• Chemical reaction always involve energy.

• Energy is one of the most important aspects of chemistry.

• Study of the energy changes taking place during chemical reactions and physical processes
reactions is called THERMOCHEMISTRY

Lesson 1.1 System and surroundings

• Part where we focus our study is called system and everything surrounds it is called
surroundings
• In chemical reactions; system are reactants and the container and everything beyond it is
the surroundings.
• 2 types of exchange that can take place between system and surroundings:
- Energy exchange (heat, friction, work, etc.)
- Matter exchange (movement of molecules across boundary of the system and the surroundings)
• Open system- exchange of matter and energy
• Close system- exchange of energy but no exchange of matter
• Isolated- no exchange of energy and matter
• Transfer of energy: exothermic(heat us)- heat comes from system (freezing, condensation,
deposition) while endothermic- heat comes from surroundings (fusion, vaporization,
sublimation)

Lesson 1.2 Heat and Temperature

• Heat is a form of energy

- Natural flow of heat- from higher temp. to lower temp. until the regions reach the same
temperature. Lower temp to higher temp. (requires energy.)
• Temperature- measure of the average kinetic energies of the atoms and molecules of a
substance indicates the direction of the flow of heat.

Lesson 1.2 Introduction to thermodynamics

• Thermo-heat and dynamics- patterns of change

• Type of chemical reaction: spontaneous- occurs by itself without outside assistance, non-
spontaneous.
• Thermodynamic processes: reversible, irreversible (cannot be reverse, spontaneous process)
Lesson 1.4 first law of thermodynamics

• Energy can nether be created nor destroyed but only converted from one form to another.
• Energy of system called internal energy (U)
• Internal energy is heat exchanged between system and surroundings plus work done on the
system or by the system

Formula:

▲U system = U final- U initial

▲U system = q + w

(+)q-endothermic reaction, (-)w- work done by the system

Lesson 1.5 Thermochemical Equations and Enthalpy Change

• Constant volume- heat flow is = ▲U, constant pressure- heat flow = ▲H

Formula:

If work is done on the surroundings

▲U= q – P▲V (constant volume)

▲H = ▲U + ▲(PV)

Since ▲U = q- P▲V then,

▲ H= ( q - P▲V) + ▲(PV)

▲H = q – P▲V + P▲V (constant pressure)

Lesson 1.6 Hess’ law

Lesson 1.7 Calorimetry

• Study of the measurement of heat flow (or heat exchange)

Heat capacity (C)= mc

Specific heat c

m-mass in grams

q = mc▲T or q=C▲T (if temperature change)

A. coffee-cup calorimeter (constant pressure)- heat is absorbed by water

• If ▲H is positive then qwater is negative

4.184J/g•°c = specific heat of water

▲H = -q water = -(masswater x 4.184J/g•°C x ▲Twater)

B. bomb-calorimeter (constant volume)- heat absorbed by water and metal

Qsys = qcal + qrxn = 0 qcal- heat change for calorimeter

Qrxn - -qcal qrxn- heat change for the reaction

Qcal = Ccal▲T Ccal- heat capacity of the caloriemeter

-qrxn = (qbomb + qwater)

-qrxn = (Cbomb▲T) + (Cwater▲T)

-qrxn = (Cbomb▲T) + (masswater x specific heatwater x ▲T))

-qrxn = ((Cbomb + (masswater x specific heatwater)) x ▲T

𝑞𝑟𝑥𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
▲H°rxn = 𝑥
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑓𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 1𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑓𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

Lesson 1.8 Standard enthalphy of formation ▲H°f

▲H°RXN = Σn▲H°r(products) – Σn▲H°f(reactants)

Constant pressure:

▲U = qp -p▲V

▲H = qp -p▲V +p▲V

For ideal gasses:

▲n = coefficient of gaseous products – coefficient of gaseous reactants

▲H = ▲U + ▲nRT

▲U = ▲H – ▲nRT

Lesson 1.9 second law of thermodynamics

• Focuses on the direction of energy flow

• States that it is not possible for heat to flow from colder body to hotter body without any
work having been done to accomplish this flow.
• Entropy (S)
• Entropy in spontaneous process- increases
• Entropy in equilibrium process- remain unchanged

▲Suniverse = ▲Ssystem + ▲Ssurroundings

(▲Ssys)

1. Entropy changes in the system (▲Ssys)

▲S°rxn = ΣnS°(products) – ΣnS°(reactants)

2. Entropy changes in surroundings (▲Ssurr)

𝐻𝑠𝑦𝑠
▲Ssurr = − ▲
𝑇

3. Entropy of the universe (▲Suniv)

• ▲Suniv is positive; spontaneous at 25°C

▲Suniv = ▲Ssys + ▲Ssurr

Lesson 1.10 Gibbs free energy (G)

G = H – TS

Change in gibbs free energy (▲G) at constant temperature

▲G = ▲H – T▲S

At constant temperature and pressure

• Forward reaction; spontaneous. ▲G is (-) favours product formation at equilibrium

(large value of Keq)
• Reverse reaction; spontaneous, ▲G is (+) favours reactant formation at equilibrium
(small value of Keq)
• System is at equilibrium if ▲G is 0

STANDARD GIBBS FREE ENERGY, ▲G°

▲Grxn = Σn▲G°f(products) – Σn▲G°f(reactants)

Lesson 1.11 gibbs free energy and equilibrium

R= 8.314 J/K-mol

T= absolute temperature

K= equilibrium constant

▲G = -RT In k

EXAMPLE OF SOLUTIONS:
INTERNAL ENERGY (LESSON 1.4)
HESS’ LAW (1.6)
CALORIMETRY (1.7)
COFFEE-CUP
BOMB CALORIMETER
LESSON 1.8 STANDARD ENTHALPHY OF FORMATION ▲H°F

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ▲U AND ▲H

GIBBS FREE ENERGY ▲G°F

LESSON 1.9 TO 1.10

GIBBS FREE ENERGY AND EQULIBIRUM (LESSON 1.11)