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General Chemistry 1: Quarter 1 - Module 5
General Chemistry 1: Quarter 1 - Module 5
NOT
General Chemistry 1
Quarter 1 - Module 5
Gases I
Pmixture = P1 + P2 + P3
𝑃1 𝑃2
=
𝑇1 𝑇2
𝑃1 𝑉1 = 𝑃2 𝑉2
𝑉1 𝑉2
=
𝑇1 𝑇2
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i
Senior
Senior High
High School
School
General
Chemistry 1
Quarter 1 - Module 5
Gases I
ii
Table of Contents
What I Know…………………………………………………………………………………………vi
Summary……………………………………………………………………………………………..20
Assessment: Post-Test………………………………………………………………………….....21
Key to Answers……………………………………………………………………………………...22
References…………………………………………………………………………………………..24
iii
Module 5
Gases I
What This Module is About
This module demonstrates your understanding of the mathematical relationship
between the pressure, volume, and temperature of a gas. It also tackles the partial pressures
of a gas and its quantitative relationships of the reactants and products in a gaseous reaction
and behaviour and properties of gases at the molecular level
iv
How to Learn from this Module
To achieve the objectives cited above, you are to do the following:
• Take your time reading the lessons carefully.
• Follow the directions and/or instructions in the activities and exercises diligently.
• Answer all the given tests and exercises.
v
What I Know
MULTIPLE CHOICE.
Directions: Read and understand each item and choose the letter of the best answer. Write
your answers on the space provide before the number.
vi
Lesson Pressure and its Units
1
What I Need to Know
Get a ball or an inflated balloon. Feel the ball. Is it too hard? Too soft? Or does
it feel just right? a basketball player knows the right feel of the ball, they say the
“pressure” is just right. In the same way a jeepney driver can tell right away if the tire’s
pressure is just right, too high, or too low. Everyone knows the important of pressure,
but not all have an idea what is pressure. So, what does pressure mean? Why does
the air inside the tire or a basketball exert pressure? Aside from it what are other
variables that constitutes to the properties of gas?
In this lesson, you are to define pressure and give common units of pressure.
(a) (b)
Look at the picture (a) shown above. What do you think is the role of the pressure of
the gas inside the balloon?
For picture (b) Imagine the tire of a vehicle and the need to pump air into the tire up
to a given pressure.
a. What will happen if the pressure is much lower than what it should be?
b. What will happen if the pressure is much greater than what it should be?
1
What’s New
Matching Type
Direction: Match column A with column B. Write the letter of the correct answer on
the space provided before the number.
Column A Column B
_____1. This is the most easily measured a. Torr
gas property defined as the force
exerted upon by colliding
b. Atmosphere
molecules per unit area of a
surface.
_____2. It refers to the equivalent unit of c. Evangelista
millimeter of mercury (mmHg) Torricelli
_____3. This instrument is commonly
used to measure the pressure of d. Pressure
a gas.
_____4. An Italian physicist who invented e. Pascal
the barometer
_____5. It refers to a unit commonly used f. Barometer
to express gas pressure.
What Is It
In the gaseous phase, molecules or the particles collide randomly against other
molecules and against its container or its system. This random collision resulted
changes in momentum which give way to the one of the property of gases called
pressure. Pressure as one of the variables defines as the amount of force exerted per
unit area. It refers to the force exerted by colliding molecules per unit area of container
walls.
2
What’s More
Time to Ponder!
Direction. Reflect and make an essay about “Pressure in Everyday Life”. You may
use some facts, based in your daily experiences or relate it in the emotional aspects.
You may use an extra sheet of paper for this activity.
What Is It
3
force per square inch of the unit area. The atmospheric pressure at sea level is
14.7 psi.
d. kilopascal(kPa) A kilopascal is equal to 1000 pascals (Pa). It is the standard
unit for pressure.
Conversion Factor:
What’s More
Conversion
Direction: Convert the following pressure to its desired unit that is asked in the
question. Show your solution and encircle the final answer.
4
What I Have Learned
Direction: Answer the following questions as directed. For the calculations, show your
solution and encircle the final answer.
1. What is pressure?
2. What are the different units that can be used to measure and express pressure?
Then explain each briefly.
(a.)
(b.)
(c.)
(d.)
3. The pressure of the air on a mountain is 0.978 atm. What will be the pressure
in the units of torr?
4. The pressure inside the tires of a backhoe is 40 psi. What will be the pressure
in the units of atm?
5. The pressure of a certain valley below sea level is 200 kPa, what will be the
height of the mercury column in a barometer?
5
What I Can Do
Performance Task:
Note:
You may have you own title as long as within the topic.
You may add any creativity or even write your poem in calligraphy.
It is handwritten in an A4 bond paper.
Enrichment Activity:
6
Lesson Gas Laws
2
What’s In
In lesson 1, you have learned about the definition of pressure, and the different
units that can be used to measure and express pressure which are the atmospheric
pressure (atm), millimeter of mercury (mmHg), pounds per square inch (psi), Pascal
(Pa), and kilopascal (kPa). Moreover, you have also learned one unit to another unit
of pressure, and able to show the solution for correct conversion.
Air is all around us, thus gases always involved in our daily activities, from
breathing down to automobile tires or bicycle, balloons, and even lifeboats and vest.
Life won’t be possible without this life-sustaining gas found in the atmosphere.
Scientist have always been curious about how gases behaves. And how it is
different compared to other states of matter. Investigations and experiments on the
behavior of gases leads to the parameters or variables that used to describe the
properties of gases aside from pressure, and these are volume, temperature, and the
amount in moles. The relationship between variables are explained by Gas Laws.
In addition, you will be able to use gas laws to determine pressure, volume,
temperature of a gas under certain conditions od change. Then, use the ideal gas
equation to calculate pressure, volume, temperature, or number of moles of a gas.
7
What’s New
Graph Analysis
Direction: Based on the given graph, analyze and infer the relationship of the
properties of gases (volume, pressure, temperature, and moles). Write your answer at
the sides of the graph.
8
What Is It
Gas Laws governs the behavior of gases and describes the relationship of the
following variables: Pressure, Volume, Temperature, and moles. The relationship
among the variables are led and investigated by Robert Boyle, Jacques Charles, and
Amedeo Avogadro, and the laws where named after them respectively.
Boyle’s Law
The law is named after its proponent, who is a British
chemist, Robert Boyle.
He emphasized the law correctly and stated that “The volume of
a given amount of gas is inversely proportional to its pressure at
constant temperature”. It means, as the volume increases, the
pressure of the gas decreases, and vice versa, provided that the
temperature remains the same. Thus, it is evident that the
relationship between the two variables, volume and pressure is
inversely proportional.
Figure 1: Robert Boyle.
Image source [14]
Where;
P1 = initial pressure
V1 = initial volume
P2 = Final pressure
V2 = Final volume
Example: A 2.5 L container has a gas pressure of 4.6 atm. If the volume is
decreased to 1.6 L. What will be the new pressure inside the container?
= 7.2 atm
9
Charles’ Law
It is one of the gas laws and named after the French
scientist Jacques Charles who formulated the law in 1897.
This law states that “The volume of a given amount of gas
is directly proportional to its absolute temperature and
constant pressure.” It means that as the volume increases,
the temperature also increases, and vice versa, provided
that the amount of gas and the pressure is constant. The
temperature should be expressed in Kelvin (K).
Where;
V1 = initial volume
T1 = initial Temperature
V2 = Final volume
T2 = Final Temperature
Example: A 3.5 L flexible container holds a gas at 250 K. What will be the new
volume if the temperature is increased to 400K at constant pressure?
Given: V1 = 3.5 L V2 = ?
T1= 250 K T2 = 400K
V1 / T1 = V2 / T2 ; V2 = V1T2 / T1
= 3.5 L (400K)
250 K
= 5.6 L
10
Avogadro’s Law
The proponent of this law is named after Amedeo
Avogadro, who is a notable Italian mathematical physicist.
This law state that “The volume of a gas at a given
temperature and pressure is directly proportional to the
number of moles contained in the volume”. This law is based
on Avogadro’s hypothesis that the same volume of two
gases at constant temperature and pressure contain the
same number of molecules. It means as the volume
increases the amount of substance or the moles also
increases, so the relationship is directly proportional. Keep
in mind that a mole is related to the quantity of molecules in Figure 3: Amedeo Avogadro.
Image source [15]
a substance.
Example: A 2.4 moles of gas occupies 60.0 L at a certain temperature. What volume
will 3.7 moles of a gas occupy?
V1 / n1 = V2 / n2 ; V1n2=n 1V2
V2 = V1 n2 / n1
2.4 moles
= 92.5 L
11
Ideal gas Equation
PV = nRT
Where;
P = Pressure n= moles (refers to the amount of substance)
V= Volume T= Temperature (express in Kelvin (K))
R = The universal gas constant (0.0821 atm.L / mol.K)
The value of the universal gas constant (R) is the same anywhere and anytime. It
can be calculated using the using the standard conditions of mole, pressure, volume,
and temperature. The value can also be derived from the ideal gas equation as
shown below.
PV = nRT
R = 0.0821 atm . L
mole .K
Example:
A 3.5 L container holds 0.45 moles of O2 gas at 300K. What is the pressure
inside the container?
PV = nRT ; P = nRT
V
atm . L
= 0.45 moles x 0.0821 mole .K x 300 K
1.5 L
P = 3.17 atm
12
What’s More
Calculations
A. Direction: Calculate the given problems and use the gas laws to determine
pressure, volume, or temperature of a gas under certain conditions of change.
Show your solutions. Encircle your final answer.
1. The gas inside the tire has a volume of 20.00 L at a pressure of 5.00 atm.
Calculate the pressure of the gas if its volume is reduced to 10.0 at the same
temperature.
2. If 150.00 mL of N2 gas was collected at 760 torr, what is the new volume of the
gas when the pressure is compressed to 740 torr at the same temperature?
3. At 300 K, the given amount of fluorine gas has a volume of 30.0 L. What will be
the temperature if the gas occupies a volume of 25 L at constant pressure?
13
B. Direction: Complete the following table and use the Ideal gas equation to calculate
pressure, volume, number of moles, and temperature of a gas. Express your final
answer in two (2) decimal places and show your solution below the table.
14
What I Have Learned
Picture Analysis
Direction: Analyze the given picture and identify the appropriate gas laws that best
describes the picture.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
15
What Is It
Most of the gases encountered in the surroundings are mixtures. Mixtures are
composed of different components. An example of a mixture is air which is a
combination of primarily nitrogen and oxygen and other inert gases. Each individual
component in air exert its own pressure, has its own volume, can have a temperature
that is in thermal equilibrium with the other components, and also has its own molar
amount. This just means that the ideal gas equation can also be used on mixtures of
gases.
1
1 2
1
2 3
2
1
3
From the situation above, the number of moles of each component can be
interpreted as n1, n2, and n3 for nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide,
respectively, so that the total number of moles can be shown as:
𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑛1 + 𝑛2 + 𝑛3
The pressure exerted by the mixture can then be calculated using the ideal gas
equation:
𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑅𝑇
𝑃𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 =
𝑉
…where V is the volume of the container or in this case, the volume of the
constant-volume piston.
Substituting the two equations, the pressure of the mixture can be expressed
as:
(𝑛1 + 𝑛2 + 𝑛3 )𝑅𝑇
𝑃𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 =
𝑉
And distributing the ideal gas constant and temperature:
𝑛1 𝑅𝑇 𝑛2 𝑅𝑇 𝑛3 𝑅𝑇
𝑃𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 = + +
𝑉 𝑉 𝑉
16
As you may recall, the term nRT/V is equal to P which means that the terms in
the right hand side of the equation equates to the pressure exerted by each individual
component.
𝑛1 𝑅𝑇 𝑛2 𝑅𝑇 𝑛3 𝑅𝑇
𝑃1 = 𝑃2 = 𝑃3 =
𝑉 𝑉 𝑉
Pressures P1, P2, and P3 are called the partial pressure of each gas.
Combining all the equations, it can be concluded that the pressure exerted by the
mixture is the sum of the pressures exerted by each component. This is known as the
Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure.
𝑃𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 𝑃1 + 𝑃2 + 𝑃3
The application of Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure can help us learn about the
composition of each component in terms of mole fraction of the component.
𝑛1 𝑅𝑇 𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑅𝑇
𝑃1 = 𝑃𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 =
𝑉 𝑉
Combining these two equations gives the following expression:
𝑃1 𝑛1
= = 𝑥1
𝑃𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
𝑃1 = 𝑃𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑥1
This means that the partial pressure of a component is equal to its mole fraction
multiplied to the pressure exerted by mixture.
What’s More
A. Who’s Greater?
Directions: Try to determine which column exerts greater partial pressure is greater
by putting E on the blank if the column on the left is greater than the column on the
right and putting Z on the blank if the column on the right is greater than the column
on the left.
17
Ptotal = 20 kPa Ptotal = 0.95 atm
3.
X1 = 0.87 X2 = 0.19
B. Problem Solving
Directions: In a separate sheet of paper, show your solution and encircle your final
answer.
1. A sample of oxygen gas, which is saturated with water vapour, is kept in a 10-
L vessel at 30°C and has a pressure of 758 Torr. If the pressure of the water
vapour at this temperature is 31.8 Torr, what would be the pressure of the dry
oxygen?
2. If the oxygen gas sample in #1 passed through a drier that decreased the
pressure of the mixture to 750 Torr and the pressure exerted by the water
vapour is only 80% of the saturated vapour pressure at the given temperature,
what would be the pressure of the dry oxygen?
3. In a gas mixture composed of N2, Ne, and He, the partial pressure of N2 is 0.50
atm, that of Ne is 1.1 atm, and the total pressure is 2.4 atm. What is the partial
pressure of He?
4. In a gas mixture composed of N2, Ne, and He, the partial pressure of N2 is 0.50
atm, that of Ne is 1.1 atm, and that of He is 0.80 atm. Calculate the mole fraction
of each gas.
5. A gas mixture contains 2.5 mol N2 and 9.7 mol CO2, and has a pressure of 2.3
atm. What is the partial pressure of each gas?
18
What I Can Do
Draw and illustrate the three (3) laws of gases based on their real-life application
in an A4 size bond paper.
Enrichment Activity:
Watch a video through YouTube link below entitled “The Ideal Gas Law”,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BxUS1K7xu30
19
Summary
Gases are everywhere, it behaves differently from other states of matter. The
properties of gases are described by its variables or parameters namely; pressure,
temperature, volume, and the amount of substance or moles under some certain
conditions. The relationship between the variables are govern by gas laws. Gas laws
and categorized into three laws; Boyle’s Law, Charles’s Law, and Avogadro’s Law
which are named after their proponents and scientist who observed such properties of
gases.
Boyle’s law describes that the relationship of pressure and volume is inversely
proportional given that temperature is constant, for Charles’s Law, Volume and
Temperature is directly proportional at constant pressure. Avogadro’s law explains the
relationship between volume and the amount of substance (moles) is directly
proportional when pressure and temperature is constant. Then, the variables are
combined to form an ideal gas equation.
Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure tells us that the pressure of each component
in a mixture is equivalent to its mole fraction multiplied to the total pressure exerted by
the mixture.
20
Assessment: Post-Test
MULTIPLE CHOICE.
Directions: Read and understand each item and choose the letter of the best answer. Write
your answers on the space provide before the number.
21