ASSUMPTIONS:

 The liquid within the element is assumed at a uniform temperature T, but the
temperature at the boundaries of the element T|Z are and T|Z+dZ.
 The temperature does not change along the radius of the tube.
 Physical properties are assumed constant.
 The average velocity of the liquid (v) is assumed constant.
 The shell-side steam is assumed to be at a constant temperature Tst.
 The dynamics of the tube and shell walls are negligibly small. Any
accumulation of energy within the element is due entirely to the liquid
occupying the element, not in the heat exchanger wall.

CONSERVATION LAWS
Let us develop the energy balance equation for the heat exchanger
Accumulation of energy = Input of energy – Output of energy
Amount of energy accumulated during the time period:
¿ mC p ΔT

¿ ρ v Cp ΔT

¿ ρ A h Cp ΔT

¿ ρ v C p Δ Z [T t +dt −T t ]

Amount of energy input during the time period:

= [ Amount of energey ∈at Z with flowing liquid during t ] + ¿
¿ ρ C p vA ( T )z ∆ t+ Q ∆ t ( πD ∆ Z )

In the above discussion:

‘Q’ is the rate of heat transferred from the shell-side steam to the tube-side
liquid per unit heat transfer area.
‘D’ the external diameter of the tube.
‘A’ the cross-sectional area of the tube.

Amount of energy out at Z + ΔZ with flowing liquid during the time period
¿ ρ C p vA ( T )z +∆ z ∆t

Putting all equations in energy balance equation we get:

 ρ C p A ∆ Z [T t +∆ t −T t ]¿ ρ C p vA T z ∆ t+ Q ∆ t ( πD ∆ Z )−ρ C p vA T z +∆ z ∆ t

Re-arranging,
ρ C p A ∆ Z [T t +∆ t −T t ]

¿ ρ C p vA T z ∆ t−ρ C p vA T z +∆ z ∆ t+Q ∆ t ( πD ∆ Z )

Dividing both sides of the above equation by ‘t’ and ‘Z’, and then putting t=0
and Z=0:
ρC p A ∆ Z [ T t + ∆ t−T t ]
∆z ∆t
ρC p vA T z ∆ t T z+ ∆ z ∆t ( πD ∆ Z )
¿ −ρ C p vA +Q ∆t
∆ z∆t ∆ z ∆t ∆ z∆t

dT T z−T z+ ∆ z
ρ Cp A = ρC p vA +QπD
dt ∆z

dT dT
ρ Cp A =− ρC p vA +QπD
dt dz

dT dT πDu
+v = ¿
dt dz ρ C p A

Where,
Q=U (T st −T )
Here, U is the overall heat transfer coefficient between the steam and the liquid.
The partial differential Equation represents a distributed parameter model
because the liquid temperature T varies with two independent variables, time t
and length Z.