Access Network Reveolution XDSL Principles and Applications

Optical Distribution Networks (FTTH)
Digital Egypt Youth Training Program
National Telecommunication Institute ‫المعهد القومي لالتصاالت‬

Access Network
Evolution

2
xDSL Principles and
Applications
“Copper Line Access

Technology”

Contents
• xDSL Technology Standards
• ADSL/ADSL2+ Technical Principles
• Introduction to the VDSL/VDSL2 Technology
• Introduction to the Ultra-Broadband Technology

Foreword !
• xDSL is widely used in the current broadband network.

• What xDSL technologies are there?
• How are they implemented?
• What are the differences between them?

DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) Standard
Related international organizations:
⚫ T1E1 Committee: responsible for network interfaces, power, and protection DSL standards:
G.991.1 First Generation HDSL Standards
G.991.2 Second Generation HDSL Standard (HDSL2 or SDSL)
⚫ T1E1.4 Work Team: Responsible for the standardization of DSL access
G.992.1 Full-rate ADSL Standard (G.dmt)
G.992.2 ADSL Standard Without Splitter (G.lite)
G.993 Future standard with VDSL.
G.994.1 DSL Handshake Process (G.hs)
G.995.1 DSL Overview
G.996.1 DSL Test Process (G.test)
G.997.1 DSL Physical Layer Maintenance Tool (G.oam)
⚫ TM6 Work Team: responsible for DSL access
standards

DSL Standard
G.991.1 first generation HDSL standard
G.991.2 second generation HDSL standard (HDSL2 or SDSL)
G.992.1 full-rate ADSL standard (G.dmt)
G.992.2 ADSL standard without splitter (G.lite)
G.993 is reserved future VDSL standard
G.994.1 DSL handshake process (G.hs)
G.995.1 DSL overview
G.996.1 DSL test process (G.test)
G.997.1 DSL physical layer maintenance tool (G.oam)
• G.992.1 Annex A —— ADSL over POTS

• The upstream and downstream spectrums are 25–138 kHz and 138–1104 kHz respectively. ADSLs of this type are
classified into non-overlap and overlap ADSLs and most commonly used.
• G.992.1 Annex B —— ADSL over ISDN
• Supports ISDN and ADSL on the same twisted pair.
• G.992.1 Annex C
• This is an ADSL in the G.961 (ISDN) crosstalk environment with time division duplex. It is mainly used in Japan.
• G.992.2: G.Lite or splitterless ADSL
• The upstream spectrum is the same as that of the Annex A. The downstream spectrum is 138–552 kHz. The upstream
and downstream transmission rates are 512 Kbps and 1536 Kbps respectively.
ADSL2 Standard
• The ADSL2 frequency band division is similar to the current ADSL (the upstream and downstream
frequency bands are both up to 1104 kHz). Theoretically, the maximum downstream rate can reach
12 Mbps and the maximum upstream rate can reach 1.2 Mbps.
• G.992.3
• ADSL2 is developed based on ADSL and has been established in June 2002.
• In G.992.3 Annex I and J, the support for the full digital loop mode is added.
• The Annex I is applicable to the scenario where the adjacent route pair is POTS,
• and the Annex J is applicable to the scenario where the adjacent route pair is ISDN.
• G.992.3 Annex L is the so-called long distance ADSL2 or READSL2.
• G.992.5
• Based on ADSL2, ADSL2+ extends the downstream frequency band from 1.104 MHz to 2.208
MHz, and the number of sub-bands increases from 256 to 512. Therefore, the downstream
rate increases greatly.

VDSL2 Standard (G.993.2)
• The G.993.2 (VDSL2) transmission standard, as the ultimate DSL technology, is based on the Discrete
Multi-tone Modulation (DMT) technology.
• In this standard, the ADSL2+ technology is used to provide long-distance transmission, and the
maximum data transmission rate of VDSL is enhanced from 70/30 Mbps to symmetric 100 Mbps.
• To achieve such a high transmission rate in a range of 350 meters, the spectrum of VDSL2 has increased
from 12 MHz to 30 MHz. In addition, the transmission power has increased to 20 dBm to meet the
requirements for medium-and high-ring transmission.

Contents
• xDSL Technology Standard

xDSL Technology Development
Mid-1970s Late 1980s Early 1990s Late 1990s Early years of 21st century
Time
ISDN HDSL ADSL VDSL ADSL2+ VDSL2
xDSL technology

DSL Performance Summary
Maximum
transmission Wire
xDSL technology Symmetry Transmission rate POTS
pair
Distance (km)
Maximum downstream rate: 8 Mbps Maximum
ADSL Asymmetric 5 1 Supported
upstream rate: 640 Kbps

ADSL2+ Asymmetric 5 1 Supported
upstream rate: 1.5 Mbps
Symmetric / Maximum downstream rate: 52 Mbps,

VDSL 1.5 1 Supported
Asymmetric Maximum upstream rate: 26 Mbps
Symmetric/Asym Maximum upstream and downstream rates: 100

VDSL2 1 1 Supported
metric Mbit/s
Vectoring 1 1 Supported
metric Mbit/s
Symmetric/Asym
G.fast Maximum rate: 1 Gbit/s 0.25 1 Supported
metric

Internet
PSTN
ATU-R Splitter
Twisted-pair
Splitter ATU-C

DSL Equipment
ADSL uses two pieces of equipment,
one on the customer end and one at
the Internet service provider,
telephone company or other
provider of DSL services.
At the customer's location there is a
DSL transceiver, which may also
provide other services.
The DSL service provider has a DSL
Access Multiplexer (DSLAM) to
receive customer connections.

DSL Equipment
• "DSL modem" The engineers at the telephone company or ISP call it an ATU-R.
• The DSLAM at the access provider is the equipment that really allows DSL to happen.
• A DSLAM takes connections from many customers and aggregates them onto a single high-
capacity connection to the Internet.
• DSLAMs are generally flexible and able to support multiple types of DSL in a single central office,
and different varieties of protocol and modulation -- both CAP and DMT, for example -- in the
same type of DSL.
• In addition, the DSLAM may provide additional functions including routing or dynamic IP
address assignment for the customers.
• ADSL provides a dedicated connection from each user back to the DSLAM, meaning that users
won't see a performance decrease as new users are added, until the total number of users begins
to saturate the single high-speed connection to the Internet.
• At that point, an upgrade by the service provider can provide additional performance for all the
users connected to the DSLAM.

15
16
xDSL Bearing/Separation Data and Voice Services
Common voice signals ADSL signals
0-4 kHz 26 kHz
Voice
Voice
Low-pass filter Twisted-pair cable Low-pass filter PSTN
Data
Data
High-pass filter High-pass filter Internet
Splitter at the user end CO splitter

Modem DSLAM

ATU-C
POTS Switch

❑ The xDSL technology can transmit data signals and traditional analog voice signals (except SHDSL) on the same twisted pair.
❑ In ADSL, data and voice must be transmitted on separate frequency bands.
❑ The preceding two types of DSL technologies, ADSL and SHDSL, have a maximum transmission rate of 8 Mbps.
❑ ADSL uses a frequency band higher than 30 kHz, whereas common voice signals are in a frequency band lower than 4 kHz.
❑ The voice and data signals are filtered by a splitter at the subscriber side and then transmitted on the same twisted pair in
different frequency bands.
❑ Each subscriber-side splitter maps a CO-side splitter which separates the voice/data mixed signals transmitted on the
twisted pair.
❑ A splitter consists of a 3-port “Input/low-pass/high-pass filter group”.
❑ The low-pass filter can filter allows only low-frequency voice signals to pass and suppresses the interference from data
signals.
❑ The high-pass filter allows only high-frequency data signals to pass and suppresses the interference from voice signals.
❑ A CO-side splitter also consists of a 3-port “Input/low-pass/high-pass filter group” in which the high-pass filter separates
data signals while the low-pass filter separates voice signals.
❑ After separation, voice signals are transmitted through the PSTN network, and data signals are transmitted through a
dedicated high-speed data exchange network.
❑ In this way, data transmission is not restricted by the PSTN system, and can reach a rate much greater than 64 Kbps.
G.dmt Standard ADSL System Composition
In the ITU G.dmt standard, the maximum downstream and upstream transmission
rates are 6.144 Mbps and 640 Kbps respectively. Internet
PSTN ADSL
Voice DSLAM
Splitter
Twisted pair
Splitter
ATU-C
ATU-R
ATU-C refers to the ADSL CO modem
modem at the ADSL subscriber side
ATU-C (ADSL Transceiver Unit - Central Office) in which the data will be converted into analog signals.
The analog signals are then carried with POTS signals to remote end. ATU-C also receives and decodes data
coming from customers premises send by ATU-R (remote).

G.Lite Standard ADSL System Composition “splitter less”
• Due to the influence of the interference, the transmission rate of the G.lite is much lower than that of the G.dmt.
• In the G.lite standard, the maximum downstream and upstream transmission rates are 1.536 Mbps and 512 Kbps
respectively.
• It can be seen that the downstream transmission rate of the G.lite ADSL is greatly reduced.
PSTN Interne t
ATU-R
G.Dmt
CO side
splitter
POTS
ADSL modem splitter
ATU-R ATU-C
Telephone line
G.lite
ADSL Modem
G.lite standard ADSL system structure

ADSL Modulation Technology
• Common modulation methods used in DSL products:
• Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM)
• No carrier amplitude/phase modulation (CAP)
• Discrete multiTone (DMT)
QAM: quadrature amplitude
modulation
DMT: discrete multiband
modulation

Splitting the Signal: CAP
• There are two competing and incompatible standards for ADSL.
• The official ANSI standard for ADSL is a system called discrete multitone, or DMT. A
• ccording to equipment manufacturers, most of the ADSL equipment installed today uses DMT.
• An earlier and more easily implemented standard was the carrierless amplitude/phase (CAP) system, which
was used on many of the early installations of ADSL.
• CAP operates by dividing the signals on the telephone line into three distinct bands:
1. Voice conversations are carried in the 0 to 4 KHz (kilohertz) band, as they are in all POTS circuits
2. The upstream channel (from the user back to the server) is carried in a band between 25 and 160 KHz.
3. The downstream channel (from the server to the user) begins at 240 KHz ),and goes up to a point that
varies depending on a number of conditions (line length, line noise, number of users in a particular
telephone company switch) but has a maximum of about 1.5 MHz (megahertz).
• This system, with the three channels widely separated, minimizes the possibility of interference between the
channels on one line, or between the signals on different lines.

Splitting the Signal: DMT
• DMT also divides signals into separate channels, but doesn't use two
fairly broad channels for upstream and downstream data.
• Instead, DMT divides the data into 247 separate channels, each 4 KHz
wide.
• One way to think about it is to imagine that the phone company
divides your copper line into 247 different 4-KHz lines and then
attaches a modem to each one.

28
ADSL Frequency bands “Splitting the Signal: DMT”
In ADSL DMT-systems the downstream channels are divided into 256 ,4-kHz-wide tones.
The upstream channels are divided into 32 sub channels.
Upstream data transfer frequencies range from 25 kHz to 138 kHz, whereas downstream data
transfer frequencies range from 139 kHz to 1.1 MHz
Note:
Guard bands divide the three frequency bands. Each tone has a bandwidth of 4 kHz and a spacing of 4.3 kHz; each
supporting a maximum number of 15 bits, as limited by its signal-to-noise ratio. Since the tones in higher frequencies
are more susceptible to attenuation and noise, higher frequencies

ADSL, ADSL2, and ADSL2+ spectrum distribution
• ADSL2 is developed based on ADSL and has been established in June 2002 (G.992.3).
• The ADSL2 frequency band division is similar to the current ADSL (the upstream and downstream frequency
bands are both up to 1104 kHz). Theoretically, the maximum downstream rate can reach 12 Mbps and the
maximum upstream rate can reach 1.2 Mbps.
POTS UPSTREAM DOWNSTREAM

ADSL2+
ADSL2
0.14MHZ 1.1MHZ 2.2MHZ

Comparison Between ADSL2+ and ADSL
• The ADSL2+ provides a higher rate for subscribers in a short loop within 2.5 km.
• The ADSL2 standard adopts an enhanced modulation mode, which can better reduce the impact of line noise on
signals, obtain higher line encoding gain, and increase the connection rate.
• ADSL2 uses variable overhead bits with an overhead rate of 4–32 Kbps while the ADSL overhead rate is fixed at 32
Kbps.
• It can be considered that ADSL2 increases the speed by 50 Kbps and transmission distance by 200 m compared
with ADSL (6% greater coverage area).
• The ADSL2 standard requires the line noise and signal attenuation of each carrier in DMT mode to be tested to
determine whether ADSL services can be provisioned on the line. It also requires real-time monitoring over ADSL
connections.
• The ADSL2 standard implements traffic-based power control. When a large amount of data needs to be
transmitted, for example, during large file download, the line power increases to the standard ADSL power level
L0. When a small amount of data or no data needs to be transmitted, for example, during web pages browsing,
the power decreases to L2 and L3 specified in the ADSL2 power levels. Decreasing the line power can effectively
reduce the crosstalk between line pairs.

Contents
• xDSL Technology Overview

VDSL Overview
• VDSL which is short for very high speed digital subscriber line is a new generation of high-speed DSL technology.
• VDSL provides various transmission rates and multiple working modes, including symmetric and asymmetric transmission, to
meet the requirements of different customers.
• Because the transmission rate of VDSL is high, the twisted pairs used in VDSL are shorter, usually from 300 m to 1 km. The
length of the twisted pairs is inversely proportional to the transmission rate.
• Compared with ADSL, VDSL uses a higher frequency band than PSTN and ISDN frequencies on twisted pairs. Therefore, VDSL
is compatible with existing traditional telephone services as well as ISDN services.
• The basic working principles of VDSL are similar to that of ADSL. also uses passive filters as signal splitters to support voice
and ISDN transmission.
• VDSL is a video and data transmission technology over the voice frequency band. It provides multiple working modes and
can transmit data at a high rate within a short distance.
• This technology enables telecom operators to use existing twisted pairs to transmit broadband services, such as VoD and
high-speed Internet access.
• Currently, the internationally recognized VDSL system complies with the American standard formulated by T1E1.4 and
European standard formulated by of ESTI TM6. Both standards adopt the G.998 standard and DMT/CAP modulation modes.
The difference is that the American standard adopts the G.998 standard for baseband planning to provide a highest rate of
22 Mbps, while the European standard adopts the G.998 standard for baseband planning to provide a highest rate of 14
Mbps.

VDSL Overview
• Features of the VDSL technology:
• Very high bit rate digital subscriber line
• The transmission rate reaches 52 Mbps it is the max when distance = 300 m.
• Symmetric and asymmetric
• Transmission distance: 300 m to 1.5 km
• Compatible with traditional voice and ISDN services
American standards formulated by European standards formulated by the TM6

T1E1.4 team of ESTI
The frequency band adopts the G.998 The frequency band adopts the G.997
standard, with a maximum rate of 22 DMT and CAP modulation standard with a maximum rate of 14
Mbps. Mbps.

Relationship Between the VDSL Rates and Distances Defined by the ITU
• Although the transmission rate of VDSL is high, the transmission

distance is far less than that of ADSL.
Rate
Downstream Rate (Mbps) Upstream Rate (Mbps) Distance (m)
Distance
Asymmetric–short distance 52 6.4 300
Asymmetric–medium distance 26 3.2 1000
Asymmetric–long distance 13 1.6 1500
Symmetric–short distance 26 26 300
Symmetric–medium distance 13 13 1000
Symmetric–long distance 6.5 6.5 1500

VDSL Network Structure
Broadband Network
Remote DSLAMs in the Outside Plant
Upstream
Downstream
PSTN

43
Advantages of VDSL2
• The rate can reach 10 times the average ADSL rate, and the maximum rate can reach 100
Mbps at 0 distance, effectively supporting triple play of video, Internet, and voice services.
• VDSL2 not only has the long-distance transmission capability of the ADSL2+ technology,
but also increases the data transmission rate of the VDSL from 70 Mbps (downstream) /30
Mbps (upstream) to 100 Mbps (downstream) /100 Mbps (upstream).
• To achieve such a high transmission rate within 350 meters.
• The working frequency of VDSL2 is increased from 12 MHz to 30 MHz.
• To meet the access requirements of medium and long distance loops, the transmit power
of VDSL2 is increased to 20 dBm, and the echo cancellation technology is also specified, so
that the transmission performance is similar to that of ADSL in long-distance transmission
scenarios.

Take VDSL2 access as an example.
Generally, an access device is installed in
an indoor cabinet placed in a central
office (CO) equipment room together
with PSTN switches or softswitch access
gateways, and transmits data upstream
to a switch in GE/10GE mode.
Then, the twisted pairs are connected to
copper terminals in users’ homes
through devices such as splice boxes.
The transmission distance of twisted
pairs is about 1000 m.
A single access device can connect to a
maximum of 1024 users.

45
46
47
DSL Performance Summary
Maximum
transmission Wire
xDSL technology Symmetry Transmission rate POTS
pair
Distance (km)
ADSL Asymmetric 5 1 Supported
upstream rate: 640 Kbps

ADSL2+ Asymmetric 5 1 Supported
upstream rate: 1.5 Mbps
Symmetric / Maximum downstream rate: 52 Mbps,

VDSL 1.5 1 Supported
Asymmetric Maximum upstream rate: 26 Mbps

VDSL2 1 1 Supported
metric Mbit/s
Vectoring 1 1 Supported
metric Mbit/s
Symmetric/Asym
G.fast Maximum rate: 1 Gbit/s 0.25 1 Supported
metric

Introduction to the
Ultra-Broadband Technology
(Vectoring, G.fast)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EuK3Oe4CROg&list=PL_smt23dmW2zqlnwLHx-T79S-
6VEazOcD&index=10

Telecommunication Applications
available over Access Networks

Bandwidth requirements Triple Play Services

Current Bandwidth Usage Worldwide

DSL Technology Revolution

Crosstalk: VDSL2 Bandwidth Killer
• Crosstalk: interference caused by the coupling of signals in DSL line pairs.
• Near-end crosstalk (NEXT): interference between upstream and downstream channels at the same end
• Far-end crosstalk (FEXT): interference between upstream and downstream channels at different ends
CPE
DSLAM
NEXT FEXT FEXT NEXT
CPE
Crosstalk can cause the VDSL2 rate to decrease by 40%–60%.

How to Eliminate Crosstalk
• NEXT: Because the upstream and downstream frequency bands of the VDSL2 are
different, near-end crosstalk is separated from normal signals by frequency bands
and can be eliminated or greatly reduced by using a filter.
• FEXT: FEXT occurs between upstream signals or between downstream signals, and
is in the same frequency band as normal signals. Therefore, FEXT cannot be
eliminated by using a filter.
• To reduce FEXT, ITU-T proposed the vectoring technology standard G.993.5.

Vectoring Implementation Principle
• Vectoring improves the VDSL2 rate by eliminating crosstalk.
• Obtain the crosstalk information on the line through the cooperation of CO devices and terminals, and calculate the
crosstalk cancellation scheme accordingly.
Transmit signal Crosstalk

+ →
VDSL2 Received signal
Transmit signal Reverse crosstalk

+
Crosstalk
+ →
Processed signal Received signal
Vectoring

Vectoring Acceleration Effect
• The highest rate supported by vectoring is the rate of VDSL2 single-wire pairs in an
environment without crosstalk.
Copper Line Distance Vectoring Downstream

VDSL2 Downstream Rate
0.5 mm Diameter 0.4 mm Diameter Rate
300 m 250 m 120 Mbps 75 Mbps
600 m 500 m 100 Mbps 60 Mbps
1000 m 800 m 60 Mbps 40 Mbps
1200 m 1000 m 40 Mbps 30 Mbps
◼ The effective distance of vectoring is within 1.5 km, and the rate improvement in the 300–800 m range is the most obvious.
◼ Vectoring can increase the rate by 50%–90% on the basis of VDSL2, reaching 90%–95% of the theoretical VDSL2 rate.

G.fast Application Scenarios
As the spectrum width increases, crosstalk between copper lines increases sharply, and the transmission distance
becomes shorter. In the initial phase, the voice signals carried by copper lines are 64 kHz low-frequency signals and
support a transmission distance up to 5 km.
At present, the fastest G.fast access technology uses frequency up to 106 MHz and supports the highest rate of 1000
Mbps, with a typical transmission distance shortened to about 100 m.
G.fast (also called Giga DSL) achieves the FTTH access rate using existing copper lines, bringing copper access into the
"gigabit era".
• Fiber to the door (FTTD)
• Fiber to the distribution point (FTTDp)
• Fiber to the building (FTTB)
G.fast applies to the following scenarios:

• FTTD, FTTDp, and FTTB where the fiber length to end subscribers is usually less than 200 m
• The twisted pair at the drop cable section can be reused to avoid complex fiber routing and greatly reduce the network
deployment cost.
• Provides services for generally no more than 50 subscribers.
• Device installation is complex, and onsite power supply is difficult to acquire, requiring low power consumption devices to
support some special power modes, such as remote power supply or PoE.
• The installation environment, such as electric poles, corridors, and manholes, demands high environment adaptability and less
maintenance. Generally, remote maintenance needs to be supported.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7eGSAs7hcY8&list=PL_smt23dmW2zqlnwLHx-T79S-
6VEazOcD&index=2

Technical Application Comparison
VDSL2 Vectoring G.fast
• Applies to large, medium, and • Applies to small and medium sites, • Applicable to small sites, such as
small sites, such as CO DSLAM, such as FTTC/B/D. FTTB/D.
and FTTC/B/D. • Provides 50–100 Mbps bandwidth • Provides ultra-high bandwidth
• The technology is mature and the for different distances. (500 Mbps to 1 Gbps), which is
cost is low. • The cost is about 10–30% higher comparable to FTTH.
• Provides 20–80 Mbps bandwidth than that of the VDSL2 equipment. • Devices are more expensive than
for different distances. FTTH devices, but the labor cost is
lower than that of FTTH devices.
• The cost is much higher than that
of vectoring and VDSL2.

Longer fiber, shorter copper ➔ higher speeds

1/20/2021 1:17 PM 61
Multiple choice with more than one correct answer
Which of the following statements about the copper line access are correct?
A, The longer the transmission distance, the higher the transmission rate.
B, The longer the transmission distance, the lower the transmission rate.
C, Mainstream copper line access technologies include: VDSL2, Vectoring, SuperVector, and G.fast
D, The G.fast technology provides an access rate up to 1 Gbps within 100 meters.
E, Currently, the G.fast technology provides the highest transmission rate.

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Optical Distribution Networks (FTTH)

Digital Egypt Youth Training Program

National Telecommunication Institute ‫المعهد القومي لالتصاالت‬

National Telecommunication Institute ‫المعهد القومي لالتصاالت‬

“Copper Line Access

National Telecommunication Institute ‫المعهد القومي لالتصاالت‬

National Telecommunication Institute ‫المعهد القومي لالتصاالت‬

• xDSL is widely used in the current broadband network.

National Telecommunication Institute ‫المعهد القومي لالتصاالت‬

National Telecommunication Institute ‫المعهد القومي لالتصاالت‬

• G.992.1 Annex A —— ADSL over POTS

National Telecommunication Institute ‫المعهد القومي لالتصاالت‬

National Telecommunication Institute ‫المعهد القومي لالتصاالت‬

National Telecommunication Institute ‫المعهد القومي لالتصاالت‬

ISDN HDSL ADSL VDSL ADSL2+ VDSL2

National Telecommunication Institute ‫المعهد القومي لالتصاالت‬

Maximum downstream rate: 24 Mbps Maximum

Symmetric / Maximum downstream rate: 52 Mbps,

Symmetric/Asym Maximum upstream and downstream rates: 100

National Telecommunication Institute ‫المعهد القومي لالتصاالت‬

National Telecommunication Institute ‫المعهد القومي لالتصاالت‬

National Telecommunication Institute ‫المعهد القومي لالتصاالت‬

National Telecommunication Institute ‫المعهد القومي لالتصاالت‬

Common voice signals ADSL signals

0-4 kHz 26 kHz

Splitter at the user end CO splitter

National Telecommunication Institute ‫المعهد القومي لالتصاالت‬

National Telecommunication Institute ‫المعهد القومي لالتصاالت‬

National Telecommunication Institute ‫المعهد القومي لالتصاالت‬

National Telecommunication Institute ‫المعهد القومي لالتصاالت‬

National Telecommunication Institute ‫المعهد القومي لالتصاالت‬

National Telecommunication Institute ‫المعهد القومي لالتصاالت‬

National Telecommunication Institute ‫المعهد القومي لالتصاالت‬

National Telecommunication Institute ‫المعهد القومي لالتصاالت‬

POTS UPSTREAM DOWNSTREAM

0.14MHZ 1.1MHZ 2.2MHZ

National Telecommunication Institute ‫المعهد القومي لالتصاالت‬

National Telecommunication Institute ‫المعهد القومي لالتصاالت‬

National Telecommunication Institute ‫المعهد القومي لالتصاالت‬

National Telecommunication Institute ‫المعهد القومي لالتصاالت‬

American standards formulated by European standards formulated by the TM6

National Telecommunication Institute ‫المعهد القومي لالتصاالت‬

• Although the transmission rate of VDSL is high, the transmission

Asymmetric–short distance 52 6.4 300

Asymmetric–medium distance 26 3.2 1000

Asymmetric–long distance 13 1.6 1500

Symmetric–short distance 26 26 300

Symmetric–medium distance 13 13 1000

Symmetric–long distance 6.5 6.5 1500

National Telecommunication Institute ‫المعهد القومي لالتصاالت‬

Remote DSLAMs in the Outside Plant

National Telecommunication Institute ‫المعهد القومي لالتصاالت‬

National Telecommunication Institute ‫المعهد القومي لالتصاالت‬

National Telecommunication Institute ‫المعهد القومي لالتصاالت‬

Maximum downstream rate: 24 Mbps Maximum

Symmetric / Maximum downstream rate: 52 Mbps,

Symmetric/Asym Maximum upstream and downstream rates: 100