University department of Biotechnology

Assignment no.2
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY (BTM-401)

Submitted To
Most Respectable,
Dr. Kumar Anand
Teacher‟s Submitted By
signature__________________
Shrawan kumar
Roll -17
Semester 4th

UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY

VINOBA BHAVE UNIVERSITY, HAZARIBAGH (JHARKHAND)
SESSION 2018-2020
 Contents

Summary .................................................................................................................................... 1
1.0 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 2
2.0 Research .......................................................................................................................... 3
3.0 Two main types of Research ........................................................................................... 3
4.0 Research Plan .................................................................................................................. 6
5.0 Component of research plan ........................................................................................... 9
5.1 Title Page................................................................................................................... 10
5.2 Abstract ..................................................................................................................... 11
5.3 Table of Contents ...................................................................................................... 11
5.4 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 11
5.5 Literature review ....................................................................................................... 11
5.6 Methods ..................................................................................................................... 12
5.7 Budget ....................................................................................................................... 15
5.8 Timeline .................................................................................................................... 15
5.9 Bibliography .............................................................................................................. 16
5.10 Appendix ................................................................................................................... 16
Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 16
Reference ................................................................................................................................. 17
 Summary
This chapter discusses the research plan and its component of the present study. The purpose
of this chapter is to design the methodology of the research approach through mixed types of
research techniques. In this chapter, there is a brief introduction of research and research
types and trying to focus on main contents that is research plan and its components. It
includes three main parts. The first part gives a highlight about the research definition and its
type. The second part discusses about research plan and importance of research plan. The last
part illustrates the general research framework that includes the component of research plan.
It also highlights the steps involved in development of research plan in tabular form. The
purpose of this section is to indicate how the research plan is develop throughout the study
periods.

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1.0 Introduction
Research is a systematic problem analysis, model building and fact finding for the purpose of
important decision - making and control for the process of study undertaken. It is a well-
planned, systematic process which implies that it needs planning at all the stages. It uses
scientific methods. It is an objective process as it attempts to provide accurate authentic
information. It is sometimes defined as the application of scientific methods in the solution of
problems.

A broad definition of research is propounded by Martyn Shuttle worth. According to him,

“In the broadest sense of the word, or includes gathering of data, information and facts for the
advancement of knowledge”.

Another definition of research is given by Creswell, who states that, “Research is a process of
steps used to collect and analyse information to increase our understanding of a topic or
issue”. It consists of three steps:

(i) Pose a question.

(ii) Collect data to answer the question.

(iii) Present an answer to the question.

According to the predetermined objectives of a study, a researcher has to plan the entire
process of study in terms of research plan and design suited to the study in order to
accomplish the purpose of the study. A plan is typically any diagram or list of steps with
timing and resources, used to achieve an objective. It is commonly understood as a temporal
set of intended actions through which one expects to achieve a goal.

Planning (also called forethought) is the process of thinking about and organizing the
activities required to achieve a desired goal. It is thought essential to the creation,
maintenance and refinement of a plan, or integration of it with other plans. It combines
forecasting of developments with the preparation of scenarios of how to react to them and
ensure finding of the end results. In other words, planning and the process of organizing
activities in a research project are known as Research Plan and Procedure.

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2.0 Research
Research is a logical and systematic search for new and useful information on a particular
topic. Research is important both in scientific and non-scientific fields. In our life new
problems, events, phenomena and processes occur every day. Practically, implementable
solutions and suggestions are required for tackling new problems that arise. Scientists have to
undertake research on them and find their causes, solutions, explanations and applications.

3.0 Two main types of Research

Pure research is carried out to generate new human knowledge. To uncover new facts or
fundamental principles you need pure research. The researcher wants to advance in a specific
field, for example, neuroscience, by answering a specific question, such as “Why do humans
sleep?” Pure research is based on experimentation and observation. The results of your
research are published in peer-reviewed journals. This is science. Rigorous standards and
methodologies exist to preserve objectivity and ensure the credibility of conclusions. (Things
get squishy when corporations fund ostensibly pure research, as they frequently do.)

Applied research borrows ideas and techniques from pure research to serve a specific real-
world goal. Goals are like creating a super soldier or improving the quality of hospital care or
finding new ways to market any product. While ethics are as important, and methods can be
more relaxed. By this, I meant changing the questions you ask while doing a study, or making
the most of an imperfect sample group because you‟re tight on time. Your research is
successful only to the extent that it adds to the stated goal. As with pure research, sometimes
you accidentally discover something valuable you weren‟t even looking for, and that‟s a
fantastic bonus.

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 Figure 1.0 showing flow chart of types of research

Generative vs. exploratory research

This is the research you do before we know what we are doing. This research leads to ideas
and helps in defining the problem. Generative research includes interviews, reviewing
existing literature, and field observation,

Exploratory research, as the name says, intends to explore the research questions. It does not
make to give conclusive or final solutions for the existing problems. Exploratory research is
conducted with an aim to study a problem that does not have any solution yet. It never gives
you the final or conclusive answers to your research questions. But it explores the research
topic on different levels. It has been seen that exploratory research is an initial stage of
research. Exploratory research provides a basis of conclusive research. It will help in making
of research design, sampling methodology and data collection method. Exploratory research
tackles new problems on which no research has been done.

Descriptive vs. Analytical

Descriptive research consists of surveys and fact-finding inquiries of various kinds. The
major reason to carry out descriptive research is describing the state of affairs as it exists at
present. When we do descriptive result in social science and business research, we use the

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term Ex post facto research for descriptive research work. The main feature of this method is
that the researcher doesn‟t have control over the variables; he can only report things like what
has happened or what is happening.

Most of the ex post facto research projects are made for descriptive studies. In these studies,
the researcher seeks to measure items. Examples are; frequency of shopping, preferences of
people, or similar data. Ex post facto studies also count attempts by researchers to discover
causes, even when controlling variables is out of their hands. The methods of research use for
descriptive research are survey methods of every kind. It includes comparative and co-
relational methods. Whereas, in analytical research, use facts or already available
information. He critically evaluates and analyses the material.

Applied vs. Fundamental

Research can be of two types. One is applied (or action) research. Second is fundamental (to
basic or pure) research. Applied research works by finding a solution for an immediate
problem. These problems are faced by society or by industry whereas fundamental research is
primarily concerned with the formulation of a theory. “Gathering knowledge for knowledge‟s
sake is termed „pure‟ or „basic‟ research.” Research which is more concerned with a natural
phenomenon or relating to pure mathematics is fundamental research. Those research studies
which are based on human behavior are also examples of fundamental research.

But applied research is based at conclusions. These conclusions are facing a concrete social
or business problem. Applied research is to identify social, economic or political trends.
These trends may affect a particular institution or copy research or marketing research. Thus,
the basic aim of applied research is to find a solution to practical problems. Fundamental
research is for finding information that has a broad base of applications. It is an add-on to the
already existing scientific knowledge.

Quantitative vs. Qualitative

Quantitative research is recognized by its name. It is the measurement of quantity or amount.

It is applicable to all things which we can measure in terms of quantity. Qualitative research
is simply means quality. Something related to or involving quality or kind is qualitative
research. For example, If we investigate the reason behind human behaviour. This type of
research is to discover underlying motives and desires, using in-depth interviews for the

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purpose. Other techniques of such research are sentence completion tests, word association
tests, story completion tests.

Attitude or opinion research is also an example of kinds of qualitative research. Other

examples are how people feel about a particular institution. Behavioural science has an
important place for qualitative research. The aim of this research type is to discover the
motives of human behaviour. Through these researches, we can analyse the factors affecting
behaviour. This will further help in to motivate people to behave in a proper manner.

Conceptual research vs. Empirical research

Conceptual research is related to some abstract ideas or theory. It is mostly used by thinkers
and philosophers to develop new concepts or to reinterpret existing ones. On the other hand,
empirical research relies on experience or observation alone, often without due regard for
system and theory. It is data-based research, coming up with conclusions which are capable
of being verified by observation or experiment.

We can also call it as an experimental type of research; in such research, it is necessary to get
the facts first, at their source, and actively to go about doing certain things to stimulate the
production of desired information. In such research, the researcher must first provide himself
with a working hypothesis or guess as to the probable results. He then works to get enough
facts (data) to prove or disprove his hypothesis. He then sets up experimental designs which
he thinks will manipulate the persons or the materials concerned so as to bring forth the
desired information.

Such research is thus characterized by the experimenter‟s control over the variables under
study and his deliberate manipulation of one of them to study its effects. Empirical research is
appropriate when the proof is sought that certain variables affect other variables in some way.
Evidence that is gathered through empirical studies or experiments is today considered to be
the most powerful support possible for a given hypothesis.

4.0 Research Plan

A research plan describes a research problem that is going to be investigated, the scope and
rationale of this investigation, the methods used during the investigation, the implementation
process and resources required to conduct the investigation. A research plan outlines the
entire purpose and implementation of a research project. Researchers write research plans for

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all types of research projects – those carried out based on research into written sources; others
may be on research conducted in the field, and still others on experiments carried out in
laboratories.
After identifying and defining the problem as also accomplishing the relating task, researcher
must arrange his ideas in order and write them in the form of an experimental plan or what
can be described as „Research Plan‟. This is essential especially for new researcher because
of the following:
(a) It helps him to organize his ideas in a form whereby it will be possible for him to look for
flaws and inadequacies, if any.
(b) It provides an inventory of what must be done and which materials have to be collected as
a preliminary step.
(c) It is a document that can be given to others for comment.
Research plan must contain the following items.
1. Research objective should be clearly stated in a line or two which tells exactly what it
is that the researcher expects to do.
2. The problem to be studied by researcher must be explicitly stated so that one may
know what information is to be obtained for solving the problem.
3. Each major concept which researcher wants to measure should be defined in
operational terms in context of the research project.
4. The plan should contain the method to be used in solving the problem. An overall
description of the approach to be adopted is usually given and assumptions, if any, of
the concerning method to be used are clearly mentioned in the research plan.
5. The plan must also state the details of the techniques to be adopted. For instance, if
interview method is to be used, an account of the nature of the contemplated interview
procedure should be given. Similarly, if tests are to be given, the conditions under
which they are to be administered should be specified along with the nature of
instruments to be used. If public records are to be consulted as sources of data, the fact
should be recorded in the research plan. Procedure for quantifying data should also be
written out in all details.
6. A clear mention of the population to be studied should be made. If the study happens
to be sample based, the research plan should state the sampling plan i.e., how the
sample is to be identified. The method of identifying the sample should be such that
generalisation from the sample to the original population is feasible.

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 7. The plan must also contain the methods to be used in processing the data. Statistical
and other methods to be used must be indicated in the plan. Such methods should not
be left until the data have been collected. This part of the plan may be reviewed by
experts in the field, for they can often suggest changes that result in substantial saving
of time and effort.
8. Results of pilot test, if any, should be reported. Time and cost budgets for the research
project should also be prepared and laid down in the plan itself.
Contents Question Steps Important elements
Problem study What is the problem  Select the problem  Problem identification
and why should it be  Prioritizing problems
studied?  Analyse the problem  Problem analysis
 Justification of the
 State the problem problem.

Availability of What information is  Review literature  Literature and other

information already available? available information

Hope & What do we hope to  Set objectives  General & specific

achieve achieve? objectives
 Formulate
hypothesis  Hypotheses, research
questions

Data & What additional data  Decide on research  Variables

information do we need to meet methodology
management our research  Types of study
objectives? How are
we going to collect  Datacollection
this information? techniques

 Sampling

 Planfor data
collection

 Planfor data
processing and
analysis

 Ethical consideration

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  Pre-test or pilot study

Work plan Who will do what,  Prepare work plan  Human resources
and when?
 Time-table

Resources What resources do  Prepare budget  Material

support and
we need to carry out equipment
the study? What
resources do we  Money
have?
Plan project How will the project  Plan for project  Management
be administered? management and
How will the utilization of results  Monitoring
utilization of results
be ensured?  Identification of
potential user‟s

Table 1.0 Showing development of research plan

5.0 Component of research plan

There is no single format for research plans. This is because every research project is
different. Different disciplines, donor agencies, and academic institutions all have various
forms and requirements. There are, however, several key components that must be included
in every research plan. The specific research problem will dictate what other sections are
required.

Although the format of a research plan may vary by the type of research, this section
describes the key components of a research proposal. However, ensure that you review and
follow the guidelines prescribed by your institution/organization carefully, as not doing so
can imply a rejection of your proposal. Also, note that different institutions may label
components differently – for example, some people refer to the Introduction section as the
background section. Beware of this as you review your institution‟s guidelines, or read
additional resources in books or on the internet. Some institutions also have fixed page
number requirements – make sure you follow these.

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5.1 Title Page

The title page must have the following information:

Personal details: Your name, your academic title or designation, date of submission, the name
of your supervisor (if any), name of your university/institution (if any) and the name of the
organization/entity to whom you are submitting the proposal. Title of the study: The title
should be concise, relevant, and descriptive of the major focus of the study. By reading the
title one should get a clear idea about what and who are studied. An effective title not only
catches the reader's interest, but also predisposes him/her favourably towards the proposal.
Since the title reflects the nature of your entire research project, sometimes it may be useful
to finalize this only once you have completed writing the entire proposal.

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5.2 Abstract

An abstract is an executive summary of your research proposal, and is usually written in 150
300 words. It should include a brief mention of the research question and objectives,
hypothesis if any, and the methodology to be used. Descriptions of the methodology may
include the design, the sample and research tools. Describe your project as clearly and
concisely as you can – remember you have word restrictions!

5.3 Table of Contents

The Table of Contents is a listing of all the different sections of the proposal along with their
page numbers. This may not be required for short proposals with two or three pages.

5.4 Introduction

This section introduces the reader to the main area of your project. Therefore, it is important
to use this section to catch your reader‟s attention. Provide a brief overview of the theme/area
of your research study and then describe what specific goal or question your study will
address within this broad area. Research question is studied with the help of specific study
objectives and hypotheses (in some cases) and they have to be clearly spelt out. This section
should also provide the justifications or rationale for your study. Also, indicate why your
study is significant, or what contributions it will make to the body of literature. This part will
be of special interest to reviewers and funders alike, because they may want to know in what
way your research is unique and also worth granting approval and/or funds. Since the
Introduction lays out the key points of the full proposal, some people find it helpful to write
this section last, because it helps to synchronize the information presented in the complete
proposal.

5.5 Literature review

In Module 4, we learned how to write literature reviews, and therefore, you are familiar with
this section of the proposal. As emphasized in Module 4, the literature review is an essential
part of a proposal because it defines what information /research is available on a specific
topic, and how your proposed study will address a gap in the available research. The purpose
of this section is to review previous research conducted on your research topic. Remember to
make note of research findings as well as research gaps. You must also explain your research

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question(s) and objectives within the context of these gaps as this will also help you explain
how your study adds to the existing body of knowledge. You may find it useful to review
Module 4 before writing this section of your proposal, as it describes the process of
conducting a literature review in detail.

5.6 Methods

The methodology section is an important part of your proposal because it tells the readers and
reviewers how you plan to study your research problem. It describes your work plan and the
activities necessary for the completion of your project. While writing this section, maintain a
focus on the research question(s), objectives and hypotheses and use the section to describe
how you would go about collecting the data that is required to answer them. It is also
important to make sure that the research questions, objectives and methods all link up to each
other, and flow smoothly. The Methods section will undoubtedly be the one that will receive
the closest attention from reviewers, so it is important to demonstrate here your skills in
planning and organizing research related activities. As you describe your chosen methods, it
is important to state the reasons why you feel that your approach is the most appropriate to
address your research question. This will demonstrate to the reviewers and readers that you
have given considerable thought to the choice of your methods. If you have conducted any
preliminary research, then it would be a good idea to mention this in this section and also
describe how that has influenced your choice of methods in your current project. Depending
on whether you choose to use quantitative, qualitative or mixed methods, the contents of your
methods section may vary.

5.6.1 Quantitative Methods

For quantitative studies, the method section usually consists of the following sections:
1. Design - What kind of design do you choose? (Is it an experimental, descriptive or causal
design? For example, a study on the average time patients have to wait in a health care clinic
in a village can be quantitative if the only variable you are measuring is the amount of time
the participants of the study waited in the clinic. However, you could also include a
descriptive element by interviewing the patients on what they felt about having to wait in a
health care clinic, or how this waiting time affected them. An experimental design might test
and see whether the number of medical and Para medical staff available in the clinic

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determines the waiting time for the patients, with a hypothesis that „higher the number of
clinical staff available, lower the waiting time for the patient‟.

2. Subjects or participants – It deals with advantages and disadvantages of choosing this

group. Also include sampling procedure do you use – for example, probability sampling. The
geographical areas do you intend to cover? Is the approach to respondent selection feasible
given the resources you have?

3. Ethics – when researching with human participants, we need to make sure we follow
ethical practices. Therefore, explain how you would be ethical in your project – how will you
obtain informed consent from participants? Will there be any possible harm/ adverse impact
to your participants by virtue of their participation in your study? If so, how do you intend to
manage this risk?

4. Instruments - What kind of tools of data collection and measuring instruments are being
used in the study. It can be Questionnaire, Interview schedule and guide, Observational
schedules, Format for recording secondary data and guidelines for conducting Focus Group
Discussion .Further particular instruments of measurement such as scales and psychological
testing inventories can be incorporated in a tool. These details have to be mentioned in this
part. Also necessary to mention whether the tool/s are pretested and necessary permissions
are obtained for using an available scale or inventory. You may also have to state about the
reliability of your tool/s and the validity of the measurement instruments such as scales if
used.

5. Procedure - How do you plan to carry out your study? What activities are involved? For
example, will you conduct the survey door-to-door, or will the participants be invited to a
central location? How will the data be compiled and organized? These have to be mentioned
here.

6. Data Analysis – The variables do you intend to analyse. How do we plan to analyse the
data. Do you plan to do this manually or by using software such as STATA or SPSS. Are you
planning to do the analysis yourself, or also involve other technical specialists? What data
tests do you intend to use? How would you justify them? If there are multiple people
involved in the analysis of the data, how would you ensure the accuracy of data analysis?

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 5.6.2 Qualitative Methods
In qualitative research, the research design develops further as the process unfolds. For
qualitative studies, the method section typically consists of the following sections:
1. Design –What is your research design? Is it ethnographical design, or a phenomenological
study, or a study based on the grounded theory approach? Again, provide a justification for
your choice, and note any disadvantages inherent in this approach.

2. Subjects or participants - Why have you chosen this particular target group? What are the
advantages and disadvantages of choosing this group? What kind of sampling procedure do
you use? What geographical areas do you intend to cover? How feasible is this approach
given the available resources?

3. Ethics – when researching with human participants, we need to make sure we follow
ethical practices. Therefore, explain how you would be ethical in your project – how will you
obtain informed consent from participants? Is there any harm to your /participants? If so, how
do you intend to manage this risk?

4. Data Collection procedures – how will you conduct the data collection? Example of
qualitative data collection methods are interview, focus group discussion, field observation
use of biographical and historical data and so on. How many interviews or focus group
discussions will you conduct? What variables will be studied through a particular method of
data collection?

5. Data Processing - Since qualitative research is an inductive process, it depends heavily on

documents such as process notes, field notes, journals and so on.. Therefore, in your proposal
you need to indicate what documents you will be maintain, and how you intend to use and
analyse those.

6. Data analysis procedures – how will you analyse the data? Are you planning to use manual
methods or software? This has to be specified.

5.6.3 Mixed methods

Mixed method studies are those studies that combine quantitative and qualitative methods.
For example, a study focused on exploring child labour in the rag picking industry could

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include a survey of child labourers (quantitative) and a focus group discussion (qualitative) to
gain a more in-depth understanding of the perspectives of child labourers. While mixed
methods have the advantage of combining the best of both worlds, they are resource-
intensive.
If you plan to use mixed methods in your study, you could include the following components:
1. Design – explain why you are using a mixed methods approach and why this is necessary
for your project.
2. Sample size – describe the overall sample population (combining both quantitative and
qualitative methods) and describe how/where you will identify this group.
3. Methods – describe each method using the above sections on quantitative/qualitative
methods as a guide.
4. Data analysis – describe how you will integrate the data analysis of the different methods.
This component is important because it is here that you will use integrated data to answer
your research question(s).

5.7 Budget

The budget section includes information on the expenses required to implement the project. If
you are submitting the proposal for research funding, make sure to make this section as
detailed as possible. The institution you are applying for funding may have its own budget
template, so be sure to use the correct template.
Even if you are not submitting the proposal for funding, it is helpful to include the budget.
Developing a budget will help you and your readers assess the expenses required for this
project. Typical budgetary expenses include personnel costs, administrative expenses,
transportation, phone/internet expenses, software expenses (if you are planning to buy any),
cost of stationary, materials and supplies, and expenses for hospitalities. In order to make
sure you have estimated all the expenses you may incur, you may find it useful to coordinate
the budget with the timeline. Look at your timeline and estimate the expenses you are
incurring at each stage. This will help you develop your budget more effectively.

5.8 Timeline

As you work through the various stages of your proposal, it is important to demonstrate for
readers and viewers the different stages and the time it will take to complete each stage. Build
in time for monitoring meetings with your supervisor or team meetings that will help you

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keep track of the progress made on the project. Therefore, include a timeline in your
proposal. The timeline is essential as a list of steps and the approximate time it will take to
complete each step. This will give readers an idea of the total time required to complete your
project, and the time taken for each step. However, remember that this is a tentative plan, and
it will change as you begin the project and encounter unexpected delays. This is perfectly
okay. Many funding institutions usually allow for a renegotiation of the timeline.

5.9 Bibliography

The bibliography or reference list is a list of all the texts you have referred to in your
literature review and other parts of your proposal. Remember to follow the style requirements
(example: APA, MLA, etc.) of your institution, if any. If there are no requirements, you can
use your choice of style. However, once you pick a style, make sure you follow it
consistently throughout the document. Make sure the details provided in each bibliographic
entry are accurate.

5.10 Appendix

Any additional information that reinforces the body of the proposal can be included in the
appendix. This includes, for example, CV of the project personnel, detailed budget, draft
questionnaire, technical notes, informed consent form, if any, list of references, and any other
information you think might be helpful to the proposal reviewer.

A simple section consisting of the glossary of the terms should also be included whenever
there are many words unique to the research topic. A list of abbreviations should also be
provided in the appendix so that nobody faces any difficulty in understanding these
acronyms.

Conclusion
The present chapters deal with research, research types, research plan, and its component.
Firstly I have discussed the definition of research and different types of research. I have
explained the two basic types of research, i.e., applied research and pure research. Moving on
further I have explained you the further types of research with a small comparison. After that,
research plan is explained and how it is important to conduct a research work. In the end, I
discussed about the component of research plan which has key role in a conduction of

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research work. The research may be qualitative or quantitative and may be mixed too. So, the
methodology of qualitative or quantitative research also varies which has been discussed in
method section of component of research plan.

Reference
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