SEMINAR WORK

THEME:

ARABS AND THE EMERGENCE OF ISLAM

 CONTENT

1. INTRODUCTION................................................. ........................... 3
2. THE EMERGENCE OF ISLAM ................................................ ........ 4
3. ESTABLISHMENT OF THE ARAB STATE ............................. 5
4. ARABIC CULTURE ................................................ 6
PROPHET................................................. ..................... 7
QUR'AN AND HADITH ............................................... ..... 8.9
THE FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM ........................................... 10
 INTRODUCTION

The third great state from the middle Ages is the Arab state. The Arabs are a people of
Semitic descent. The Arabian Peninsula is covered with vegetation, the only part that is
suitable is the eastern part. In the 6th century, Arabs still live in a tribal society. Most
Arabs are pastoralists and nomads. The chosen leader of the clan is called the sheikh, and
the leader of the tribe is the emir. The relations between them are resolved according to
Talion law - an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth. Every tribe, every nation had its
deities, the only thing that connected them all was the pilgrimage to Mecca. At that time,
Mecca and Medina were centers of exchange. Mecca was a place of pilgrimage for all
Arabs. There was built a temple in which black stone was worshiped - frog or kaba. That
black rock was actually a meteorite. Black stone is the only link among the Arabs. Name
Arapi i Arabia occurs in Assyriantexts such as mâtu arbâi / Arab land /, the exact location
of this area is not known, later the terms Arabi, Arubu, Urbi appear. - In a
relativeHebrewin the language the words ‘aravah’ and ‘arav’ mean desert, so it could be
translated that the Arabs are a ‘desert people’. The Arabian Peninsula is covered with
vast deserts and is the ancestral home of this expansive people that has spread throughout
North Africa. Most Arabs are of the Islamic faith and many live by their teachingsThe
Qur'an. The Qur'an is often the law of a state that regulates all aspects of their lives,
although only a small number of states have sharia law. The man is the head of the family
and the woman is in a vulnerable position with them.Polygamyis allowed, and an Arab,
depending on the possibilities, can have up to four wives. The word given to these people
is more valuable than any contract and it must be respected.

However, there are also Arabs who are not Muslims, but belong to other religions,
especially in the areaMiddle East, which in many ways determines their way of life and
customs. Among Arab Christians, the role of women in the family is quite different than
in Muslim ones. In addition, there will be Arab families in the Middle East who produce
alcoholic beverages, which is unthinkable in exclusively Muslim countries. It belongs to
the most famous drinksarak (‫)عرق‬, a kind of liqueur fromanise, similar to a Greek
drinkuzoand Turkish crab drink. In addition, in some parts of the Arab Arabs pigs are
raised and pork is eaten, while in other places Christians do not eat it.

Muslim Arabs, like Jews, do not eat pork, so mutton is common. The national dish is
known in Libya couscous, is prepared with mutton and fish and various vegetables.
Instead of fat, the Arabs use olive oil, and cakes are often made from honey. Every Arab-
Muslim should go to at least once in his life Hajji Mecca.

The cultural identity of the Arabs is not alone Islam. Many Arabs in Palestine only
declare themselves as Muslims, although they do not live by the requirements of the
Qur’an. Alcohol, a significant symbol of Western culture, is also present among some
Arabs who produce it for their own needs, as evidenced by written evidence from the pre-
Islamic period. There is evidence of sheet production (which is still widespread today) as
well as production wine (which is produced to a much lesser extent today). Only alcohol
which is a symbol of the west, and which, for example, is produced on West Coast is
beer. Everything else is domestic and belongs to Arab culture. So in the water pipe
(hookah) has long been adding arak to water, which intensified the intoxicating effect. Of
course, only Arab Christians continued to do so (Muslims will not usually do so in
public). As for percentages, although they are few in percentage in Palestine, the
influence of Christian Arabs on the rest of Arab society is much greater, but also because
they have more schools and more money. In addition, Christian Arabs are both traditional
and once (in Palestine until1948. in some places to this day) predominant city dwellers. It
is similar in Syria and Iraq (In these two countries it was the Christian Arabs who
invented the parties BAAS and BATH, as left-wing parties, to protect themselves in a
predominantly Muslim environment). Arab Christians also dictate in many ways the
cultural orientation of the entire Arab society. So in areas where there are more Christians
(Lebanon, West Coast cities, Syria, Jordan) and Muslim Arabs accept many of their
customs or renounce some of their own (e.g. in these countries fewer Muslim women
cover their heads). Islam is not the only cultural designation of the Arabs, and especially
not in the Middle East. The main cultural definition of Arabs in the Middle East is
precisely religious diversity. That is why it is not correct to define Arabs by religious
determinants, and so on
 THE EMERGENCE OF ISLAM

Otherwise, in the 7th century, a clan-tribal aristocracy began to develop among the Arabs.
There is an impoverished layer of Arab cattle breeders - the Bedouins. A slave-owning
society is slowly emerging. At that stage, Muhammad appears. He was a member of an
aristocratic but poor family from Mecca. Muhammad was engaged in trade and traveled a
lot to the Mediterranean. He was very often in Syria, Lebanon and Palestine, where he
became acquainted with both monotheistic religions - Christianity and Judaism. Both
religions had such an effect on him that he also began to preach one God - Allah. He
called himself the last prophet of God. He argued that God determines what will happen
to whom, and believers must show complete devotion to God. Complete devotion to God
is called Islam, and those who perform complete devotion to God are called Muslims.

Muhammad left his teaching in a holy book called the Qur'an. Muslims believe in the
afterlife, in hell and heaven, and in the indestructibility of God. The Qur'an also lists laws
on diet, dress, behavior, and legal, family, and commercial regulations. Legal regulations
are called Sharia law. Every Muslim must help the poor, the sick and the old. Once in a
lifetime every Muslim has to go on a pilgrimage to Mecca. These pilgrimages to Mecca
were the focus of epidemics. The Qur'an states that every Muslim must fight for the
spread of Islam, not through propaganda but through weapons. From that came jihad -
holy war. He who dies in such a war goes straight into the hands of Allah without any
obstacles. Islam developed in VII. Century in the semi-nomadic polytheistic society of
the Arabian Peninsula, where there were already cities with a trading elite. Caravans from
Mecca and Jahir (Medina) run with Syria and Palestine, which were then within the
Christian Byzantine Empire. In the northeast is the Zarathustra Persian Empire, in the
south the Nestorian Yemen, and in the west, on the other side of the Red Sea,
Monophysite Ethiopia. Well-organized Jewish communities lived in Medina and some
other Arab cities.

Islam, like Judaism and Christianity, cultivates strict monotheism. Islam was created by
perfecting the previous Abrahamic religions. As nations and their consciousness have
evolved, so have regulations changed. Muslims are considered not only followers of
Muhammad, but also people who accepted Abraham as God's messengers and slaves of
God.
 ESTABLISHMENT OF THE ARAB STATE

Muhammad began to gather Arabs around him, so the Arab state came into being when
Islam did. In 622, the rulers of Mecca expelled Muhammad from Mecca. Muhammad
moves to Medina and connects people as the highest priest and people recognize him as
the world’s greatest leader. Medina has now become a center, and Mecca has begun to
impoverish, so the authorities allowed Muhammad to return to Mecca. Mecca became the
capital but not for long. Jihad soon began. Then the capital was transferred to Damascus.
Islam spread east of the Arab state, to Mesopotamia.

The Umayyad dynasty ruled in the Arab state. The Arab rulers were called caliphs
because they are the supreme secular religious leaders and that is why the Arab state is
also called the caliphate. Feudalism and aristocracy soon formed. The Arab state got into
a crisis fairly quickly. An uprising led by the Persian Abbasid dynasty broke out in
Persia. In 750, the Abbasids decided to take power. They got rid of all the Umayyads,
only one prince managed to escape and went to Spain and founded the Caliphate of
Cordoba there. The Persians founded the Caliphate of Baghdad in the Arab state. The
Caliphate of Baghdad did not last long. In 1258, when the Mongol army arrived, the
Caliphate of Baghdad disintegrated into smaller states. The caliphs then became only the
supreme religious rulers, and the commanders of the caliphate's personal guard took over
secular power - the sultans.
 ARAB CULTURE

From the 5th to the 8th century, the Arabs were the most developed people on Earth. The
most developed science and culture are with the Arabs. Their state originated in the area
of ancient civilizations and they learned a lot from ancient civilizations and transmitted
all this to Europe. Literacy and schooling have been greatly preserved in the Arab state.
Laws were passed that no one could engage in trade and commerce if he was not literate.
Among the Arabs, science remained very developed. They continued their studies in the
field of natural sciences. For the Arabs, the experiment remained the most important way
of research.

Mathematics, geometry and algebra developed remarkably. In mathematics, the Arabs

took the numbers from the Indians and added another zero. So they expanded the
numbers to Europe. They discovered and calculated a lot in the field of astronomy.

The Arabs also founded chemistry. In the 8th century they wanted to make a sage stone.
It would have two functions - it would cure all diseases and it would have the function of
a gold finger, it would turn everything into gold. So the Arabs began to explore the
properties of matter - it was alchemy. Thanks to chemistry, medicine also developed
greatly. The Arabs knew how to produce various medicines. They founded the oldest
medical school in the south of Italy. In the early middle Ages, they already operated on
their patients under anesthesia.

The Arabs also developed the social sciences. They also made significant contributions to
geography and history. They were exceptional linguists. The Arabs wrote the first
grammars. Among the social sciences, however, philosophy was the most developed
because the Arabs learned from the Greeks. They tried to translate all the works of Greek
philosophers. The Arabs were the only ones to preserve the works of Greek philosophers.
Of the branches of literature, poetry is the most developed.

As far as the fine arts are concerned, there is the most developed architecture. The Arabs
took a lot from the Greeks and Romans, but even a special architectural style developed -
the Moorish style. The Moors or Saracens are Arabs from North Africa. The Marusian
style stands out for its perfect stone workmanship. The most famous buildings are
mosques, but also castles for caliphs. From a distance it looks like the whole castle is in
curtains, and in fact it's all made of stone. As far as sculpture and painting are concerned,
the Arabs are in a bad position because the Koran forbids drawing a human face.
Sculpture has been reduced to reliefs, so the Arabs have variously decorated facades.
Special paintings called arabesques have developed in painting. Arabesques consist of
geometric motifs that are painted in vivid colors. And one line from the Koran is usually
written.
Islam is the world’s third great monotheistic religion. The origins come from the same
source as the other two, Judaism and Christianity. ‘Islam’ is an Arabic word, it comes
from the root of the word meaning ‘surrender’: Islam is a religion of subordination,
obedience. Followers of Islam ‘Muslims’ are those who have surrendered and submitted
to the will of God (Allah). Islam is also a religion that emphasizes success and is
therefore a religion of an aggressive missionary spirit. Aware of the glorious past,
strengthened by a new force coming from rich Arab oil-producing countries, this religion
aims to conquer the world. Muslims believe that their religion can meet all the religious
and spiritual needs of mankind.

Prophet

Islam traces its origins to the Prophet Muhammad, born in the city of Mecca in Arabia
around 571 AD. At that time there were no strong states between the two great empires of
East and West, Persia and Byzantium; Mecca was the center of a successful trade,
through which many caravans passed between South Arabia and the Mediterranean.
Having been orphaned as a child, Muhammad was raised by many relatives. He was
finally accepted by a wealthy uncle and sent on a trade trip north where he met
Christians. At the age of 25, to his surprise, he was proposed to by a wealthy 40-year-old
widow named Khadija. She bore him three daughters but no sons. In his mature years,
Muhammad began to express mystical features and acquired the habit of retreating to the
hills to think. On one such occasion, at the age of 40, he received a revelation calling him
to brand paganism and polytheism that flourished in Mecca and began to preach the
existence of one God, Allah. In this he was encouraged by his wife, and in the first ten
years he gained only a few followers. Some were respected citizens, known as
‘Companions’.

Islam is getting stronger

Then, in 622, at the request of the citizens of nearby Medina, Muhammad left Mecca and
went to Medina accompanied by several followers. It is the celebrated Hijra (relocation),
the event from which the Muslim calendar begins. Over the next few years, Muhammad
organized his followers and the citizens of Medina as a religious and political community
and began attacking trade caravans arriving from Mecca. In the meantime, he expelled
most of the Jewish tribes, which he hoped to conquer, and gradually united the Bedouins
of western and central Arabia and the Muslim community. In 630, he launched a major
attack on Mecca, which finally surrendered to him. Muhammad immediately set out to
remove the pagans, the polytheists. He dedicated the ancient shrine of Kabu to Allah,
making it the supreme shrine for Muslim pilgrimage. It still stands for the same purpose
today. The next two years were spent consolidating the Arab tribes. Then suddenly in 632
Muhammad died without naming a successor. He was succeeded by various caliphs
(‘heirs’), the first two being ‘Companions’, Bakr and Uma. Kaba (Ka’aba) is the main
shrine of Mecca, the holy city for Muslims. It is a rock formation containing black stone,
probably a meteorite, dating from pre-Islamic Arabia. Every Muslim, if opportunities and
means allow, should make a pilgrimage (hajj) to Mecca once in his life. It is a rock
formation containing black stone, probably a meteorite, dating from pre-Islamic Arabia.
Every Muslim, if opportunities and means allow, should make a pilgrimage (hajj) to
Mecca once in his life. It is a rock formation containing black stone, probably a
meteorite, dating from pre-Islamic Arabia. Every Muslim, if opportunities and means
allow, should make a pilgrimage (hajj) to Mecca once in his life.

Quran and Hadith

Shortly after Muhammad's death, the revelations he received were compiled, based on
oral and written sources, so the Qur'an was composed. An authorized edition in
incomparable classical Arabic was prepared around 650 for the reigns of the third caliph
'Otman. Muslims believe that the Qur’an is the infallible word of God sent from heaven
and nothing has changed it. To read the Qur'an in the original language, whether
understood by the reader or not, brings mercy to the believer. In importance, immediately
after the Qur'an is the infallible God (tradition), which contains the recorded events and
actions of Muhammad as well as the early Islamic community. It contains the Sunnah
(‘examples’) of the prophets, the standards that every Muslim should follow. The Qur'an
and the Sunnah together constitute Sharia ('law') an unusually extensive guide to life and
conduct.
God and his angels

The science of God is central to the Qur’an. Like the Bible, the Qur’an presupposes the
existence of God and does not prove it. God is one and unique, without rivals. He is good
and omnipotent, as can be seen from natural phenomena, which are ‘signs’ of God’s
power and his benevolence. Although the Qur'an teaches that God rules everywhere, it
still teaches man's responsibility. The Qur'an teaches that the most beautiful names
belong to God, and with the development of Islam, God's names began to play an
important role. Ninety-nine names were created, which are pronounced while the believer
uses the prayer rosary. Among the most important names are: 'Great', 'Merciful', 'divine'.
The Qur'an strongly confirms the existence of angels, who are God's messengers. He also
believes in the existence of spiritual beings called jinn (jinn). They were created from fire
and not from the earth as humans, and their purpose is to serve and worship God.
Rebellious giants are called demons. The main demon is Ibis or Satan, whom God allows
to lead people to evil. Along with the angels, God also appointed prophets to be his
messengers, starting with Adam, through Abraham to Jesus, ending with Muhammad, the
‘seal’ of all the prophets.

The present life and the last days.

Next in importance to the doctrine of God in the Qur’an is the doctrine of the Last
Judgment. On that day, people will rise from the dead and appear before God to judge
them and send them to heaven or hell, depending on whether their deeds were good or
evil. The Qur'an also contains provisions for living in an Islamic community. He engages
in religious and social behavior such as prayer, almsgiving, fasting, pilgrimage, adultery,
marriage and divorce, inheritance, food and drink, usury and slavery.

Islam is the main religion in most African countries. One of the duties of a devout
Muslim is to learn texts from the Qur'an from a young age.

"God is the greatest, I testify that there is no god but God. I testify that Muhammad is the
Messenger of God. Come to prayer. Prayer is better than sleep." The word mosque means
a place of worship or kneeling, there are no seats in it, only rugs for prayer. In fact, there
is almost no furniture - a pulpit, perhaps a reading table, on both sides of a niche in the
wall (midrib), facing Mecca, to which all Muslims turn in prayer (qibla). Prayer consists
of a number of bows, they utter a confession of faith and a rite of salutation. Adoration
has seven movements and ends with the body spread out on the ground.

Jihad
Jihad, or holy war, literally means ‘fight’. On the one hand, the Qur'an calls on believers
to fight on the side of God against those who fight against him - although it forbids
aggression. On the other hand, he also recommends that those who deny God’s unity (add
shareholders to God) should be killed, and Jews and Christians should pay tribute if they
do not obey.

Islamic belief

O believer! Believe in God, His Messenger, the Book He revealed to His Messenger and
the Book He revealed before. And he who does not believe in God, His angels, His
Books, His Messengers and the Day of Judgment, he has gone astray. (Qur'an IV. 136)

Jesus in the Qur'an

Islam believes in the prophets sent by God to preach the oneness of God and warn people
to Judgment. Several prophets are greater than others, especially Adam, Noah, Abraham,
Moses, Jesus, and Muhammad. According to the Qur'an. Jesus was born of Mary, but he
did not die, and God raised Jesus to himself. For death would be a mistake, and the
Prophet must not make a mistake. To believe that Jesus was God would be a great sin of
'adding stakeholders to God'

The five pillars of Islam

1. Confession of Faith (Shahabad): "There is no god but God and Muhammad is God's
prophet." Just saying that confession can be enough to make someone a believer.2. Prayer
(salad): Muslims pray five times a day - at dawn, at noon, in the middle of the afternoon,
after sunset and early in the evening - alone, in company or in a mosque. It is especially
important for adult men to pray together at noon on Fridays, when a sermon is usually
held.3. Fasting (Ramadan): In the month of Ramadan, Muslims are not allowed to eat,
drink, smoke or have sex from sunrise to sunset.4. Alms (zakat): Muslims must give two
and a half percent of their income and certain property to charity.5. Pilgrimage (Hajj): A
Muslim must go to Mecca at least once in his life.