)
Altered matrix
Pervasive alteration of the matrix in hydrothermal
breccias can cause confusion when trying to discriminate
the clastic and chemical components of the infill
Altered matrix
Tourmaline‐pyrite‐chalcopyrite cemented and tourmaline‐
sericite altered granodiorite‐clast breccia, Rio Blanco, Chile
Jebrak (1997)
• Attempted to link
particle shape to
brecciation processes
• Potentially useful for
tectonic‐hydrothermal
breccias
– e.g., fault breccias
– vein breccias
• Challenging to apply
to large, irregular
composite breccia
bodies
– e.g., polyphase breccias
Jerbrak (1997)
Fault fabrics
LARGE SCALE Clast / matrix arrangement
– Aligned clasts (at all scales)
– Foliated / banded / sheared
/ laminated matrix
MEDIUM SCALE SMALL SCALE
Kelian, Indonesia
Breccia description
5 + 4 + 3 + 2 +1
Alteration Internal Components Grainsize Geometry
organisation A + B + C + D
4) Internal Organisation
• Clast, matrix or cement‐supported
• Clast, matrix and cement abundances
• Massive, bedded, laminated or graded
Clast distribution:
• Crackle (in‐situ, jigsaw‐fit)
• Mosaic (rotated)
• Chaotic
Sericite‐altered polymictic sand matrix breccia,
Braden Pipe, El Teniente, Chile
Internal organisation: ‘X’‐supported
• Cement‐supported
1 cm
• Cement and matrix supported
• Matrix‐supported
• Clast‐supported
– These terms do not tell us anything about
the proportions of matrix vs cement
2 cm
Woodcock and Mort (2008)
Fault rock classification
Relationships between clasts, matrix and cement
Slide courtesy of Stephen Cox, after
Mort and Woodcock (2008)
Clast
arrangement
• Can subdivide
breccia types based
on the abundance
of clasts:
– Crackle (> 75 % clasts)
– Mosaic (60 – 75 %)
– Chaotic (< 60 % clasts)
• And on the degree
of clast rotation:
– Crackle (< 10 % clast
rotation)
– Mosaic (10 – 20 %)
– Chaotic (> 20 %
rotation)
Mort and
Woodcock (2008)
Crackle, mosaic and chaotic breccias
Spatial relationships
Crackle
Mosaic
Chaotic
Mineralised solution collapse breccia in the Upper Silesia
Zn‐Pb MVT deposit, Poland, Sass‐Gutkeiwicsz et al. (1982)
Clast organisation: In‐situ (crackle) breccias
• Grade from incipient
fracturing / veining to clast
separation and isolation
• Monomictic
• Generally cement >> matrix
• Open space common
• Generally angular clasts
1 cm
0.5 m
• Separation of clasts
• Original clast position visible or readily inferred
• Generally angular to sub‐angular clasts
• Cement or matrix dominated
• May contain open space
10 cm • Monomict grading to polymict
• Dominated by local wall rock types
Clast organisation –
Chaotic breccias
• In general are matrix‐rich,
lack open space and open
space‐fill cement
• Clasts may be angular but
are more commonly sub‐
angular to sub‐rounded
• May be difficult to
distinguish cement from
alteration in hand sample
• Typically polymictic
2 cm
Internal organisation – Stratification
• Lateral and vertical facies variations
• Massive or stratified
• Variable sorting
• Transitions in clast organisation
– e.g. crackle to mosaic to chaotic
Sand‐sized‐matrix‐rich breccia with imbricated volcanic clasts:
Position – in carapace above diorite intrusion
Breccia description
5 + 4 + 3 + 2 +1
Alteration Internal Components Grainsize Geometry
organisation A + B + C + D
5) Alteration
• Clasts, matrix or cement
• Alteration paragenesis (pre‐, syn‐ and post‐
brecciation)
Biotite‐altered andesite clasts with sericite‐altered
rims and truncated veins in polymictic rock flour
matrix breccia, Braden Pipe, El Teniente, Chile
Paragenesis: Breccias are time‐markers
Tourmaline‐
cemented
breccia
• Breccias can be used to
help determine:
– Timing of alteration events
relative to brecciation
– Timing of mineralisation
relative to brecciation
Matrix‐rich
quartz‐sericite
• Which brecciation event is
2 cm
altered breccia the key to mineralisation?
Paragenesis of the Kelian gold deposit, Indonesia
From Davies et al. (2008)
Breccias – Key textures
How they form
What they mean
David R. Cooke Andrew Davies
Transforming the Mining Value Chain, Teck
CODES, University of Tasmania
Breccia infill textures
Cockade banded cement
• Concentric cement bands around clasts
• Occurs in veins and breccia bodies
• Open‐space fill texture
Rhodochrosite – sulfosalt
cockade bands, Kelian, Indonesia
Breccia infill textures
Cockade banded cement
Cockade texture defined by
quartz‐goethite cement and
central vugs in polygenetic
hydrothermal breccia, Baguio
district, Philippines
Distinctive clasts
Crustiform banded clasts
• Classic open‐space fill texture typical of LS epithermal veins
• Provide evidence of disruption of pre‐existing vein system
• May augment grades Yueyang IS epithermal Ag breccia vein, Zijin, China
Truncated vein (vein in clast) textures
Important for:
• Understanding paragenesis
• Signs of concealed mineralisation
• Additive effects on grade
• Grade distribution (some deposits have
all of their grade in clasts)
2 cm
Au
1 cm
1 cm
Distinctive clasts – Mineralised and/or altered clasts
• Important clues for concealed
mineralisation
• Clues for alteration at different levels
• May help determine origins of the breccia
deposit
Vuggy quartz
clast in
silicified,
matrix‐rich,
polymict
breccia Chalcopyrite clast in polymictic matrix‐
rich breccia, Amacan, Philippines
Infill textures – Bladed carbonate
1 cm
• Indicative of boiling in the hydrothermal fluid
• Commonly associated with adularia
• Important texture for Au potential in low and
intermediate sulfidation systems
• Variation: Quartz after bladed carbonate, also
0.5 cm 0.5 cm known as lattice texture
Bladed calcite, yellow stain: adularia alteration
Distinctive clasts – charcoal
• Potentially indicate a
connection to the
paleosurface
• May indicate
significant downward
transport in a breccia
body
• May be dateable in
very young breccias
Charcoal fragment in
phreatomagmatic breccia pipe,
Kelian, Indonesia
Distinctive Clasts – Accretionary lapilli
• Can occur at the surface in volcanic
eruptions (phreatomagmatic or
magmatic + water in atmosphere)
• Can form in subsurface breccia bodies
• Indicate formation from mixtures of
steam + fine particulate
• Documented subsurface occurrences:
Lihir, Kelian, Cripple Creek
Tabular clasts
Tourmaline‐cemented tabular clast breccia
Castrajon, La Zanja district, Peru
Tabular clasts
Clast imbrication in carbonate rocks
• Carbonate‐sulfide cemented breccias
• Transition from imbricated in‐situ clasts to
clast rotated (mosaic) breccia
– Polaris Deposit, Canada
1 m 1 m
Photos courtesy of Bob Sharp
Curved fractures in clasts
Decompressive shock textures
Distinctive clasts – Breccia clasts (polyphase breccia)
1 cm
• Important for determining multiple
brecciation events
• Help with breccia paragenesis
Subtle breccia clast in matrix‐rich • Look for mineralised clasts in
breccia, – also note tourmaline
altered fragment in breccia clast
specific phases
Juvenile magmatic clasts
Ragged or wispy shapes
1 cm • Distinctive, monomict
igneous clast population
(aphanitic, porphyritic)
• Wispy, ragged, globular,
1 cm delicate, cuspate
• Local jigsaw‐fit
• Resemble fiamme and /
or quench‐fragmented
clasts
2.5 cm
• Fine grained matrix
Quartz‐phyric rhyolite clasts in polymict, Quartz‐feldspar
discordant breccias, Kelian epithermal Au porphyry clasts in • Other clasts generally
deposit, Indonesia polymict, discordant
breccias, Rio Blanco,
more rounded
Chile
Juvenile magmatic clasts
Lobate or globular shapes
• K feldspar megacrystic
monzonite porphyry occurs as
angular to lobate clasts at Mt
Polley, British Columbia
• Later clast geometry indicate
the monzonite porphyry was
plastic at the time of
brecciation
• These are a second type of
juvenile clast, and may be
diagnostic of magmatic‐
hydrothermal breccias
• They contrast with the
previous examples which
probably formed via
phreatomagmatic processes
Slide courtesy of Meghan Jackson
Ragged (or wispy) clasts
Corroded clasts
• Pseudo‐rounding due to
corrosion (alteration) of
clast margins
• Complicates matrix vs.
cement and alteration vs.
ALTERATION
infill identification
Top photo: Tourmaline‐cemented in‐situ
breccia – note abundant angular clasts
Bottom photo:
• Tourmaline cemented in‐situ breccia
with clast rim alteration ??
• Incipient fracturing with intense
selvage tourmaline alteration??
• Rounded porphyry clasts in
tourmaline altered matrix??
Pseudoclastic textures
are these breccias?
Quartz – pyrophyllite alteration in
coherent andesite
• Is the texture clastic?
– i.e., is it a fragmental rock?
– If so, is it volcanic, volcaniclastic, or
hydrothermal in origin?
• Common problem in areas of intense
hydrothermal alteration
Quartz – alunite alteration
• Subtle textural observations are key
1 cm
in coherent andesite for correct identification
Naming breccias
• Comprehensive recorded of
mineralogical, textural and geometric
features creates detailed but
cumbersome descriptions, e.g.:
• Sericite‐chlorite‐altered diorite clast,
tourmaline‐pyrite‐altered matrix‐rich and
matrix‐supported, tourmaline‐pyrite‐
cemented monomict breccia dyke cut by
pyrite‐quartz veins
• We can simplify this to a shorthand
descriptive name that captures the key
geological information:
• Tourmaline‐cemented breccia
La Americana Cu‐Mo porphyry deposit, Chile
Breccia description and interpretation
• Breccias should be described in terms of their
components, texture, morphology and contact
relationships
• The next step is genetic interpretation, which
can be difficult
• What are we interested in?
The processes that trigger fragmentation?
The processes that redistribute the
components and modify the fragments?
The likely location of high‐grade ore?