HiQPdf Evaluation 10/19/2021

1 A reaction with a delta G of zero:

Choose one answer. a. Requires energy

b. Is at equilibrium

c. Is spontaneous

d. None of the above

2 A solution with a pH of 5 is:

Choose one answer. a. Acidic

b. Basic

c. Neutral

d. None of the above

3 Alcohols contain a _________ group.

Choose one answer. a. Hydroxyl

b. Sulfur

c. Phenol

d. None of the above

4 Biologically important noncovalent bonds include:

Choose one answer. a. Van der Waals interactions

b. Hydrogen bonds

c. Electrostatic interactions

d. All of the above

5 Entropy is ______________.

Choose one answer. a. The degree of disorder of a system

b. The degree of energy of a system

c. A type of noncovalent bond

d. A type of covalent bond

6 The DNA of a eukaryotic cell is stored within the _____________.

Choose one answer. a. Lysosome

b. Nucleus

c. Ribosome

d. Endoplasmic Reticulum

7 The term "kinetics" refers to:

Choose one answer. a. The energy required for a reaction

b. The disorder of a system

c. The speed at which a reaction will occur

d. The pH of a solution

8 ______ is the process by which the information in DNA is transferred to RNA.

Choose one answer. a. Translation

b. Replication

c. Transcription

d. Ubiquitination

9 T
​ he strongest bonds that are present in biochemical compounds are ______________.

Choose one answer. a. Ionic bonds

b. Covalent bonds

c. Hydrogen bonds

d. Van der Waals interactions

10 A chiral compound _________________.

Choose one answer. a. Is non-superimposable on its mirror image

b. Is the same as its mirror image

c. Is inorganic

d. Contains a sulfur atom

11 A zwitterion ________________.
HiQPdf Evaluation 10/19/2021
Choose one answer. a. Has a positive charge

b. Has a negative charge

c. Overall, has no charge

d. All of the above

12 All amino acids contain both a(n) ______ and a(n) ________ group.

Choose one answer. a. Hydrogen, carbohydrate

b. Amine, carboxylic acid

c. Sulfur, amine

d. None of the above

13 Essential amino acids:

Choose one answer. a. Are made by organisms

b. Must be obtained from dietary sources

c. Are made from DNA

d. Include proline

14 The first reaction of amino acid degradation is?

Choose one answer. a. Deamination

b. Decarboxylation

c. Cyclization

d. None of the above

15 The only amino acid without a chiral center is _____________.

Choose one answer. a. Proline

b. Methionine

c. Alanine

d. Glycine

16 There are ______ common amino acids.

Choose one answer. a. 15

b. 25

c. 20

d. 10

17 ______ is the initiating amino acid of most newly synthesized proteins.

Choose one answer. a. Proline

b. Alanine

c. Glycine

d. Methionine

18 _____________ is an example of a hydrophilic amino acid.

Choose one answer. a. Lysine

b. Leucine

c. Methionine

d. Tryptophan

19 _____________ is an example of a hydrophobic amino acid.

Choose one answer. a. Glutamic acid

b. Lysine

c. Arginine

d. Leucine

20 N
​ onessential amino acids are:

Choose one answer. a. Provided in the diet

b. Synthesized by mammals

c. Both A and B

d. None of the above

21 HiQPdf Evaluation 10/19/2021
A(n) _________ is a short protein tag that attaches to and targets proteins for degradation.

Choose one answer. a. Peptide

b. Ubiquitin

c. Alanine

d. Urea

22 Protein secondary structures include:

Choose one answer. a. Loops

b. alpha helices

c. beta sheets

d. All of the above

23 Protein synthesis is carried out by __________.

Choose one answer. a. Mitochondria

b. Chromosomes

c. Ribosomes

d. Lysosomes

24 The amino acid _______ places certain constraints on the protein backbone.

Choose one answer. a. Leucine

b. Alanine

c. Proline

d. Glycine

25 The difference between a peptide and a protein is ____________.

Choose one answer. a. Length

b. Bond formation

c. Subunits

d. All of the above

26 The formation of a dimer refers to a protein’s ___________.

Choose one answer. a. Primary structure

b. Tertiary structure

c. Secondary structure

d. None of the above

27 The tertiary structure of a protein refers to its __________.

Choose one answer. a. Overall 3D shape

b. Multisubunit composition

c. Amino acid sequence

d. None of the above

28 The ______ carries out protein degradation.

Choose one answer. a. Proteosome

b. Lysosome

c. Ribosome

d. Chromosome

29 ________ aid in protein folding.

Choose one answer. a. Chromosomes

b. Chaperones

c. Proteosome

d. None of the above

30 A
​ mino acids are linked by a(n) _______ bond to form a protein.

Choose one answer. a. Hydrophobic

b. Peptide

c. Ionic

d. All of the above

31 HiQPdf Evaluation 10/19/2021
Each of the following is one of the six classes of enzyme catalysts, except:

Choose one answer. a. Ligases

b. Kinases

c. Transferases

d. Isomerases

32 Enzymes within metabolic pathways can be regulated by ____________.

Choose one answer. a. Allosteric enzymes

b. Post translational modifications

c. Localization

d. All of the above

33 In competitive inhibition, the competitor binds to ________________.

Choose one answer. a. The substrate

b. The substrate binding site

c. Distant to the substrate binding site

d. None of the above

34 kcat refers to _________________.

Choose one answer. a. The maximum rate at which an enzyme can convert substrate to product

b. The maximum amount of product produced in a reaction

c. The free energy of a reaction

d. None of the above

35 Kinases are enzymes that add a(n) _____ group to proteins.

Choose one answer. a. Hydrogen

b. Nitrogen

c. Phosphoryl

d. Alcohol

36 The rate of an enzymatic reaction can be regulated by __________.

Choose one answer. a. pH

b. Temperature

c. Concentration

d. All of the above

37 _______ are derived from vitamins and are necessary for the function of some enzymes.

Choose one answer. a. Helicases

b. Cofactors

c. Carbohydrates

d. None of the above

38 ________ is an example of a post translational modification of a protein.

Choose one answer. a. Acetylation

b. Phosphorylation

c. Ubiquitination

d. All of the above

39 ​Enzymes act as catalysts to ___________________.

Choose one answer. a. Decrease the activation energy of a reaction

b. Increase the rate of a reaction

c. Mediate the conversion of substrate to product

d. All of the above

40 An important product of glycolysis is ____________.

Choose one answer. a. Glucose

b. ATP

c. Lectins

d. Both A and B
41 Carbohydrates are also known as ____________.
HiQPdf Evaluation 10/19/2021
Choose one answer. a. Sugars

b. Starches

c. Fats

d. A and B

42 Carbohydrates are commonly used as ___________.

Choose one answer. a. A source of energy

b. An amino acid source

c. A source of nitrogen

d. None of the above

43 Disaccharides are formed by ______________.

Choose one answer. a. The condensation of two monosaccharides

b. Hydrolysis of a polysaccharide

c. Both A and B

d. Neither A or B

44 In animals, the process of gluconeogenesis occurs in the __________.

Choose one answer. a. Fat

b. Liver

c. Spleen

d. Gall bladder

45 Lectins are ____________.

Choose one answer. a. DNA binding proteins

b. Lipid binding proteins

c. Carbohydrate binding proteins

d. None of the above

46 Protein glycosylation takes place in the ____________.

Choose one answer. a. Nucleus

b. Cell membrane

c. Golgi apparatus

d. Lysosome

47 Starch is an example of a ___________.

Choose one answer. a. Monosaccharide

b. Disaccharide

c. Polysaccharide

d. Trisaccharide

48 Sucrose, aka table sugar, is composed of ____________.

Choose one answer. a. Glucose

b. Fructose

c. Both A and B

d. Neither A or B

49 F
​ ischer projections convey useful information about _____________.

Choose one answer. a. Electron positions

b. 3D structural positioning

c. Resonance

d. Bond lengths

50 ATP facilitates the occurrence of energetically unfavorable reactions via ___________.

Choose one answer. a. Phosphoryl transfer

b. Energy coupling

c. ATP to ADP conversion

d. All of the above

51 Both DNA and RNA are composed of three important parts, which are:
HiQPdf Evaluation 10/19/2021
Choose one answer. a. Glucose, side chains, phosphate group

b. Nitrogenouse base, phosphate group, sugar

c. Nitrogenous base, peptide bond, lipid

d. Phosphate group, sugar, side chain

52 Cytosine makes _______ with guanine when base paired in DNA.

Choose one answer. a. Three hydrogen bonds

b. Two hydrogen bonds

c. Three peptide bonds

d. Three covalent bonds

53 DNA is synthesized in a _____ direction.

Choose one answer. a. 3' to 5'

b. 5' to 3'

c. Top to bottom

d. Left to right

54 Double stranded DNA takes on a __________ structure.

Choose one answer. a. Beta sheet

b. Looped

c. Double helix

d. A-form helix

55 In the cell, _____ is used as energy currency.

Choose one answer. a. UTP

b. Fat

c. ATP

d. AMP

56 The correct pairing of bases in DNA is __________.

Choose one answer. a. A-G; C-T

b. A-C; G-T

c. A-T; C-G

d. A-U; C-G

57 The DNA chromosome of bacteria consists of ___________.

Choose one answer. a. A circular double stranded DNA

b. A circular single stranded DNA

c. A linear double stranded DNA

d. A linear single stranded DNA

58 What is the base that is used by RNA but not DNA?

Choose one answer. a. Guanine

b. Uracil

c. Thymine

d. Cytosine

59 What type of base is adenine?

Choose one answer. a. Purine

b. Pyrimidine

c. Both A and B

d. Neither A and B

60 T
​ he sugar used in RNA is ____________.

Choose one answer. a. Deoxyribose

b. Dideoxyribose

c. Ribose

d. Glucose
61 Fatty acids contain ________________.
HiQPdf Evaluation 10/19/2021
Choose one answer. a. A carboxyl group and hydrocarbon chain

b. A phosphate group and hydrocarbon chain

c. A sugar group and hydrocarbon chain

d. Only a hydrocarbon chain

62 Glycerolphospholipids create a double layer lipid membrane, such as the cell membrane, because of _____________.

Choose one answer. a. Their high energy phospho group

b. Their hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails

c. Their unsaturated tails

d. Their ability to covalently bond to each other

63 Lipids are the starting material of important biological molecules, including ___________.

Choose one answer. a. Steroids

b. DNA

c. Carbohydrates

d. All of the above

64 Lipids play a role in which of the following?

Choose one answer. a. Energy storage

b. Membrane structure

c. Cell signaling

d. All of the above

65 Phospholipids can be composed of _______________.

Choose one answer. a. Fatty acids

b. Glycerol

c. Sphingomyelin

d. All of the above

66 The difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids is ______________.

Choose one answer. a. The number of hydrocarbon chains

b. The length of the hydrocarbon chain

c. The presence of single or double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain

d. All of the above

67 The fluidity of the cell membrane is determined by ___________.

Choose one answer. a. The lipid content

b. The amount of cholesterol present

c. The number of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids present

d. All of the above

68 Triacylglycerol is composed of ___________.

Choose one answer. a. Glycerol and fatty acids

b. Glycerol and long chain alcohols

c. Glycerol and cholesterol

d. None of the above

69 W
​ hich of the following are composed of lipids?

Choose one answer. a. Waxes

b. Cholesterol

c. Triacylglecerols

d. All of the above

70 Glycolysis gives a net yield of __________.

Choose one answer. a. 8 moles ATP per glucose

b. 1 mole ATP per glucose

c. 2 moles ATP per glucose

d. 3 moles ATP per glucose

71 Glycolysis takes place in the _________.
HiQPdf Evaluation 10/19/2021
Choose one answer. a. Cytosol

b. Mitochondria

c. Nucleus

d. Golgi

72 In the citrate cycle, energy from the oxidation of acetyl-CoA is converted to _____________.

Choose one answer. a. 4 moles ATP, 6 moles FADH2

b. 3 moles, NADH, 1 mole FADH2, 1 mole GTP, 2 CO2

c. 2 moles NADH, 2 moles FADH2, 2 ATP

d. 1 mole NADH, 1 mole GTP, 4 CO2

73 Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the _______.

Choose one answer. a. Nucleus

b. Cytosol

c. Mitochondria

d. Cell membrane

74 The complete oxidation of glucose to CO2 and H2O results in a yield of __________.

Choose one answer. a. 38 ATP/glucose

b. 42 ATP/glucose

c. 60 ATP/glucose

d. 32 ATP/glucose

75 The electron transport system links oxidation of NADH and FADH2 to _____________.

Choose one answer. a. Glucose synthesis

b. Ethanol fermentation

c. ATP synthesis

d. GTP synthesis

76 The input and output of glycolysis is ____________.

Choose one answer. a. Two molecules glucose, 6 molecules CO2

b. One molecule glucose, 2 molecules pyruvate

c. One molecule glucose, 4 molecules pyruvate

d. One molecule glycogen, 2 molecules pyruvate

77 The sugar on ATP is _______________.

Choose one answer. a. Deoxyribose

b. Glucose

c. Cholesterol

d. Ribose

78 The __________ is a hub of cellular metabolism because it links the oxidation of carbohydrates, fatty acids, and proteins to ATP synthesis.

Choose one answer. a. TCA/citrate cycle

b. Urea cycle

c. Glycolysis cycle

d. Pentose pathway

79 True or False: Glycolysis requires oxygen.

Choose one answer. a. True

b. False

80 Under aerobic conditions, the pyruvate produced during glycolysis can go on to ________.

Choose one answer. a. The pentose pathway

b. Oxidative phosphorylation

c. The urea cycle

d. All of the above

81 R
​ ank the following, from highest to lowest, in terms of energy: AMP, ATP, ADP?

Choose one answer. a. ATP, ADP, AMP

 b. AMP, ADP, ATP
HiQPdf Evaluation 10/19/2021
c. ADP, ATP, AMP

d. ATP, AMP, ADP

82 A Holliday Junction structure occurs during which process?

Choose one answer. a. Recombination

b. Replication

c. Transcription

d. Translation

83 DNA is synthesized in a _______ direction.

Choose one answer. a. Left to right

b. Top to bottom

c. 5' to 3'

d. 3' to 5'

84 DNA replication is carried out by a ________ enzyme.

Choose one answer. a. Helicase

b. Polymerase

c. Kinase

d. Topoisomerase

85 DNA replication is semi-conservative. What does this mean?

Choose one answer. a. Half the total DNA is copied

b. Each DNA strand serves as a template during replication

c. Only some base pairs are altered during replication

d. None of the above

86 DNA serves as a template for which type of RNA?

Choose one answer. a. mRNA

b. rRNA

c. tRNA

d. All of the above

87 There are three types of RNA polymerases in eukaryotic cells. RNA polymerase I transcribes ______, RNA polymerase II transcribes _______, and RNA polymerase III mainly transcribes _________.

Choose one answer. a. Introns, mRNA, rRNA

b. rRNA, mRNA, tRNA

c. tRNA, introns, rRNA

d. mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

88 Which of the following are post-transcriptional modifications of RNA?

Choose one answer. a. Cap addition

b. Poly A tail addition

c. Intron removal

d. All of the above

89 _
​ ________ enzymes maintain the torsional stress of DNA.

Choose one answer. a. Helicase

b. Topoisomerase

c. Kinase

d. Restriction

90 Activation of receptor tyrosine kinases results in ____________.

Choose one answer. a. The opening of ion channels

b. The phosphorylation of the receptor

c. Membrane potential alterations

d. The exchange of GTP for GDP

91 Intracellular pathways are altered through extracellular molecules binding to __________.

Choose one answer. a. Polymerases

 b. Ligases

c. Receptors
HiQPdf Evaluation 10/19/2021
d. All of the above

92 Molecules that play an important role in cell adhesion and structure include _________.

Choose one answer. a. Integrins

b. Cadherins

c. Selectins

d. All of the above

93 Steroids act as signaling molecules by __________________.

Choose one answer. a. Binding to extracellular domains of receptor molecules

b. Binding to the plasma membrane

c. Binding to receptors internal to the cell

d. None of the above

94 True or false: Ligand binding to receptors can result in wide-spread gene expression changes via signal amplification.

Choose one answer. a. True

b. False

95 S
​ timulation of a G protein coupled receptor results in __________.

Choose one answer. a. The flow of ions through the receptor

b. Phosphorylation of the receptor

c. The exchange of GDP for GTP

d. None of the above

96 ELISAs use __________, enabling the measurement of specific proteins in a solution.

Choose one answer. a. PCR

b. Purification

c. Antibodies

d. None of the above

97 In a Southern blot, probes are used to _________________.

Choose one answer. a. Hybridize to a specific sequence of DNA

b. Hybridize to a specific sequence of RNA

c. Amplify a specific piece of DNA

d. Degrade a specific piece of RNA

98 PCR is a valuable tool for analyzing DNA because ___________________.

Choose one answer. a. It allows for the exponential amplification of a small amount of starting material

b. It takes a short amount of time

c. The DNA sequence amplified need not be known

d. All of the above

99 D
​ uring SDS-PAGE, proteins are primarily separated according to their _______________.

Choose one answer. a. Mass

b. Shape

c. Charge

d. All of the above