Professional Documents
Culture Documents
QP - Chemical Energetics & Chemical Reactions
QP - Chemical Energetics & Chemical Reactions
QP - Chemical Energetics & Chemical Reactions
H H H H H H
H C C C H + Cl Cl → H C C C H
H H Cl Cl
bond energy
bond
in kJ / mol
C−C 347
C=C 612
C−H 413
C−Cl 339
Cl−Cl 242
Calculate the energy for the reaction between propene and chlorine using the following steps.
..................................... kJ
..................................... kJ
• Calculate the energy change for the reaction between propene and chlorine.
[Total: 3]
2
2 Hydrogen and chlorine react to form hydrogen chloride gas, as shown in the equation.
H2 + Cl2 → 2HCl
bond energy
bond
in kJ / mol
H−H 436
Cl−Cl 243
H−Cl 432
Calculate the energy change for the reaction between hydrogen and chlorine, using the following
steps.
..................................... kJ
..................................... kJ
[Total: 3]
3
Write the word equation for the overall reaction that takes place in a hydrogen fuel cell.
.................................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 1]
H H
H C C O H + 3 O O 2 O C O + 3 H O H
H H
Use the bond energies in the table to calculate the energy change, in kJ / mol, for the complete
combustion of ethanol
bond energy
bond
in kJ / mol
C−C 347
C−H 413
C−O 358
C=O 805
O−H 464
O=O 498
........................... kJ [1]
........................... kJ [1]
4
[Total: 3]
5 Gaseous phosphorus(III) chloride, PCl3, reacts with gaseous chlorine to form gaseous phosphorus(V)
chloride, PCl5.
Cl Cl
Cl
Cl P Cl + Cl Cl P Cl
Cl
Cl
Use the bond energies in the table to calculate the energy change, in kJ / mol, of the reaction.
P−Cl 326
Cl−Cl 243
........................... kJ [1]
5
........................... kJ [1]
(d) Deduce whether the energy change for this reaction is exothermic or endothermic.
Explain your answer.
...........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 4]
4 H N H + 5 O O 4 N O + 6 H O H
Use the bond energies in the table to calculate the energy change, in kJ / mol, which occurs when
one mole of NH3 reacts.
........................... kJ [1]
........................... kJ [1]
[Total: 4]
7 One element in the first 36 elements in the Periodic Table is used as the fuel in a fuel cell.
........................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Write the overall chemical equation for the reaction which occurs when the element in (a)
reacts in a fuel cell.
........................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 3]
7
energy
progress of reaction
[3]
[Total: 3]
9 The energy level diagram shows the energy profile for the reaction between zinc and
dilute sulfuric acid.
progress of reaction
(a) Complete the diagram by adding the formulae of the products. Include state symbols.
[3]
...........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 5]
8
10 The reaction between zinc and dilute sulfuric acid can be catalysed by the addition of aqueous
copper(II) sulfate.
On the diagram, add the energy profile for the catalysed reaction.
progress of reaction
[1]
[Total: 1]
2 H N H + 3 Cl Cl N N + 6 H Cl
Use the bond energies in the table to determine the energy change, ΔH, for the reaction between
ammonia and chlorine.
bond energy
bond
in kJ / mol
N−H 390
Cl−Cl 240
945
H−Cl 430
........................... kJ [1]
9
........................... kJ [1]
(c) Calculate the energy change, ΔH, for the reaction between ammonia and chlorine.
........................... kJ [1]
...........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 4]
12 The chemical equation for the complete combustion of ethanol, C2H5OH, is shown.
The energy released when one mole of ethanol undergoes complete combustion is 1280 kJ.
X
C2H5OH + 3O2
energy
10
........................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 4]
13 The chemical equation for the complete combustion of methanol, CH3OH, is shown.
2 H C O H + 3 O O 2 O C O + 4 H O H
Use the bond energies in the table to determine the energy change, ΔH, for the complete combustion
of one mole of methanol.
bond energy
bond
in kJ / mol
C−H 410
C−O 360
O−H 460
O=O 500
C=O 805
.....................................kJ [1]
11
.....................................kJ [1]
(c) energy change, ΔH, for the complete combustion of one mole of methanol
[Total: 4]
14 Hydrogen fuel cells are being developed as alternatives to petrol engines in cars.
(a) Give one advantage of hydrogen fuel cells compared to petrol engines.
........................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Give one disadvantage of hydrogen fuel cells compared to petrol engines.
........................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 2]
12
CH4(g) + 2O2(g)
CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
Which row gives the equation and energy change for this reaction?
[1]
[Total: 1]
13
H H
N N N N + 2H H
H H
N≡N 945
N−H 391
H−H 436
[Total: 1]
Complete the energy level diagram for the thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate by
writing these words on the diagram:
• reactant
• products
energy
progress of reaction
[1]
14
(b) Explain, using information on the energy level diagram, how you know that this reaction is
endothermic.
........................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 2]
..................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 1]
19 Concentrated sulfuric acid is a dehydrating agent which can chemically remove water from
substances.
Both hydrated copper(II) sulfate crystals and sucrose (a sugar), C12H22O11, can be completely
dehydrated by concentrated sulfuric acid.
[Total: 2]
A student measures the volume of oxygen produced at regular time intervals using the apparatus
shown. Large lumps of manganese(IV) oxide are used.
gas syringe
manganese(IV) oxide
aqueous hydrogen peroxide
catalyst
volume
of oxygen
produced
/ cm3
0
0 time / s
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................... [4]
(b) The experiment is repeated using the same mass of manganese(IV) oxide. Powdered
manganese(IV) oxide is used instead of large lumps. All other conditions stay the same.
Sketch a graph on the axes in (a) to show how the volume of oxygen changes with time.
[2]
(c) In terms of particles, explain what happens to the rate of this reaction when the temperature
is increased.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................... [3]
[Total: 9]
21 When aqueous sodium hydroxide is added to aqueous iron(II) sulfate, a precipitate forms.
........................................................................................................................................... [1]
16
(b) Write the ionic equation for this reaction. Include state symbols.
........................................................................................................................................... [3]
[Total: 4]
FeF3 ........................................................................................................................................
[Total: 2]
23 PCl3 reacts with chlorine, Cl2, to form PCl5. This reaction is exothermic and reaches an equilibrium.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) State the effect, if any, on the position of this equilibrium when the following changes are made.
Explain your answers.
...........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................... [4]
(c) Explain, in terms of particles, what happens to the rate of the forward reaction when the reaction
mixture is heated.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................... [3]
[Total: 9]
(a) What can be deduced about the reactivity of zinc from this reaction?
........................................................................................................................................... [1]
explanation .......................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 3]
25 Gaseous phosphorus(III) chloride, PCl3, reacts with gaseous chlorine to form gaseous
phosphorus(V) chloride, PCl5.
State and explain the effect, if any, on the position of equilibrium if the pressure is increased.
All other conditions are unchanged.
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 2]
26 When aqueous ammonia is added to aqueous iron(II) sulfate a green precipitate is seen. This green
precipitate turns red-brown at the surface.
........................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Suggest why the green precipitate turns red-brown at the surface.
...........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................... [2]
18
(c) State what happens when an excess of aqueous ammonia is added to the green precipitate.
........................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 4]
The reaction can reach a position of equilibrium. The forward reaction is exothermic.
(a) State and explain the effect of increasing the pressure on the position of equilibrium.
All other conditions are unchanged.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................... [2]
State and explain the effect of increasing the pressure on the rate of the reaction.
All other conditions are unchanged.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) State and explain the effect of increasing the temperature on the position of equilibrium.
All other conditions are unchanged.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 6]
28 A student does experiments to show that hydrochloric acid is a strong acid and ethanoic acid is a
weak acid. The student adds an excess of hydrochloric acid and an excess of ethanoic acid to
separate samples of lumps of calcium carbonate.
Only the identity of the acid is changed between the experiments. All other conditions are kept the
same.
19
(a) State two observations which would show that hydrochloric acid is a stronger acid than
ethanoic acid.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................ [2]
(b) The student uses the same size container and checks that the pressure is the same for each
experiment.
State three other conditions which must be kept the same to ensure fair testing.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
3 ........................................................................................................................................ [3]
[Total: 5]
State and explain the effect, if any, of increasing the temperature on the amount of ester at
equilibrium.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) State and explain the effect, if any, of removing water from the mixture on the amount of ester
at equilibrium.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 4]
20
30 The first step in the preparation of hydrated copper(II) sulfate is to add powdered
copper(II) carbonate to dilute sulfuric acid.
When the reaction in is done using lumps of copper(II) carbonate instead of powder, the rate of
reaction decreases. All other conditions are kept the same.
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 2]
31 Methanol is made industrially by reacting carbon monoxide with hydrogen. The gases react at a
temperature of 250 °C and a pressure of 75 atmospheres.
........................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Complete the table using only the words increases, decreases or no change.
effect on the rate effect on the equilibrium
of the reverse reaction yield of CH3OH(g)
[4]
[Total: 5]
21
Complete the table using only the words increases, decreases or no change.
effect on the rate of effect on the equilibrium
the forward reaction yield of CH3COOH(g)
[4]
[Total: 4]
22
33 A student investigated the progress of the reaction between dilute hydrochloric acid, HCl, and an
excess of large pieces of marble, CaCO3, using the apparatus shown.
gas syringe
dilute
hydrochloric acid an excess of large
pieces of marble
The experiment was repeated at a higher temperature. All other conditions were kept the same.
Describe and explain, in terms of collisions between particles, the effect of using a higher temperature
on the time taken for the reaction to finish.
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................. [5]
[Total: 5]
The graph shows how the concentration of hydrogen iodide, HI, changes after hydrogen gas and
iodine gas are mixed together in a sealed container.
23
concentration of
hydrogen iodide
time
...........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) The reaction was repeated at the same temperature and pressure but in the presence of a
catalyst.
Draw a graph on the same axes to show how the concentration of hydrogen iodide changes
with time in the presence of a catalyst.
[2]
[Total: 3]
24
35 A student investigated the progress of the reaction between dilute hydrochloric acid, HCl, and an
excess of large pieces of marble, CaCO3, using the apparatus shown.
gas syringe
dilute
hydrochloric acid an excess of large
pieces of marble
150
100
volume of gas
produced / cm3
50
0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240
time / s
The experiment was repeated using the same mass of smaller pieces of marble. All other conditions
were kept the same.
Draw a graph on the grid to show the progress of the reaction using the smaller pieces of
marble. [2]
[Total: 2]
25
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 2]
State and explain the effect of increasing the pressure on the rate of the forward reaction.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) State and explain the effect of increasing the temperature on the rate of the reverse reaction.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................... [3]
[Total: 5]
The graphs show how pressure affects the yield of hydrogen iodide, HI, at two different temperatures.
500 °C
yield of
hydrogen iodide
700 °C
pressure
(a) Explain why the yield at 500 °C does not change as the pressure is increased.
...........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) What can you conclude from the difference in the yield of hydrogen iodide at the two
temperatures shown?
Explain your answer.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 3]
27
39 A student investigates the rate of reaction between lumps of calcium carbonate and dilute
hydrochloric acid using the apparatus shown.
gas syringe
What happens to the rate of reaction as the reaction proceeds? Explain your answer.
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 3]
28
40 A student investigates the rate of reaction between lumps of calcium carbonate and dilute
hydrochloric acid using the apparatus shown.
gas syringe
The student repeated the experiment at a higher temperature. All other conditions were kept the
same. The student found that the rate of reaction increased.
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................. [4]
[Total: 4]