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Module 6-Cell Cycle 2
Module 6-Cell Cycle 2
Module 6-Cell Cycle 2
General Biology 1
Quarter 1 – Module 6:
Title: Cell Cycle
General Biology 1 – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 1: The Cell Cycle
First Edition, 2019
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General Biology1
Quarter 1 – Module:6
Cell Cycle
This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators both
from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in helping
the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming
their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.
This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their
needs and circumstances.
In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:
As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage
their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
2
What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master the cell at the basic structural and functional unit of life. The scope of this
module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language
used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged
to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them
can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.
3
What I Know (Pre-Test)
Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter
on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Cells that rarely divide will spend most of their time in what particular
phase of the cell cycle?
a. G0
b. G1
c. G2
d. S
4. This check point of the cycle dictates whether the cell will continuously
divide or stop, and it also checks the cell size, presence of growth factors
and damage of the DNA.
a. G1 checkpoint
b. G2 checkpoint
c. S checkpoint
d. M checkpoint
5. In this phase, the cell is preparing for the cell division in the mitotic
stage.
a. G0
b. G1
c. G2
d. S
4
6. In the eukaryotic cell, it is the longest stage of the cell cycle and
generally its function is to prepare the cell to division process.
a. Interphase
b. Mitotic phase
c. Synthesis Phase
d. All of the above
10. Inactivation of what kind of gene that can lead to the development of
cancer cells.
a. Cancer cell
b. Oncogene
c. Proto-oncogene
d. Tumor suppressor gene
11. In this phase, the cell is preparing for the cell division of the mitotic
phase.
a. G0
b. G1
c. G2
d. S
5
12. If the M checkpoint is not cleared, what specific stage of mitosis will
be blocked?
a. Anaphase
b. Metaphase
c. Prophase
d. Telophase
13. Majority of the negative regulator proteins of the cell cycle can be
found in what kind of cells?
a. Cancer cells
b. Gametes
c. Stem cells
d. All of the above
14. What type of gene can code a positive cell cycle regulator?
a. Apoptosis
b. Oncogene
c. Proto-oncogene
d. Tumor suppressor gene
6
Lesson
7
What’s In
In learning the phases of cell cycle and its checkpoints, it is important that
the students must have a prior knowledge and deep understanding of the differences
between plant and animal cell specifically their parts and functions. Students should
also know the role of nucleus and DNA to cellular reproduction.
As part of the lesson, a short activity will be given to the students to assess
their knowledge about cell cycle and its checkpoint.
FACT OR BLUFF
Tell whether the following statement about the phases of cell cycle and its checkpoint
is a FACT or BLUFF.
1. The correct sequence of the cell cycle phase is G1 → S → G2 → M.
2. Cell division in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell is the same.
3. The results of DNA replication is duplicated DNA.
4. Interphase consists of mitosis and cytokinesis as its stage.
5. Bacterial cell divides through binary fission.
6. Unregulated cell division can lead to cancer cells formation.
7. Cell spends most its time and life in the first gap phase.
8. Cell cycle is a repeating series of events that describes the life cycle of a cell.
9. A mass of abnormal cells is called a tumor.
10. The process in which a cell divides is known as mitosis.
8
What’s New
Materials:
Coloring materials ¼ Manila paper
Pentel pen Ballpen/Pencil
Rubric:
Content All parts of the 1 part of the 2 parts of the 3-4 parts of the
content are content is content are content are
covered. missing. missing. missing.
9
What is It
Cell cycle is the series of events that occur in a cell to prepare cell division
and to produce two new daughter cells.
Interphase is the longest phase of the cell cycle process. It is also the known
as the resting phase. Although the cell is at rest but it is metabolically active. The
metabolic activities of the cell can be observed through cell growth, production of
nutrients and enzymes and replication of DNA.
Synthesis phase is the longest and the most essential stage of interphase. It
is due to the complexity of the replication of genetic material which results to the
duplication of DNA prior to the cell division process.
G2 phase (Gap2 phase/Growth 2 phase) is the final stage where the cell
prepares itself for cell division process, and also ensures that the DNA replication
completes.
10
Cell cycle checkpoints verify whether all the cellular activities are accurately
completed at each stage of interphase.
In eukaryotic cells, there are three major checkpoints that control the cell
cycle process. They are:
1. G1 checkpoint at the G1/S transition
2. G2 checkpoint at the G2/M transition
3. Spindle checkpoint, transition from metaphase and anaphase
If the cell does not comply with the following factors, cell cycle will stop
and enters the G0 phase called the resting state. Some cell stays in G0 phase
permanently, while others proceed to divide if the condition of the cell
improves.
G2 checkpoint checks the following:
a. DNA integrity (Is any part of the DNA damaged?)
b. DNA replication (Is the DNA replication completed in the S phase?)
If there is an error, the cell will pause at the G 2 phase and allow for
some repairs. If the damage is within the DNA, the cell cycle will paused and
let the cell complete the DNA replication or repair it. But if the damage cell is
irreparable, the cell will undergo apoptosis or cell death. It is the self-
destruction mechanism of the cell to ensure that the damaged DNA is not
passed on the daughter cells and also important in preventing cancer. There
are some cells that never or rarely divide like matured cardiac muscle and
nerve cell that permanently retains in G 0.
11
Cancer is the result of the unregulated process of the cell cycle due to the
breakdown of the mechanisms that controls the entire process. It happens during
the synthesis phase, wherein the cell cannot determine the changes in the DNA
sequence that code for the specific regulatory molecules.
Oncogenes are the genes that cause the cell to become cancerous.
Proto-oncogenes are the genes that code for positive regulators during cell
cycle. When these normal genes are altered by mutation it can be an oncogenes
leading to cancer cells formation.
Tumor suppressor genes are healthy normal genes that slow down cell
division, helps to repair DNA mistakes and also cell apoptosis or cell death. It codes
for the negative regulator protein, when activated can prevent the cell from
uncontrolled division. But when tumor suppressor gene does not work properly, cell
division will be out of control and it can also lead to cancer.
12
What’s More
Activity 1.1
Match Me, Match Me!!!
Matching Type: Match the terms in Column A, with different words related to cell
cycle and checkpoints in Column B. Write your answer on separate answer
sheet/paper.
Column A Column B
Activity 1.2
Check, check, checkpoints!
Put a check mark on each checkpoints that corresponds to its function.
Functions
Chromosome
Checkpoint Cell s alignment
Chromosome
DNA DNA
s attachment Molecula Nutrient
s siz to the
to the spindle
integrit replicatio
r signals s
e equatorial y n
fibers
plate
Gap1
Gap2
Metaphase
13
Activity 1.3
Cell Cycle and Checkpoints Story
Make a creative short story about the phases of cell cycle and its checkpoints.
Highlight each function of the checkpoints and the characteristics of the cell during
the different stages of the cycle.
Rubric:
Content All of content are 1 part of the 2 parts of the 3-4 parts of the
covered and content is content are content are
presented. missing. missing. missing.
Story The story is very The story is The story is The story
interesting and good and well still developing needs
well organized organized and needs to improvement
be organized and not
organized
Creativity Students were Students were Students Students were
very creative in somewhat attempts to be not creative in
their short story. creative in their creative in their their short
short story. short story. story.
14
What I Have Learned
1. Cell cycle is the series of events that occur in a cell to prepare cell division
and to produce two new daughter cells.
2. Cell cycle checkpoints verify whether all the cellular activities are accurately
completed at each stage of interphase.
3. Interphase is the longest phase of the cell cycle process. It is also the known
as the resting phase.
4. G0 phase called the resting state.
5. G1 phase (Gap1 phase) the cell increases in size, proteinsynthesis also occurs
enable the cell to increase the amount of cytosol.
6. Synthesis phase is the longest and the most essential stage of interphase. It
is due to the complexity of the replication of genetic material which results to
the duplication of DNA prior to the cell division process.
7. G2 phase (Gap2 phase) is the final stage where the cell prepares itself for cell
division process, and also ensures that the DNA replication completes.
8. G1 checkpoint checks the cell size, nutrients, DNA and molecular signals.
9. G2 checkpoint checks the DNA and complete DNA replication in S phase.
10. Metaphase checkpoint or Spindle checkpoint occurs at metaphase stage of
mitosis and regulated by Anaphase-promoting complex (APC).
11. Cancer is the result of the unregulated process of the cell cycle due to the
breakdown of the mechanisms that controls the entire process. It happens
during the synthesis phase, wherein the cell cannot determine the changes
in the DNA sequence that code for the specific regulatory molecules.
12. Oncogenes are the genes that cause the cell to become cancerous.
13. Proto-oncogenes are the genes that code for positive regulators during cell
cycle. When these normal genes are altered by mutation it can be an
oncogenes leading to cancer cells formation.
14. Tumor suppressor genes are healthy normal genes that slow down cell
division, helps to repair DNA mistakes and also cell apoptosis or cell death.
It codes for the negative regulator protein, when activated can prevent the
cell from uncontrolled division. But when tumor suppressor gene does not
work properly, cell division will be out of control and it can also lead to cancer.
15
What I Can Do
Think Critically!
Let us have an example, imagine that the cell is a car. For the car to work
properly there are factors that need to be consider like the gas pedal and a brake
pedal. If the gas pedal works normally it helps the cell to divide. But when the gas
pedal gets stuck, it can cause uncontrolled cell division leads to cancer formation.
How about if the brake pedal gets stuck, and the car cannot slow down, accident
happens and causes cell death.
Guide Questions:
1. Gas pedal that works normally and helps the cell to divide can be
compare to what kind of gene? Is it oncogene, proto-oncogene or tumor
suppressor gene? Explain your answer.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2. Gas pedal that gets stuck and causes uncontrolled cell division leads to
cancer is what kind of gene? Is it oncogene, proto-oncogene or tumor
suppressor gene? Explain your answer.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
3. Brake pedal that gets stuck causes car accident and even death can be
compare to what kind of gene? Is it oncogene, proto-oncogene or tumor
suppressor gene? Explain your answer.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
16
Assessment
Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter
on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Cells that permanently or rarely divide, spend most of their time in this
phase of cell cycle?
a. G0
b. G1
c. G2
d. S
2. During this cell cycle phase, cell increase its size and grows.
a. G0
b. G1
c. G2
d. S
4. In this phase, the cell is preparing for the cell division of the mitotic
stage.
a. G0
b. G1
c. G2
d. S
5. In the eukaryotic cell, it is the longest stage of the cell cycle and
generally its function is to prepare the cell to division process.
a. Interphase
b. Mitotic phase
c. Synthesis Phase
d. All of the above
17
6. DNA replication occurs in what phase of cell cycle?
a. Interphase
b. Growth phase
c. Mitotic phase
d. Synthesis Phase
10. Inactivation of what kind of gene that can lead to the development of
cancer cells.
a. Cancer cell
b. Oncogene
c. Proto-oncogene
d. Tumor suppressor gene
11. In this phase, the cell is preparing for the cell division of the mitotic
phase.
a. G0
b. G1
c. G2
d. S
18
12. If the M checkpoint is not cleared, what specific stage of mitosis will
be blocked?
a. Anaphase
b. Metaphase
c. Prophase
d. Telophase
13. Majority of the negative regulator proteins of the cell cycle can be
found in what kind of cells?
a. Cancer cells
b. Gametes
c. Sex cells
d. Stem cells
14. What type of check point dictates whether the cell will continuously
divide or stop, and also checks the cell size, presence of growth factors
and DNA damage?
a. G1 checkpoint
b. G2 checkpoint
c. S checkpoint
d. M checkpoint
15. Cancer cell formation happens during this phase, wherein the cell
cannot determine the changes in the DNA sequence that code for the
specific regulatory molecules.
a. G0
b. G1
c. G2
d. S
19
Additional Activities
Search Me!
Research one topic and answer the guide questions below.
1. RB as tumor suppressor gene
2. Cancer chemotherapy
Guide Questions:
A. Make a research about tumor suppressor gene.
1. Why Rb protein can be considered as a tumor suppressor gene?
20
References:
Belardo, G. M., et. al. (2016). General Biology 1 Textbook for Senior High School.
Vibal Group. 105-107.
De la Paz, R. M., et. al. (2003). Essentials of Biology. ACLC Trading Entp. 58-60.
Online Sources:
https://factslegend.org/20-interesting-cell-facts-you-should-know/ Retrieved: April
29, 2020
https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Book%3
A_General_Biology_(Boundless)/10%3A_Cell_Reproduction Retrieved: April 29,
2020
https://www.sparknotes.com/biology/cellreproduction/cellcycle/section1/
Retrived May 08, 2020
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-wmopen-biology1/chapter/cell-cycle-
checkpoints/ Retrieved May 07, 2020
cancer.org/cancer/cancer-causes/genetics/genes-and-cancer/oncogenes-tumor-
suppressor-genes.html Retrieved May 06, 2020
21