Chapter 3

Calculation of impedance of
electrical equipment

3.1 General

In general, equipment in power systems are represented by equivalent circuits, which

are designed for the individual tasks of power system analysis, e.g., for the calculation
of no-load current and the no-load reactive power of a transformer, the no-load equiv-
alent circuit is sufficient. Regarding the calculation of short-circuits, voltage drops
and load characteristic a different equivalent circuit is required. The individual com-
ponents of the equivalent circuits are resistance, inductive and capacitive reactance
(reactor and capacitor), voltage source and ideal transformer. Voltage and currents of
the individual components and of the equivalent circuit are interlaced by Ohm’s law,
which is valid for the three-phase system (RYB-system) as well as for the system
of symmetrical components (012-system). A detailed deduction of the mathematical
methods and equations is not given within the context of this section of the book, but
only the final equations are quoted. For further reading, reference is made to [1,13].

3.2 Equipment in a.c. systems

3.2.1 General
Impedances of equipment are calculated based on name plate data, from
manufacturer’s data or from geometrical arrangement. For the calculation of
impedances of generators, power plants, step-up and step-down transformers, correc-
tion factors are necessary. The calculation equations as per Tables 3.1–3.11 are given
in the Ohm-system only. For conversion to %/MVA-system, respectively, p.u.-system
Tables 2.2 and 2.3 can be used. If not marked by index ‘1’, e.g., Z 1Q , in a different
way, impedances are given for the positive-sequence component. The impedance in
the zero-sequence system is marked with index ‘0’, e.g., Z 0Q .
3.2.2 Impedance calculation

Table 3.1 Impedance of system feeder, equivalent circuit diagram, calculation equations and remarks

Figure Impedance Remarks

Positive-sequence system c Voltage factor according to Table 4.1

c ∗ UnQ2 
Ik1Q Initial short-circuit current (single-phase short-circuit)
Z1Q =  
Ik3Q Initial short-circuit current (three-phase short-circuit)
SkQ
 Initial short-circuit power (three-phase short-circuit)
Symbol SkQ
c ∗ UnQ
Z1Q = √ UnQ Nominal system voltage at connection point

3 ∗ Ik3Q
Assumptions for resistance:
RQ XQ Z1Q • RQ ≈ 0 if UnQ ≥ 35 kV; system with overhead transmission
X1Q = 
lines
1 + (R1Q /X1Q )2
E • RQ = 0.1XQ respectively XQ = 0.995ZQ
Zero-sequence component • The impedance in the zero-sequence component normally is

Ik3Q given as a ratio of the impedance in the positive-sequence
01
Z0Q = 3 ∗ Z1Q ∗  − 2 ∗ Z1Q
Ik1Q component. If the single-phase short-circuit current from the
system feeder is known, the zero-sequence impedance can be
Equivalent circuit diagram calculated.
• Reference Item 3.2 of IEC 60909
Table 3.2 Impedance of two-winding transformer, equivalent circuit diagram, calculation equations and remarks

Figure Impedance Remarks

HV LV 2
ukr ∗ UrT ukr Impedance voltage
ZT = ∗ KT UrT Rated voltage (HV- or LV-side)
100% ∗ SrT
2 SrT Rated apparent power
uRr ∗ UrT
RT = ∗ KT cmax Voltage factor according to Table 4.1 at LV-side
Symbol 100% ∗ SrT
Ib max T Maximal current prior to short-circuit
PkrT IrT Rated current (HV- or LV-side)
RT = 2
∗ KT
3 ∗ IrT PkrT Ohmique losses
HV RT XT LV⬘  uRr Ohmique part of impedance voltage
XT = ZT2 − RT2 Ub max Maximal voltage prior to short-circuit
Correction factor KT : UnQ Nominal system voltage
UnQ ϕbT Phase angle of current prior to short-circuit
01 KT =
Ub max – Transformer with high rated power: XT ≈ ZT
cmax
Equivalent circuit diagram ∗ – Correction factor for positive-, negative- and zero-sequence
1 + xT (Ib max T /IrT ) sin ϕbT component [35]
Approximation: – Impedances as per this table are related to HV-side
cmax
KT = 0.95 ∗ – The impedance in the zero-sequence component can either be
1 + 0.6xT given as a ratio of the impedance in the positive-sequence com-
ponent (see Chapter 13) or can be calculated from the impedance
voltage and the losses in the zero-sequence component.
– The impedance in the zero-sequence component depends on the
handling of transformer neutral, see Table 3.6
– Reference Item 3.3.1 of IEC 60909
Table 3.3 Impedance of three-winding transformer, equivalent circuit diagram, calculation equations and remarks

Figure Impedance Remarks

2 Voltage factor according to

LV UrTHV cmax
|Z THVMV | = ukrHVMV ∗ ∗K Table 4.1
SrtHVMV
2 IrT Rated current
UrTHV
HV MV |Z THVLV | = ukrHVLV ∗ ∗K PkrT Ohmique losses
SrtHVLV SrT Rated apparent power
2 UrT Rated voltage
Symbol UrTHV
|Z TLVMV | = ukrLVMV ∗ ∗K uRr Ohmique part of impedance voltage
SrtHVMV
ukr Impedance voltage
ZTHV = 0.5 ∗ (Z THVMV + Z THVLV – HV, MV, LV related to voltage levels
−Z TLVMV ) ∗ KTHV – Calculation of RT and XT similar to
LV⬘
ZTMV = 0.5 ∗ (Z TLVMV + Z THVMV ZT for HV, MV and LV
−Z THVLV ) ∗ KTMV – Transformers with high rating: XT ≈
ZT
RTLV ZTLV = 0.5 ∗ (Z THVLV + Z TLVMV
– Correction factor for positive, nega-
−Z THVMV ) ∗ KTLV
tive and zero-sequence component
2
uRr ∗ UrT [35]
XTLV RT = ∗ KT
100% ∗ SrT – Impedances as per this table are
HV MV⬘ related to HV-side
P
RT = krT2 ∗ KT∗∗ – Correction factor K not defined here-
RTHV XTHV 3 ∗ IrT
XTMV RTMV with
– Correction factor KT∗∗ equal KTHV ;
 KTMV ; KTLV
XT = ZT2 − RT2
01

Equivalent circuit diagram

Correction factor KT : – The impedance in the zero-sequence
cmax component can either be given
KTHVMV = 0.95
1 + 0.6xTHVMV as a ratio of the impedance in the
cmax positive-sequence component (see
KTHVLV = 0.95
1 + 0.6xTHVLV Chapter 13) or can be calculated from
cmax the impedance voltage and the losses
KTMVLV = 0.95 in the zero-sequence component.
1 + 0.6xTMVLV
– The impedance in the zero-sequence
component depends on the handling
of transformer neutral, see Table 3.4
– Reference Item 3.3.2 of IEC 60909
50 Short-circuit currents

Table 3.4 Equivalent circuit diagram of two- and three-winding transformers in the
positive- and zero-sequence component

Type of transformer Equivalent diagram Equivalent diagram in system of symmetrical components

(any vector group) in RYB-system
Positive-sequence component Zero-sequence component
1 X1 2 1 X01 2
1 2
YNy
01 00

1 2 1 X1 2 1 X01 2

ZS 3ZS
01 00

YNd ZS
1 X1 2 1 X01 2

1 2 3ZS
ZNy; ZNd
01 00
ZS or

YNy + d 1 3 2 3 3
X3
1 X1 X2 2 1 3ZS X01 X02 2
ZS
X03
01 00
1 3 2 3 3
YNyn + d X3
1 X1 X2 2 1 3ZS1 X01 X02 2
ZS1 ZS2
X03 3ZS2(U1/U2)2
01 00
1 3 2 3 3
X3
1 X1 X2 2 1 ES X01 X02 2
ES XL
X03 3XL(U1/U2)2
01 00

3.3 Equipment in d.c. systems

3.3.1 General
For the calculation of short-circuit currents in d.c. systems, the parameters of equip-
ment contributing to the short-circuit current, i.e., capacitor, battery, rectifier and
d.c. motor need to be known besides the parameter of conductors. The calculation
equations as per Tables 3.12 to 3.16 are given in the Ohm-system only. For conversion
to %/MVA system, p.u. system, respectively, Tables 2.2 and 2.3 can be used.
Tables 3.12 to 3.16 mention the term ‘common branch’. The common branch in
d.c. systems is the branch (conductor) leading parts of the short-circuit current from
several different sources (capacitor, battery, rectifier and d.c. motor) according to
IEC 61660-1.
Table 3.5 Impedance of synchronous generator, equivalent circuit diagram, calculation equations and remarks

Figure Impedance Remarks

2
xd ∗ UrG cmax Voltage factor according to Table 4.1
GS X1G = ∗ KG pG Voltage control range: UrG = const ⇒ pG = 0
3~ 100% ∗ SrG
SrG Rated apparent power
Salient pole generators: UrG Rated voltage
Symbol X2G = 0.5 ∗ (Xd + Xq ) ∗ KG xd Subtransient reactance
Zero-sequence component ϕrG Phase angle between UrG and IrG
X0G ≈ (0.4–0.8)Xd ∗ KG Fictitious resistance of stator RGf (for peak s.-c. current)
RGf XG
Correction factor KG : HV: RGf = 0.05 ∗ XG : SrG ≥ 100 MVA
UnQ cmax RGf = 0.07 ∗ XG : SrG < 100 MVA
EG KG = ∗ 
UrG (1 + pG ) 1 + xd ∗ sin ϕrG LV: RGf = 0.15 ∗ XG
– Correction factor for positive-, negative- and zero-sequence
01 component
– Synchronous motors identical to synchronous generators
Equivalent circuit diagram
– Calculation of decaying d.c. component with real resistance of
stator
– Impedance in the zero-sequence component depends on the type
of winding of the generator
– Reference Item 3.6 of IEC 60909
Table 3.6 Impedance of power-station unit, equivalent circuit diagram, calculation equations and remarks

Figure Impedance Remarks

2 +Z UnG Nominal system voltage

Z KW = (Z G ∗ trT THV ) ∗ KKWi
G T Generator:
Correction factor KKWi with tap-changer: pG Control range of voltage:
GS 2 UrG = const ⇒ pG = 0
UnQ
3~ KKWs = UrG Rated voltage
(UrG (1 + pG ))2 xd Subtransient reactance
trT U2 cmax
Symbol ∗ rTLV
2
∗ 
UrTHV 1 + |xd − xT | ∗ sin ϕrG ZG Impedance according to
Table 3.5
Correction factor KKWi without tap-changer: ϕrG Phase angle between UrG
RT XT UnQ and IrG
(RGf + jXG)t 2rT KKWo =
UrG (1 + pG )
EGitrT Unit transformer:
UrTLV cmax
∗ ∗ (1 ± pT ) ∗ cmax Voltage factor according to
UrTHV 1 + xd sin ϕrG Table 4.1
pT Permanent setting of winding
01
trT Rated transformation ratio
Equivalent circuit diagram UrTLV Rated voltage LV-side
UrTHV Rated voltage HV-side
xT Reactance (equal impedance
voltage)
ZT Impedance according to
Table 3.2 (two-winding transformer)
• Correction factor for positive-,
negative- and zero-sequence
component [37]
• Reference Item 3.7 of IEC 60909
Table 3.7 Impedance of overhead line (single-circuit), equivalent circuit diagram, calculation equations and remarks

Figure Impedance Remarks

D Geometric mean distance between

 = ρ conductors dRY ; dYB ; dBR
R1L
Symbol n ∗ qn Distances of conductors R, Y, B

(1 + α ∗ (δ − 20◦ C)) ∗ RL20 n Number of conductors per phase
 =
RLδ 
R1L Resistance per length (pos. seq.)
n
R⬘1L· X⬘1L· r Radius of conductor
Single-circuitoverhead line: rt Radius of conductor arrangement per phase
qn Nominal cross-section of conductor
 = ω μ0 ln D + μr
X1L  Reactance per length (pos. seq.)
2π rB 4n X1L
Zero-sequence component: α Temperature coefficient α = 0.004 K −1
R δ Equivalent depth of earth conductor
01  = 1L + 3ω μ0
R0L ρ Resistivity in mm2 /m
n  8  ρE Specific earth resistance
Equivalent circuit diagram  μ0 δ μr
X0L = ω 3 ln 3
+ μ0 Permeability of vacuum
2π rB ∗ D 2 4n
μr Relative permeability
with
√ Reactance:
3
D=  dRY ∗ dYB ∗ dBR
n (n−1) – Calculation from geometrical arrangement,
rB = n ∗ r ∗ r t
see Section 13.1.4
1.85
δ= √ – Specific earth resistance ρE = 30 m (swamp
μ0 ∗ ω/ρE soil)–3000 m (stone)
– Reference Item 3.4 of IEC 60909

Note: Impedances of other arrangements of overhead lines needed for special technical problems are dealt with in Section 12.1 and Section 13.1.4. Impedances of
cables can be calculated from geometrical data only in a very time consuming manner. It is recommended to use manufacturer’s data. Tables and diagrams can be
found in [1,2,8,9].
Table 3.8 Impedance of short-circuit limiting reactor, equivalent circuit diagram, calculation equations
and remarks

Figure Impedance Remarks

ukr Un IrD rated current

ZD = ∗√
100% 3 ∗ IrD SrD Rated apparent power
√ Un Nominal system voltage
Symbol SrD = 3 ∗ Un ∗ IrD ukr Rated voltage drop (impedance
voltage)
ZD ≈ XD
– Impedances in positive-, negative-
and zero-sequence component
identical in case of symmetrical
construction
01
– RD ≈ 0
Equivalent circuit diagram – Impedance in the zero-sequence
component equal to the impedance
in the positive-sequence component
in case three single-phase reactors
are used
– Reference Item 3.5 of IEC 60909
Table 3.9 Impedance of asynchronous motor, equivalent circuit diagram, calculation equations and
remarks

Figure Impedance Remarks

2 IanM Locked rotor current

IrM UrM
ZM = ∗ IrM Rated current
IanM SrM PrM Rated active power
M
3~ ZM SrM Rated apparent power
XM =  ϕrM Phase angle at rated power
1 + (RM /XM )2 ηrM Rated power factor
Symbol
MV:
PrM
SrM = RM = 0.1 ∗ XM with PrMp ≥ 1 MW
RM XM ηrM ∗ cos ϕrM
RM = 0.15 ∗ XM with PrMp < 1 MW
PrMp Rated active power per pole pair
LV:
E RM = 0.42 ∗ XM including connection cable
– Asynchronous motors are normally operated
01
with isolated neutrals, zero-sequence
Equivalent circuit diagram impedance therefore can be neglected
– Reference Item 3.8 of IEC 60909
Table 3.10 Impedance of static converter fed drive, equivalent circuit diagram, calculation equations and
remarks

Figure Impedance Remarks

2 IanM Locked rotor current

IrM UrM
ZM = ∗ IrM Rated current
IanM SrM SrM Rated apparent power
RM
= 0.1 UrM Rated voltage
XM
– IanM /IrM = 3
Symbol
– Only for rectifiers, able to transfer energy for
deceleration during the duration of
short-circuit
RM XM
– Static converters for photovoltaic generators
or fuel cells contribute to short-circuit
currents only with their rated current
– Reference Item 3.9 of IEC 60909
E

01

Equivalent circuit diagram

Table 3.11 Impedance of system load, equivalent circuit diagram, calculation equations and remarks

Figure Impedance Remarks

2
UrL PrL Rated active power
ZL =
SrL QrL Rated reactive power
2
SrL Rated apparent power
UrL UrL Rated voltage
ZL RL RL =
PrL
• In case UrL is unknown, the nominal system voltage
01 01 U2 Un is to be used
ωLL = rL
QrL • Reference Item 3.10 of IEC 60909

1 U2
= rL
XL XC ωCL QrL

01 01

Symbol, Equivalent circuit diagram

3.3.2 Impedance calculation

Table 3.12 Impedance of a conductor, equivalent circuit diagram, calculation equations and remarks

Figure Impedance Remarks

ρ a Distance of conductors
RL =
qn b Height of conductor (busbar)
Symbol  = (1 + α ∗ (δ − 20◦ C)) ∗ R 
RLδ d Thickness of conductor
L20
RJ Resistance of bolted joint
Loop by single cables RL Specific resistance
RL20 Resistance at 20◦ C
R⬘L · L⬘ · R⬘J μ0   a RLδ Resistance at temperature δ
L = ∗ 0.25 + ln r Radius of conductor
π r
qn Cross-section of conductor
Loop by busbars α Temperature coefficient (for Al, Cu)
   α = 0.004 K −1
μ a δ Temperature in ◦ C
Equivalent circuit diagram L = 0 ∗ 1.5 + ln
π d +b ρ Resistivity in mm2 /m
Resistance of bolted joint: μ0 Permeability
Conductor – RJ for calculation of minimal s.-c. currents
qn 14 ∗ ρ ∗ d
RJ = only
d qn – Calculation of L for simple arrangement
only
– Reference Item 2.3 of IEC 61660-1
Conductor joint
Table 3.13 Impedance of capacitor, equivalent circuit diagram, calculation equations and remarks

Figure Impedance Remarks

RCBr = RC + RCL + RY Conductor for connection:

LCBr = LCL + LY RCL ; LCL Resistance;
Approximation: inductance
Symbol
C ≈ 1.2 ∗ Ca.c. Common branch:
RY ; LY Resistance;
RCBr ; LCBr inductance
Capacitor:
C d.c.-capacitance
Ca.c. a.c.-capacitance at
RC RCL LCL RY LY
100 Hz
RC Equivalent series d.c.
EC resistance. If unknown:
maximal a.c. resistance
– Reference Item 2.6 of
Equivalent circuit diagram IEC 61660-1
Table 3.14 Impedance of battery, equivalent circuit diagram, calculation equations and remarks

Figure Impedance Remarks

RBBr = 0.9 ∗ RB + RBL + RY Conductor for connection:

LBBr = LB + LBL + LY RBL ; LBL Resistance;
inductance
Symbol Approximation:
RBun = 1.7 ∗ RB Common branch:
LBZ = 0.2 μH RY ; LY Resistance;
EBge = 1.05 ∗ UnB inductance
RBBr; LBBr EBun = 0.9 ∗ UnB
Battery:
EBge = 1.05 ∗ UnB
EBge Voltage of charged
battery
RB LB RBL LBL RY LY EBun Voltage of discharged
battery
LBZ Inductance of one cell
EB including connection
RB ; LB Resistance;
inductance of a charged
battery
Equivalent circuit diagram
RBun Resistance of
discharged battery
UnB Nominal voltage of
battery
Lead-acid battery:
UnB = 2.0 V per cell
– Reference Item 2.5 of
IEC 61660-1
Table 3.15 Impedance of rectifier, equivalent circuit diagram, calculation equations and remarks

Figure Impedance Remarks

ac-side Indices for ac-side:

RN = RQ + RP + RT + RD D Commutating
reactor
XN = XQ + XP + XT + XD N Total
Symbol
Q System feeder
P Connection at
RDBr ; LDBr
secondary side of
R Q ; XQ transformer
– ZQmin (RQ and XQ )
RS LS RL LL RY LY
for calculation of max.
RQ ; XQ Q RP ; XP RT ; XT R D ; XD
short-circuit current
– ZQmax (RQ and XQ )
for calculation of min.
Equivalent circuit diagram short-circuit current
dc-side Indices for dc-side:
RDBr = RS + RL + RY L Power supply cable
LDBr = LS + LL + LY S DC saturated
smoothing reactor
Coupling branch:
LS saturated
inductance
RY ; LY Resistance;
inductance
– Reference Item 2.4
of IEC 61660-1
Table 3.16 Impedance of d.c. motor with independent excitation, equivalent circuit diagram, calculation equations and remarks

Figure Impedance Remarks

RMBr = RM + RML + RY Conductor for

M LMBr = LM + LML + LY connection:
RML Resistance
Motor Time constants:
LML Inductance
LMZw
Symbol
τM = Common branch:
RMZw
RY Resistance
F RMBr; LMBr; M 2π ∗ n0 ∗ J ∗ RMBr ∗ IrM
τMec = LY inductance
Mr ∗ UrM
Motor:
J LF
RF LF RM LM RML LML RY LY τF = IrM Rated current
RF J Moment of
n
M inertia of whole
EF EM rotating part
Mr Rated torque
n0 No-load speed
RM ; LM Resistance;
inductance of
Equivalent circuit diagram armature circuit
including brushes
UrM Rated voltage
τF Field circuit
time constant
τM Time constant
of armature circuit
up to s.-c. location
τMec Mechanical
time constant
– Reference Item 2.7
of IEC 61660-1
 Calculation of impedance of electrical equipment 63

3.4 Examples for calculation

3.4.1 a.c. equipment

The impedance (resistance and reactance) of equipment in a.c. three-phase power
systems has to be calculated based on the data as below. Results are summarised in
Table 3.17.

 = 3000 MVA; U
Power system feeder Q: SkQ nQ = 110 kV
Two-winding SrT = 70 MVA; UrTHV /UrTLV = 115 kV/10.5 kV;
transformer: ukr = 12%; uRr = 0.5%
Three-winding UrT = 110 kV/30 kV/10 kV;
transformer: SrT = 30 MVA/20 MVA/10 MVA
ukrHVMV = 10%; ukrHVLV = 4.5%; ukrMVLV = 10.2%
uRrHVMV = 0.5%; uRrHVLV = 0.6%; uRrMVLV = 0.65%
Synchronous machine: SrG = 70 MVA; UrG = 10.5 kV; cos ϕrG = 0.9;
xd = 17%; pG = ±10%
Power plant consisting SrG = 70 MVA; UrG = 10.5 kV; xd = 17%;
of synchronous machine pG = ±10%
and two-winding SrT = 70 MVA; UrTHV /UrTLV = 115 kV/10.5 kV;
transformer: ukr = 12%;
URr = 0.5%; without tap-changer
Overhead transmission line: Al/St 240/40; r = 10.9 mm; Line length 10 km
Flat arrangement, distance between phase wires 4 m
s.-c. limiting reactor: ukr = 6%; IrD = 630 A; Un = 10 kV
Asynchronous motor: PrM = 1.2 MW; UrM = 6 kV; cos ϕrM = 0.84;
ηrM = 0.93; Ian /IrM = 5.6; 2 pairs of poles
Rectifier: SrM = 4 MVA; UrM = 6.2 kV
System load: SrL = 6 MVA; cos ϕL = 0.87; Un = 10 kV

Table 3.17 Results of calculation of impedance in three-phase a.c. equipment

Equipment Z () R () X () Remark Tab.

System feeder 4.437 0.441 4.414 RQ /XQ not defined 3.1

XQ ≈ 0.995 × ZQ
Two-winding 22.76 0.945 22.74 Without correction factor 3.2
transformer Impedance related to 110 kV
22.19 0.921 22.17 KT = 0.975
Impedance related to 110 kV
64 Short-circuit currents

Table 3.17 Continued

Equipment Z () R () X () Remark Tables

Three-winding −3.24 1.31 −2.97 Impedance related to 110 kV 3.3

transformer 62.89 1.67 62.87 including correction factors
58.65 6.08 58.33 KT = 0.986–1.018–0.985
Values from top: HV ∗ MV ∗ LV
Synchronous 0.268 0.019 0.267 Without correction factor 3.5
machine 0.238 0.017 0.237 KG = 0.887; UnQ = 10 kV
Power plant 65.14 3.22 54.77 KKWo = 0.891; UnQ = 110 kV 3.6
Overhead 4.19 1.23 4.01 D = 5.04 m 3.7
transmission line
s.-c. limiting 0.55 0 0.55 XD ≈ ZD 3.8
reactor
Asynchronous 4.14 0.41 4.12 SrM = 1.53 MVA 3.9
machine
Rectifier 28.83 2.88 28.69 RM /XM = 0.1 3.10
System load 16.67 14.5 8.22 — 3.11

3.4.2 d.c. equipment

The impedance (resistance and reactance) of equipment in d.c. systems has to be
calculated based on the data as below. Results are summarised in Table 3.18.

Conductor Busbar arrangement, copper (120 × 10): qn = 1200 mm2 ;

with joint: Distance a = 50 mm; Length of line loop 30 m
Capacitor: MKP dry-type, self-healing; C = 9000 μF; RC = 0.5 m
Connected to short-circuit location with conductor as above,
l = 20 m
Two bolted joints
Battery: Sealed lead-acid-type; 108 cells, each:
150 Ah; UnB = 2.0 V; RB = 0.83 m; LB = 0.21 mH
Connected to short-circuit location with conductor as above,
l = 15 m
Two bolted joints
 Calculation of impedance of electrical equipment 65

Rectifier: AC-system: UnQ = 600 V; SkQ  = 40 MVA; R /X = 0.25

Q Q
Transformer: trT = 600 V/240 V; SrT = 400 kVA; ukrT = 3.5%;
PkrT = 4.2 kW
Rectifier: IrD = 1.2 kA; commutating reactor: LS = 0.31 μH;
RS = 0.91 m
Connected to short-circuit location with conductor as above,
l = 10 m
d.c. motor UrM = 225 V; PrM = 110 kW; IrM = 500 A; RM = 0.043 ;
(independent LM = 0.41 mH
excitation): RF = 9.85 M; LF = 9.97 H
Connected to short-circuit location with conductor as above,
l = 10 m

Table 3.18 Results of calculation of impedance of equipment in d.c. installations

(without common branch as per IEC 61660-1)

Equipment R (m) L Others Remarks Tab.

Conductor 926 0.653 μH — Loop length 3.12

60 m
2.16 — — Resistance of
bolted joint
Capacitor 0.5 — 9000 μF 3.13
309 218 nH — Conductor
4.32 — — Two joints
313.82 218 nH 9000 μF Total
Battery RB = 89.6 LB = 21.6 μH EBge = 226.8 V Voltage of 3.14
RBun = 152.4 EBun = 194.4 V discharged
battery
e.g., 1.8 V/cell
231.5 163.2 nH — Conductor
4.32 — — Two joints
325.42 21.76 μH — Total
388.22
Rectifier 0.367 4.667 μH ZQ = 1.51 m System feeder 3.15
1.512 4.813 μH ZT = 5.04 m Transformer
1.879 9.48 μH — Total
a.c. system
66 Short-circuit currents

Table 3.18 Continued

Equipment R (m) L Others Remarks Tab.

0.91 0.31 μH — Commutating

reactor
154.3 0.11 μH — Conductor
155.21 0.42 μH — Total
d.c. system
d.c. motor 43.3 0.41 mH — Motor 3.16
with 154.3 0.11 μH Conductor
independent 197.6 0.411 mH τM = 2.08 ms Total
excitation τF = 1.01 s