What is Building?

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 What is Building?
A structure with a roof and walls, such as a house or factory.

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 What is Building?
A structure with a roof and walls, such as a house or factory.

The aim of a building is giving shelter along with security.

Other purposes such as buildings serve several needs of
society primarily as shelter from the weather, security,
living space, privacy, to store belongings, supplied
electricity and to comfortably live and work.

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 TYPES OF BUILDING
Based on Occupancy Based on Structure
1. Residential 1. Load Bearing Structure
2. Educational 2. Frame Structure
3. Assembly 3. Post tension Structure
4. Business
5. Industrial

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BASED ON OCCUPANCY
1. Residential buildings: – The building in which sleeping accommodation is provided for normal
residential purposes are called residential buildings.
2. Educational / institutional buildings: – The building used for school, college or day care purposes are
called education / institutional building.

3. Assembly Buildings : – The buildings which are constructed for the purposes to gathering of the
people for their respective purposes i.e. social, religious, civil, political is called assembly buildings.

4. Business Buildings: – The buildings used for transaction of business, for the keeping of accounts and
records and other similar purposes called business buildings. Mercantile Buildings: – The buildings used
for display of merchandise, either wholesale or retail are called Mercantile Buildings.

5. Industrial buildings: – The buildings in which products or materials of all kinds and properties are
fabricated, assembled or processed are called industrial buildings. Storage buildings: – The buildings used
primary for the storage, handling or shattering of goods and wares or merchandise, vehicles and animals
are called storage buildings. Hazardous buildings: -The buildings used for storage, handling manufacturing
or processing of highly combustible or explosive material are called Hazardous buildings.
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 RESIDENCIAL BUILDING
BUNGLOW
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 PUBLIC BUILDING
SCIENCE CENTRE
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 INDUSTRIAL BUILDING
SCIENCE CENTRE
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Components of Building

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 Basic building components

SUPER STURCTURE Substructer

Plinth Foundation
D.P.C
Walls and colums
Floors
Beams
Roofs and slabs
Lintels and Aechers
Doors and Window
Chajjas
Parapet
Steps and Stairs
Cupboard and Shelves
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Foundation
Foundation is the most critical work of building
construction. A load of buildings depends on the foundation
which is the strength of buildings.
Plinth
The plinth is that part of between surrounding ground
surface and floor space immediately the above the ground
of a building. Plinth resists entry of rainwater and insects
inside the building. General plinth height is 45, 60, 75, 90,
120 cm.
Lintel
Lintel beams are provided near openings to bare the load coming
from the superstructure above the door or windows. Lintels can
be steel lintels, reinforced brick lintels, stone lintels, timber
lintels, etc.
Door & Windows
Doors provide a connecting link between rooms, allowing free
movement from to room-to-room. Windows are opening
provides in walls. Doors and windows provide lighting, smooth
sound of outsides places and ventilation.

Floor Structures
Walls & Columns
It is an important element of building construction. It is
The walls are building blocks of bricks or stones. They divide the
located at the lower level surface of a room. Floors can
building space into various support space slabs into various
decorate in various ways. Floors are here to move around
beams and rooms. They safely transmit the loads coming on
for e.g. walking from room to another room.
them from beams and slabs to the foundation.
Roof Structures
It is located at the upper-level surface of a room. Depends
on the weather, roofs can be different categories such as-
blue roof, cold roof, collar roof, fabric roof, a domestic roof,
domestic roofing, fiber cement, flat roof, green roof, pitched
roof, mono-pitched roof, warm roof, shell roof, metal roof,
roof tiles, skillion roof, etc.
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 SUPER STRUCTURE

SUB STRUCTURE

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 Types of Structure
FRAME STRUCTURE LOADBEARING STRUCTURE

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 Frame Structure
SUB STRUCTURE SUPER STRUCTURE

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 Load Bearing Structure
SUB STRUCTURE SUPER STRUCTURE

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 RCC Framed Structure Load Bearing Structure
1. Load transfer path is from slab to beam, beam to column and column to footing. Load transfer path is from slabs to walls and walls
to footing.

2. Multi storey buildings can be constructed. Limited storeyed buildings only be constructed.
3. Though resistant to Earthquake, if not properly designed can be more hazardous also. Less resistant to Earthquake.

4. Carpet area available is more. Carpet area available is less.

5. Mostly used form of construction. Rarely used form of construction now days.
6. Excavation for this type of construction is less. Excavation for this type of construction is more.
7. It is less labour intensive. It is more labour intensive.
8. Speed of construction is more. Speed of construction is less.
9. It is less material intensive. It is more material intensive.
10. It consumes less brick. It consumes more brick.
11. It consumes more cement & steel. It consumes less cement & steel.
13. It is prone to corrosion. It is not affected by corrosion.
Thickness of wall cannot be maintained uniform
14. Thickness of wall can be maintained uniform throughout.
throughout.

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 RCC Framed Structure Load Bearing Structure
15. There is flexibility in changing room dimensions. It is not possible to change room dimensions.
Inclusion of Cantilever element is difficult and
16. Cantilever element can be easily provided in the system.
permitted up to short span only.
Thickness of wall increases with increase in
17. Thickness of wall remains same with increase in height.
height.
18. Large span areas possible. Large span are not possible.

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 TYPES OF FOUNDATION

Shallow foundations Deep foundations

1. Pad footing(isolated) 1. Piles
2. Combined footing
3. Strip footing
4. Raft footing

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 Shallow foundations
1. Pad footing(isolated) 2. Combined footings
are used to support usually support two columns, or three columns
single columns. This is one of the not in a row. Combined footings are used when
most economical types of footings tow columns are so close that single footings
and is used when columns are cannot be used or when one column is located at
spaced at relatively long distances. or near a property line.

Pa d footing Stepped footing Sl oped footing

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3. Strip Footing / wall footing
A continuous strip of concrete under a
continuous wall carrying a uniformly
distributed load . Footing spread is usually
provided
4. Rafted or mat foundation
consists of one footing usually placed under the entire
building area. They are used, when soil bearing capacity
is low, column loads are heavy single footings cannot be
used, piles are not used and differential settlement
must be reduced.

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 Deep foundations
Pile footing

A slender, structural member

consisting steel or concrete or timber.It is
installed in the ground to transfer the
structural loads to soils at some significant
depth below the base of the structure.

Load bearing Pile

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 TYPES OF LOADS
ACTING ON STRUCTURE

i. Primary Loads
1. Dead Load
2. Live Load

ii. Secondary Loads

1. Wind Load
2. Snow Load
3. Earthquake Load
4. Thermal Load
5. Impact Load
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 i. Primary Loads
1. Dead Loads (DL)
The first vertical load that is considered is dead load. Dead
loads are permanent or stationary loads which are
transferred to structure throughout the life span. Dead load is
primarily due to self weight of structural members,
permanent partition walls, fixed permanent equipments and
weight of different materials. It majorly consists of the weight
of roofs, beams, walls and column etc. which are otherwise
the permanent parts of the building.

2. Live Loads (LL)

The second vertical load that is considered in design of a
structure is imposed loads or live loads. Live loads are either
movable or moving loads with out any acceleration or impact.
These loads are assumed to be produced by the intended use
or occupancy of the building including weights of movable
partitions or furniture etc..

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ii. Secondary Loads
1. Wind loads (WL)
Wind load is primarily horizontal load caused by the
movement of air relative to earth.

3. Earthquake Loads (EL)

Earthquake forces constitute to both vertical and
horizontal forces on the building. The total vibration
caused by earthquake may be resolved into three
mutually perpendicular directions, usually taken as
vertical and two horizontal directions.
4. Thermal Loads (TL)
All building materials expand or contract with
temperature change. Long continuous buildings will
2. Snow Loads (SL)
expand, and it is necessary to consider the
Snow loads constitute to the vertical loads in the
expansion stresses.
building. But these types of loads are considered only in
the snow fall places. 5. Impact load (IL)
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is caused by vibration or impact or acceleration.24
 GRADE OF CONCRETE
GRADE OF MIX STRENGTH
CONCRETE PROPORTION ( N/SQ.mm )
M10 1:3:6 10
M15 1:2:4 15
M20 1:1.5:3 20
M25 1:1:2 25

MIX PROPORTION

1 : 2 : 4 = CEMENT : SAND : AGGREGATE

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Type of Beams

Simply Supported Beam

Overhanging Beam Cantilever Beam

Continuous Beam
Fixed Beam

Propped Cantilever Beam

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 WOOD FRAME CONSTRUCTION

Wood framing, or light frame construction, is the assembly of dimensional lumber or

engineered wood lumber that is regularly spaced and fastened together with nails to create floor,
wall and roof assemblies. Wood is the most common material used within the construction
industry today.

ADVANTAGES:

1. It is light, and allows quick construction with no heavy tools or equipment.

2. Every component can easily be carried by hand - a house essentially becomes a large carpentry
job.
3. It is able to adapt itself to any geometric shape, and can be clad with a variety of materials.

DISADVANTAGES:

1. It is not highly fireproof, as it is made of wood.

2. It is not strong enough to resist major wind events such as tornadoes and hurricanes.
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 Every timber frame home structure is
made of a few basic components:
1. Studs are vertical wooden
members within the walls.
2. Joists are the horizontal wooden
beams that support the floors.
3. Rafters are the sloping wooden
beams that support the roof.
4. Sheathing are the sheets that are
nailed over the studs to connect
them securely and form the wall
surfaces.
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 STEEL FRAME STRUCTURES

Most steel construction is done with a type of steel called mild steel. Mild steel is a
material that is immensely strong.

WHERE STEEL FRAME STRUCTURES ARE USED

•Steel construction is most often used in •Temporary Structures as these are quick to set
High rise buildings because of its strength, low up and remove
weight, and speed of construction

•Industrial buildings because of its ability to

create large span spaces at low cost

•Warehouse buildings for the same reason

•Residential buildings in a technique called light

gauge steel construction
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ADVANTAGES OF STEEL STRUCTURES
•They are super-quick to build at site, as a lot of work can be pre-fabbed at the factory.
•They are flexible, which makes them very good at resisting dynamic (changing) forces such
as wind or earthquake forces.
•A wide range of ready-made structural sections are available, such as I, C, and angle sections
•They can be made to take any kind of shape, and clad with any type of material
•A wide range of joining methods is available, such as bolting, welding, and riveting

DISADVANTAGES OF STEEL STRUCTURES

•They lose strength at high temperatures, and are prone to fire.
•They are prone to corrosion in humid or marine environments.

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Force:
The basic definition of force that we have learned is that force is push and
pull. Force when applied to an object tends to change its motion or its
shape.

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 TERMINOLOGIES

Compression Force is the application of power,

pressure, or exertion against an object that causes it to
become squeezed, squashed, or compacted.

The tension force is the force that is transmitted

through a string, rope, cable or wire when it is pulled tight
by forces acting from opposite ends.

Shearing forces are unaligned forces pushing

one part of a body in one specific direction, and another
part of the body in the opposite direction

Moment
Moment is the tendency of a force to cause a rotation about a point or axis which
in turn produces bending stresses. Unit : N.m

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buckling is an instability that leads to structural failure.
When a structure is subjected to compressive axial
stress, buckling may occur. Buckling is characterized by
a sudden sideways deflection of a structural member.

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Stress is defined as, the deformation force per unit area
of the body or material.

when an external force applied to the object(made of an

elastic material), they produce a change in shape and
size of the object.

Stress (ỽ) = force / cross section area

When external forces are applied to objects made of

elastic materials, they produce change in shape and size
of the object.

Strain is defined as ratio of change in length to original

length.

Strain (e) = Change in length (ΔL) / Original Length (L)

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Bending Moment is a measure of the bending effect
due to forces acting on a beam. It is measured in terms
of force and distance.

Torsion force is a twisting force that is applied on an

object by twisting one end when the other is held in
position or twisted in the opposite direction. Different
materials have a different way of responding to torsion.

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