Nortel V15 EDGE Training1

EDGE RF Seminar 1
Wireless Network Engineering

Nortel Networks
1 Nortel Confidential Information

EDGE RF Seminar
Part – I
Background & Basics

EDGE Introduction
EDGE stands for Enhanced Data rates for Gsm Evolution and is basically an
extension of the GSM/GPRS Access network.
The administration, maintenance and supervision of EDGE is based on the

currently deployed BSS and it utilizes the GSM / GPRS protocols and architecture.
The GPRS Coding Schemes (CS) are enhanced with new EDGE Modulation and
Coding Schemes (MCS). MCS2 and MCS3 are two coding schemes based on
GMSK whereas MCS 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 are based on 8-PSK.
This new modulation increases the peak radio throughput of a carrier by a factor 3
compared to GPRS.

What is EDGE ?
GPRS
CS-1 8 EDGE is an extension of GPRS.
CS-2 12 The 4 GPRS Coding Schemes are extended with
9 new EDGE Modulation and Coding Schemes
CS-3 14.4
CS-4 20
GPRS EDGE
8 CS-1 8.8 MCS-1
12 CS-2 GMSK GMSK 11.2 MCS-2
14.4 CS-3 modulation modulation 14.8 MCS-3
20 CS-4 17.6 MCS-4
22.4 MCS-5
Header + Protection
29.6 MCS-6
User Payload 44.8
8PSK MCS-7
modulation 54.4 MCS-8
59.2 MCS-9 MCS-9
Header + Protection
User Payload
Maximum Throughput per TS is increased from 20 kbps to 59.2 kbps.

EDGE Summary
> EDGE = Enhanced Data Rates for GSM (or Global) Evolution
> Enhancement results from introduction of new modulation (8-PSK) +
channel coding schemes
• ECSD (Enhanced Circuit Switched Data): circuit switched
channels/ services
• EGPRS (Enhanced GPRS): packet switched channels/ services
> Wireless packet data access to Internet
• Same as GPRS only faster and more robust
> New modulation triples the nominal bit rates
> Update of the GSM Standard towards 3rd generation networks/mobiles
> Supports asymmetric traffic on the radio link
> Strict separation between radio and network subsystem
• Difference between EDGE and GPRS is only on air interface
• EDGE and GPRS mobiles can be supported simultaneously in a
network
> Resides on ‘existing’ GSM BSS equipment
• EDGE is the ‘in-band’ 3G solution for GSM operators
EDGE RF Seminar
Part – II
E-GPRS architecture

EDGE / GPRS Architecture (Nortel)

Packet Architecture Overview
PSTN
Existing GSM NSS
GPRS Network
SGSN GGSN
BSC PCUSN Serving Gateway Internet
Node Node
1 2 3
GPRS is an extension of the GSM network, built on top of

the existing infrastructure and consisting of 3 major new components.

The Packetizer: PCUSN
Manages packet radio resources.

Processes the radio packets for the uplink and downlink transmission so as
to minimize the load on the BSC.
Performs buffer management for the arrival packets before they get
processed in the PCUSN, also supports retransmissions between the MS and
the BSS
VLR
MSC
GSM Counterpart: BSC
A
PDN
A bis Agprs Gb Gn Gi
BTS BSC PCUSN SGSN GGSN
Intranet
CES

The Packet Router: SGSN
Performs IP-based packet routing

Provides mobility management (including location tracking of the MS inside
the Service Area) and session management.
Performs authentication procedures and security functions
Performs network access control and compression
VLR
GSM Counterpart: MSC
MSC
PDN
Intranet
CES

The Data Network Gateway: GGSN
Provides a point of interconnection between the (E)GPRS network and

external data network.
Forwards the data packets to and from the PLMN and PDN
Collects charging information that is used for customer billing
Protocol stack has GTP layer which creates a ‘tunnel’ for the secure
transmission of packets
Requests location information from the HLR for mobile terminated data
packets
GSM Counterpart: Gateway-MSC

VLR
MSC
PDN
Intranet
CES
EDGE Implementation Requirements
Access Network Core Network
Terminals
No change on
Core Network
BSC 3000
BSC TCU
MSC
A PSTN
BTS
HLR/AUC
SCP
SGSN
PCUSN
EDGE Radio
Gb GGSN
GPRS
S8000/S12000 with eDRX/ePA
Backbone Intranet
e-cell
Internet
SW Upgrade v15

EDGE RF Seminar
Part – III
E-GPRS Radio interface physical layer

EDGE/GPRS Protocol Stack
Application Layer
Application Application
Packet Layer
IP IP IP
IP Relay
NSAPI
SNDCP SNDCP TID
GTP GTP
SAPI
LLC LLC
LLC Relay
UDP UDP L2 L2
TLLI
BSSGP BSSGP
RLC RLC
TFI IP IP
UDP UDP
IP IP
MAC MAC L2 L2
L2 L2
RF RF L1 L1 L1 L1 L1 L1
MS Um BSS Gbip SGSN Gn GGSN Gi End Host

TMSI/TLLI TMSI/TLLI
EDGE is here
E-GPRS Protocol Stack - BSS
EDGE is here

GSM RF Layer
> The GSM RF layer manages the physical link between
MS and BSS.
• This layer corresponds physically to the CCU inside the BTS.
> The layer is divided into 2 sub layers:
• The Physical RF layer is similar to GSM and is responsible for
modulation/demodulation.
• The Physical Link Layer provides information transfer over a
physical channel on the radio interface.
• Forward Error Correction
• Interleaving of 1 radio block over 4 bursts.
• Synchronization procedures (Timing advance).
• Radio channel measurements
• Power control procedures.

(E)GPRS Physical Layer
• In (E)GPRS, the physical layer is similar to GSM with
some exceptions:
— Channel coding scheme / Modulation is different
– CS-x / MCS-x vs. TCH/F, TCH/H, TCH/9.6, TCH/14.4 etc.
– Modulation for some EDGE coding schemes is 8-PSK vs GMSK
— Interleaving scheme is different
– Block rectangular instead of block diagonal or 19-burst interleaving
Source Burst Formatting Interleaving

Block rectangular interleaving
Channel Reord & Burst GSM Codeword (456 bits) Bit reordering 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Encoder Interleaver Formatter Modulator
Partition 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57
Propagation channel 0 4 Training sequence

57 bits 57 bits
Synchronization De-interleaver 1 5
Filters Viterbi Equalizer Burst De- Burst (114 information
De-partition/reord
GSM Demodulator Formatter bits)
Channel Decoder 2 6
Output bits
3 7

(E)GPRS Physical Layer:
Block Transmission
PH User Data Network layer

Packet (NL PDU)
data compr ./ decompr .
segmentation/assembly (not shown)

SNDCP layer
encryption/decryption
Frame
(LLC FH Information Field FCS

LLC layer
PDU)
Blocks BH Info Field BCS BH Info Field BCS BH Info Field BCS
Primary Block … Following Blocks ...
RLC/MAC layer
channel coding (FEC)
interleaving
burst formatting
Normal Normal Normal Normal Physical layer
Burst Burst Burst Burst
FH = Frame Header BH = Block Header
FCS = Frame Check Sequence BCS = Block Check Sequence

EDGE coding schemes
EDGE Improves GPRS Thruput with 8-PSK and New Modulation & Coding
> GMSK Modulation • 8-PSK Modulation

• 1 bit per symbol – 3 bits per symbol
– Less robust but spectrally efficient
• Robust but not spectrally efficient
GPRS EDGE
8 CS-1 8.8 MCS-1
12 CS-2 11.2 MCS-2
14.4 CS-3
GMSK 14.8 MCS-3
20 CS-4 17.6 MCS-4
22.4 MCS-5
Header + Protection
29.6 MCS-6
User Payload
8-PSK 44.8
54.4
MCS-7
MCS-8
59.2 MCS-9 MCS-9
Header + Protection
User Payload
Maximum Throughput per TS is increased

from 20 kbps to 59.2 kbps.
EDGE Coding Schemes
Family Coding EGPRS RLC Number Number Number Required Data rate
Scheme data unit of Basic of Radio of RLC jokers in kb/s
size - octets data unit Block data
Block
C MCS-1 22 1 1 1 or 1/2* 0 8.8
B MCS-2 28 1 1 1 or 1/2* 0 11.2
A MCS-3 37 1 1 1 or 1/2* 1 14.8
C MCS-4 44 2 1 1 1 17.6
B MCS-5 56 2 1 1 1 22.4
A MCS-6 74 2 1 1 2 29.6
B MCS-7 2x56 = 112 4 1 2 3 44.8
A MCS-8 2x68 = 136 4 1 2 4 54.4
A MCS-9 2x74 = 148 4 1 2 4 59.2
* When MCS6, MCS5 and MCS4 is respectively re-segmented in MCS3, MCS2 and MCS1

EDGE MCS families
> Each coding scheme belong to a family which is based on MCS-3

the the same unit of payload size in order to allow
retransmission of RLC block with more robust coding. 37 octets 37 octets 37 octets 37 octets
MCS-6
Family Modulation Coding User Payload (octets)
Name Schemes MCS-9
Family A
A MCS-3, MCS-6, MCS-9 37, 2x37, 4x37 MCS-2
28 octets 28 octets 28 octets 28 octets

A with MCS-3, MCS-6, MCS-8 34+padding, 2x(34+padding),
MCS-5
padding 4*34
MCS-7
B MCS2, MCS-5, MCS-7 28, 2x28, 4x28 Family B
MCS-1
C MCS-1 and MCS-4 22 and 2x22 22 octets 22 octets
MCS-4
Family C
Edge gives the possibility to retransmit a block in a different MCS belonging

to the same family, according to the success or failure of previous transmission
Improving Retransmissions with Lower MCS

(E)GPRS Coding Scheme Example:
MCS-6 (EDGE)
3 bits 32 bits 612 bits
USF RLC/MAC HCS FBI E Data =74 octets =592 bits BCS TB
Hdr.
Rate 1/3 convolutional coding
36 bits 96 bits 1836 bits
puncturing
P1 P2
SB=4 36 bits 96 bits 1256 bits 1256 bits
1392 bits

(E)GPRS Coding Scheme Example:
MCS-8 (EDGE)
3 bits 45 bits 612 bits 612 bits
U SF R LC /M A C H C S FB I E D ata = 592 bits B C S TB FB I E D ata = 592 bits B C S TB

H dr.
R ate 1/3 convolutional coding R ate 1/3 convolutional coding
36 bits 135 bits 1836 bits 1836 bits
puncturing puncturing
puncturing
SB = 4 36 bits 128 bits 612 bits 612 bits 612 bits 612 bits 612 bits 612 bits
P1 P2 P3 P1 P2 P3
1392 bits
IR is achieved by retransmission of different Puncturing scheme: P1, P2, P3

EDGE MCS Throughputs per TS
MCS9 59.2
Family A : MCS-3, MCS-6, MCS-8, MCS-9
MCS8 54.4
8-PSK
MCS7 44.8
Family B : MCS-2, MCS-5, MCS-7
MCS6 29.6
MCS5 22.4
MCS4 17.6
MCS3 14.8
GMSK
MCS2 11.2
MCS1 8.8
0.0 23.2 46.4 69.6
Raw Bit Rate per TS (kbps)
LLC raw bit rate RLC/MAC Header (including USF, …) Data overhead, coding & protection
Note that Nortel did not implement MCS-1 & MCS-4 (both from family C), since there is no real gain.
MCS-2,MCS-3,MCS-5,MCS-6,MCS-7,MCS-8,MCS-9 from families A & B are implemented.
24 For GPRS, only
NortelCS-1 & CS-2
Confidential are implemented.
Information
EDGE MCS Throughputs per TS
> GSM/GPRS uses GMSK modulation (Gaussian Modulated Shift Keying) and 4 Coding
Schemes are defined in GPRS : CS1 to CS4.
> EDGE introduces a new modulation : 8PSK (8 Phase Shift Keying).
• 8PSK defines 8 states of the radio signal instead of 2 for GMSK.
• 3 bits can be coded with 8PSK instead of 1 for GMSK.
• Ñ 8PSK provides 3X the raw TS bit rate compared to GMSK.
Layer 1 RF Radio Time Slot Occupancy
M CS9 59.2
M CS8 54.4
5 MCS are using 8PSK : M CS7 44.8

8PSK
MCS5 to MCS9 M CS6 29.6
M CS5 22.4
M CS4 17.6
User Payload
M CS3 14.8
4 MCS are using GMSK :

G M SK
11.2 RLC/MAC Hdr
M CS2 (including USF … )
MCS1 to MCS4 M CS1 8.8 Data overhead,

coding &
protection
0.0 23.2 46.4 69.6
Raw Bit Rate per T S (kbps)
25
Ideal throughput at 0% error
Nortel Confidential Information
New modulation: 8-PSK
• 8-PSK (Phase Shift Keying) has been
selected as the new modulation used in
(d(3k),d(3k+1),d(3k+2))= EDGE
(0,0,0) (0,1,0)
DL: 8-PSK (3п/8 shift)
(0,1,1) UL: 8-PSK (3п/8 shift)
• Non-constant envelope (unlike
(0,0,1) (1,1,1) GMSK) ⇒ high requirements for
linearity of the power amplifier
• Peak to Average Ratio (PAR) = 3.2 dB
(1,0,1) (1,1,0) • Peak to Minimum Ratio (PMR) = 17 dB
(1,0,0) • PAR and high symbol dynamic requires
excellent linearity in the modulator
(DRX) and PA to limit distorsions
• Due to amplifier non-linearities, a 2-4
dB power decrease (back-off) is
typically needed
• 3 bits per symbol
• Symbol rate and burst length identical
to those of GMSK
EDGE GSM
Modulation 8-PSK, 3bit/sym GMSK, 1 bit/sym
Symbol rate 270.833 ksps 270.833 ksps
Payload/burst 346 bits 114 bits
Gross rate/time slot 69.2 kbps 22.8 kbps

New modulation: 8-PSK
> The following block diagrams presents the key differences between
GMSK and 8-PSK modulations.
> EDGE uses a 3п/8-shifted 8-PSK modulation
8-PSK modulator
GMSK Modulator
Gaussian Gray mapping Linearized

differential
encoding
prefiltering frequency to 8PSK Gaussian I &Q
for frequency modulator constellation rotation by Filter
-1, +1 k3pi/8
pulses for Dirac
3 bits per pulses
symbol
Q
local oscillator
Gray coding
bit Ik symbol (d3i, d3i+1, d3i+2)= (0,1,0)
111 (7) 0
Gray mapping: 3 bits per symbol
(0,0,0)
011 (3) 1
(0,1,1)
010 (2) 2 and only one bit changes between
000 (0)
001 (1)
3
4
adjacent symbols (0,0,1) (1,1,1)
101 (5) 5 I
100 (4) 6
110 (6) 7
(1,0,1) (1,1,0)
Gray coding symbol (1,0,0)
BER minimization
Burst topology
• Same structure as for GSM
• term 'bit' is replaced by 'symbol’
• Same training sequence correlation
• 8-PSK symbol 0 and 4 replace GMSK bit 0 and 1
• PAR = 1.5 dB ; PMR = 4.3 dB
• Mobile blind detection GMSK/8-PSK thanks to rotation within Training Sequence
• Training sequence (TS) has lower envelope variations
• It has seamless switchover between timeslots
Payload Training Sequence Payload

26 symbol
3 Sy. 58 symbol 8-PSK [same correlation 58 symbol 8-PSK 3 Sy. GP
174 bits as GMSK ] 174 bits
1 symbol equals 1 bit in GMSK vs 3 bits in 8PSK

EDGE RF Seminar
Part – IV
E-GPRS Radio interface logical channels

(E)GPRS Logical Channels
GSM / (E) GPRS
PDCH
Common
GSM / (E) GPRS • PDTCH (UL or
DL) for data
BCCH & traffic
CCCH • PACCH (UL or
DL) for control
(SI, RACH, Paging) signaling
• PTCCH (UL and
DL) for TA
update
> Existing GSM CCCH and BCCH (with additional system info
messages) are used for EGPRS as well
• PDCH will carry PDTCH, PACCH and
30
PTCCH (uplink / downlink)
Nortel Confidential Information
> Current (E)GPRS solution
• GSM Broadcast Control CHannel will be used
• GSM Common Control CHannels will be used
• Packet Traffic CHannels will be used.
• PDTCH: Packet Data Traffic Channel
• PACCH: Packet Associated Control Channel
• PTCCH: Packet Timing Advance Control Channel
BCCH DL
PDTCH
PCH
PACCH
AGCH
PTCCH
BSS
PDTCH
PACCH
RACH
PTCCH
UL
(E)GPRS logical channels
> All necessary parameters for (E)GPRS access will be
broadcast on the BCCH using SI 13.(sys info 13 )
• SI 13 is broadcast by the network on the BCCH
• The message provides the MS with GPRS cell specific access
related information.
> SI 13 message contains information for the (E)GPRS MS:
• Routing area code (RAC)
• network control parameters (NC0,NC1,NC2)
• GPRS power control parameters
• Etc.

> The PDTCH is used to carry traffic in the UL or DL

• Up to 8 PDTCH may be allocated to 1 subscriber on the same TDMA
and up to 8 MS can share the same PDCH. (7 on the UL due to one of
the USF flags being reserved).
• The MAC layer is responsible for the management and contention
resolution of the PDCH by static* or dynamic allocation.
> The PACCH is associated with the assigned PDTCH and is
used to carry control messages.
• The PACCH and PDTCH positions (PDCH number) are provided to the
MS in the immediate assignment or resource assignment stage.
> The PTCCH is used for Timing Advance procedure.

> In (E)GPRS, the data traffic channels are
not paired (UL/DL)
• PDTCH/UL and PDTCH/DL are assigned
independently depending on the direction of data being
transferred
• Not all MS are required to be capable of full duplex
operation anyway
• The PACCH/DL and PACCH/UL are used during a
packet transfer to carry ‘ack’ messages in the other
direction and also for assignment/ re-assignment
• PACCH is dynamically multiplexed on the same
TS/PDCH as PDTCH but has no fixed position
and may be used whenever necessary
• The PTCCH is the only bi-directional logical channel
• Each MS uses access bursts on the PTCCH/UL during packet
transfer and the BTS calculates the TA and updates the MS
• Multiple MS on the same TS are updated by the same
PTCCH/DL control block with different TAI (timing
advance identifier) for each mobile

> PDCH Multiframe structure
• PDTCH, PACCH & PTCCH (for GPRS Phase1)
• 52 burst Multiframe
• Radio blocks transmitted over 4 bursts belonging to 4
consecutive TDMA frames. (PDTCH, PACCH)
• Idle frames used for PTCCH
This example shows repetition of bursts over time on the same time slot
Idle Frames
TDMA FN 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51
DL
Block B0 B1 B2 X B3 B4 B5 X B6 B7 B8 X B9 B10 B11 X
Radio Blocks Idle Frames Radio Blocks
TDMA FN 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51
UL
Block B0 B1 B2 X B3 B4 B5 X B6 B7 B8 X B9 B10 B11 X
Radio Blocks Radio Blocks

• GSM control channel TS will follow the GSM 51-frame multiframe structure
• GSM traffic channels TS will follow the GSM 26-frame multiframe structure
• (E)GPRS channels TS will follow the GPRS 52-frame multiframe structure
Packet Data Unit: PDU

EDGE RF Seminar
Part – V
E-GPRS Procedures & concepts

(E)GPRS Procedures
> Network acquisition

• The MS monitors the SYS INFO messages on
the BCCH of a cell
• The MS then determines whether there is GPRS available
on this cell.
• The MS can then use the CCCH to attach to the
GPRS network and get ready to transmit or receive
> Call setup

• A (E)GPRS call is initiated in a similar way as compared to
GSM except that instead of SDCCH and TCH/SACCH
assignment, the MS is assigned PACCH / PDTCH UL or DL
• The TSs are assigned based on MS capability
and availability of resources

(E)GPRS protocol stack
Application Layer
Application Application
IP / X.25 Packet Layer IP / X.25
TID
SNDCP NSAPI SNDCP GTP GTP
SAPI UDP / UDP /

LLC LLC Relay LLC TCP TCP
TLLI
RLC RLC BSSGP BSSGP IP IP
TFI
Frame Frame L2 L2
MAC MAC
RLC/MAC layer Relay Relay
GSM RF GSM RF L1bis L1bis L1 L1
Physical Layer Gb Gn Gi
SGSN GGSN
MS BSS
Um

RLC/MAC & LLC Layer
> RLC/MAC is the logical link between the MS and BSS.
• Interface between MS and PCU
> RLC layer functions
• segmentation and re-assembly of LLC frames into RLC data blocks.
• Backward error correction (ack mode) and radio block retransmission
of unsuccessfully delivered RLC/MAC blocks.
> MAC layer functions
• Multiplexing of uplink and downlink traffic
• Allocation modes: static and dynamic
• channel access control (allocation of TBF)
> LLC is the logical link between the MS and the SGSN.
• Helps in re-initiating a connection after an unwanted TBF release

(E)GPRS Key Concepts
> MM States
• Mobility management states (idle, standby, ready)
> RR States
• Radio resource states (packet idle, packet transfer)
> TBF/TFI (b/w MS and the BSS)
• Temporary block flow / temporary flow identifier.
A TBF corresponds to a set of radio TS (belonging
to the same TDMA) allocated to a user
> PDP context (b/w MS and GGSN)
• Packet data protocol context indicating a high layer service
connection between the MS and an access point

Mobility Management and PDP Context
Mobility Management State Model PDP Context State Model
MS SGSN
GGSN
MS SGSN
GPRS
Detach or
Idle GPRS
Detach
Idle Cancel
Location
GPRS Attach GPRS Attach

STANDBY
Deactivate Deactivate
Timer
Inactive PDP Inactive PDP Inactive
STANDBY Context Context
Ready Expiry Ready
Timer
or
Expiry
Cancel Activate PDP Activate PDP Activate PDP
READY Timer Expiry or Location READY Timer Expiry or context context context
Force to STANDBY Force to STANDBY or
Abnormal RLC Condition
PDU
Standby Transmission Standby Active Active Active
GPRS Attach Procedure PDP Context Activation Procedure
BSS SGSN GGSN

BSS SGSN HLR
Packet Data Channel Request Activate PDP Context

Packet Uplink Assignment Security Functions
Create PDP Context Request
GPRS Attach Request
Create PDP Context Response
Update Location
Insert Sub Data Activate PDP Context
GPRS Attach Accept
Insert Sub Data Ack
The
The GGSN
GGSN is
is then
then able
able to
to route
route PDP
PDP
Update Location Ack packets
packets for
for the
the MS
MS to
to its
its SGSN
SGSN
(E)GPRS Mobility Management
The GMM takes place between the MS and the SGSN. The mobility management
activities related to a GPRS subscriber are characterized by one of three different
GMM states: IDLE, READY and STANDBY.
IDLE GPRS
Detach
GPRS
Attach
Cell Updates
STANDBY No Paging
timer READY
expiry
READY PDU
timer transmission
expiry
STANDBY
RA Updates
Paging

(E)GPRS Mobility Management
In GPRS IDLE state, the subscriber is not attached to the GMM. Thus, the MS
and SGSN MM contexts hold no valid location or routing information for the
subscriber. Data transmissions to and from the MS as well as the paging of the
subscriber are not possible.
In GPRS STANDBY state, the subscriber is attached to the GMM. PS-paging and
CS-paging via the SGSN may be received, but data transmission and reception
are not possible. At this point, if the subscriber wants to request an e-mail
message or a web page, a PDP context must be activated before.
In the READY state, the MS location is known on a cell level. The MS performs
GMM procedures to provide the network with the actual selected cell, i.e. when
reselecting a new GPRS cell the MS shall carry out a Cell update procedure. The
MS may send and receive PDP PDU and paging is not performed. The MS may
also initiate PDP context activation or deactivation.

(E)GPRS Session Management
A GPRS subscription contains one or more PDP addresses. Each PDP address
is described by an individual PDP context in the MS, SGSN and GGSN.
Every PDP context exists independently in one of two states:
INACTIVE or ACTIVE.
The PDP state indicates whether the PDP address is activated for data transfer or
not. All PDP contexts of a subscriber are associated with the same MM context.
IN A C T IV E
A c tiv a te D e a c tiv a te P D P c o n te x t
PDP or
c o n te x t G M M s ta te c h a n g e to ID L E
A C T IV E

(E)GPRS Session Management
The INACTIVE state characterizes the data service for a certain PDP
address of the subscriber as not activated. This means that the PDP
context contains no routing or mapping information to process PDP PDU
related to that PDP address. So, no data can be transferred. The MS
moves from INACTIVE to ACTIVE state by initiating the PDP context
activation.
In ACTIVE State, the PDP context for the PDP address in use is activated
in MS, SGSN and GGSN. The PDP context contains mapping and routing
information for transferring PDP PDU for that particular PDP address
between MS and GGSN. The PDP state ACTIVE is permitted only when
the GMM state of the subscriber is STANDBY or READY. An ACTIVE PDP
context for an MS is moved to INACTIVE state when the deactivation
procedure is initiated. All active PDP contexts for an MS are moved to
INACTIVE when the GMM state changes to IDLE.

Packet Assignment
> MS initiates a packet transfer by sending a Packet

channel request on the (P)RACH.
• 1 phase (GPRS only) or 2 phase access (GPRS / E-GPRS)
> Short access or 1 phase access*

• The MS includes all the information needed for channel
establishment on the (P)RACH.
> Two phase access

• This can be initiated by MS or network.
• MS receives a single block on (P)AGCH and responds with
the Packet resource request message on PACCH. This
contains information on the requested resources for UL
transfer, I.e. MS capability, file size etc.

Packet Assignment example
> MS - PCU packet transfer procedures
Packet c
hannel r
equest
nt
dia te assignme
Packet imme
llocation
One block a
PCU
MS
Packet reso
urc e request (T
MS capa
bility (2 + LLI)
1), RLC o
ctet coun
t, RLC m
ode
ac ke t u plink assignment
P
A I, CS
tart time, TFI, T
ARFCN, TBF s

RR Activation/UL TBF Establishment
MS known in a RA MS known in a cell DL TBF Already assigned
MM Standby / MM Ready / MM Ready /

RR Packet Idle RR Packet Idle RR Packet Transfer
• Random Access on • Random Access on • Packet UL

RACH RACH (TA calculated Assignment on
(TA calculated by BSS) by BSS)
PACCH
• Immediate Assignment • Immediate
on AGCH • Packet Control Ack
Assignment on AGCH
• Packet Resource from MS on PACCH
• Packet Resource
Request Request by MS on • UL PDTCH
by MS on PACCH PACCH
• Packet UL Assignment
by BSS on PACCH • Packet UL Assignment
by BSS on PACCH
• UL PDTCH
• UL PDTCH
TBF TBF
Release Release
MM Ready / MM Ready / MM Ready /
RR Packet Transfer RR Packet Transfer RR Packet Transfer

RR Activation/UL TBF Establishment
Establishment of an Uplink TBF/ Acces Establishment of an Uplink TBF

During Downlink Transfer
MS PCU
MS BTS BSC PCU Packet Downlink ACK/NACK
RACH (CCCH) Channel Required Channel Required Downlink Data
IMM. Assign. IMM. Assign. Packet Uplink Assignment(S/P=1)

IMM. Assign. Command Command
(AGCH)
Packet Packet Control Acknowledgement
Resource
Request
Packet
Downlink Data
Uplink
Assignment
Downlink Data
FIRST PDTCH
Uplink Data

RR Activation/DL TBF Establishment
MS known in a RA MS known in a cell UL TBF Already assigned
MM
MM Standby
Standby // MM
MM Ready
Ready // MM
MM Ready
Ready //
RR
RR Packet
Packet Idle
Idle RR
RR Packet
Packet Idle
Idle RR
RR Packet
Packet Transfer
Transfer
• Paging on PCH • Immediate Assignment

• Random Access on on AGCH • Packet DL Assignment
RACH (TA calculated • Packet DL Assignment on PACCH
by BSS) on PACCH • Packet Control Ack
• Immediate Assignment • Packet Control Ack from from MS on PACCH
on AGCH MS on PACCH (Access • DL PDTCH
• Packet DL Assignment bursts on PACCH for TA
on PACCH calculation)
• Packet Control Ack • Packet Timing Advance
from MS on PACCH on PTCCH
• DL PDTCH • DL PDTCH
TBF TBF
Release Release
MM
MM Ready
Ready // MM
MM Ready
Ready // MM
MM Ready
Ready //
RR
RR Packet
Packet Transfer
Transfer RR
RR Packet
Packet Transfer
Transfer RR
RR Packet
Packet Transfer
Transfer

RR Activation/DL TBF Establishment
Establishment of a DownLink TBF Establishment of a

Downlink TBF during
Uplink transfer
MS BTS BSC PCU

MS PCU
PDTCH
IMM. IMM. Assign. BSSGP-DL- Packet Uplink Assignment (Bitmap i+1)
Assignment Command Unit-Data PDTCH
PDTCH
Packet
Downlink Packet Control Acknowledgement
Assignment Uplink PDTCH
Bitmap i Packet Downlink Assignment
Packet Control Acknowledgement (Over 4 bursts ) PDTCH
Packet Packet Control Acknowledgement
Timing Advance
PDTCH
First PDTCH Uplink PDTCH
Bitmap
PDTCH
i+1
PDTCH

EDGE RF Seminar
Part – VI
E-GPRS usage

EDGE TS multiplexing
> Same radio TS can be used simultaneously for GPRS and EDGE
> Bandwidth is dynamically shared between :
• Voice traffic
• GPRS/EDGE traffic
GSM TDMA Radio (BCCH in this instance)
Voice Voice Voice
BCCH Voice Voice Voice GPRS GPRS GPRS GPRS
EDGE EDGE EDGE EDGE
GSM TDMA Radio (non-BCCH in this instance)

Voice Voice Voice
Voice Voice Voice Voice GPRS GPRS GPRS GPRS
EDGE EDGE EDGE EDGE
> Allows a smooth migration from GPRS MS towards EDGE MS.

ÖIncreases capacity at no cost
ÖEnables EDGE also in low capacity sites

EDGE Benefits over GPRS
How the Operator can implement it
Increased
Increaseddata
dataand
Improves spectral efficiency : voice
and
voicecapacity
capacity
EDGE as a Capacity Solution
GPRS: 40Kbps data (48 kbps
BCCH Voice Voice Voice GPRS GPRS GPRS GPRS
peak), 3 voice channels
BCCH Voice Voice Voice Voice Voice EDGE EDGE EDGE: 60Kbps data (118Kbps
peak), 5 voice channels
Or On a given DRX, number of voice and data users increases.
EDGE as a Data Quality Solution
BCCH Voice Voice Voice GPRS GPRS GPRS GPRS GPRS 2 radios: 120Kbps data
GPRS GPRS GPRS GPRS GPRS GPRS GPRS GPRS (144Kbps peak), 3 voice channels
EDGE 1 radio: 120Kbps data

BCCH Voice Voice Voice EDGE EDGE EDGE EDGE
(237Kbps peak), 3 voice channels
Equal capacity with

Or a mix of both half the equipment!
EDGE
EDGEImproves
ImprovesRadio
RadioEfficiency-
Efficiency-Reduces
ReducesEquipment
EquipmentRequirements
Requirements
Data applications
1. Email via mobile Phone or PDA (MMS)
2. Email + Attachment via Laptop
3. Internet/Intranet Access browsing
4. Internet Intranet Access File Transfer
5. Net Meeting
6. Travel Information services
7. Navigation Services
8. Text Based Information (push/pull)
9. Reference services (yellow pages, directory…)
10. Interactive games
11. Banking applications
12. Electronic Ticketing
13. Interactive shopping
14. Image/Video Streaming (MPEG4)
15. Audio Based Services (MP3)
Find out
where you are
> High data rate availability encourages the customers to use these services
EDGE RF Seminar
Part – VII
Abbreviations

EDGE ABBREVIATIONS
A ETSI generic name for BSS-NSS i/f
Abis ETSI generic name for BTS-BSC i/f
Agprs NORTEL specific name for BSC-PCU i/f
ARQ Automatic repeat request
APN Access point name
BCCH Broadcast control channel
BH Busy hour
BLER Block error rate
BSC Base station controller
BSN Block sequence number
BSN’ Absolute block sequence number
BSS Base station subsystem
BTS Base transceiver station

EDGE ABBREVIATIONS
BSSGP BSS GPRS protocol
BVC BSSGP virtual connection
CCCH Common control channel
CS Coding scheme
CS-paging Circuit Switched-paging
CV Countdown value
DL Downlink
FAI Final acknowledgement indicator
FBI Final block indicator
FN Frame number
Gb ETSI generic name for PCU-SGSN i/f
GGSN Gateway GPRS support node
Gi ETSI generic name for GGSN-PDN i/f

EDGE ABBREVIATIONS
GMM GPRS mobility management
Gn ETSI generic name for SGSN-GGSN i/f
GPRS General packet radio service
GSL GPRS signaling link
GTP GPRS tunneling protocol
HO Handover
IE Information element
I/F Interface
IP Internet protocol
IAS Immediate assignment
IAREJ Immediate assignment reject
IOT Inter-operability tests
LA Location area

EDGE ABBREVIATIONS
LAC Location area code
LAI Location area identity
LAPD Link access protocol on D channel
LLC Logical link control
MAC Medium access control
MCS Modulation and Coding Scheme
MO Mobile originated
MS Mobile station
MT Mobile terminated
NMS Network management system
N-PDU Network layer-packet data unit
NS Network service
NSAPI Network service access point identifier

EDGE ABBREVIATIONS
NSS Network and switching subsystem
NTS Number of TS assigned to the UL TBF
O&M Operation and maintenance
OAM Operation administration maintenance
OML OAM link
PACCH Packet associated control channel
PAREJ Packet access reject
PBCCH Packet broadcast control channel
PCA Packet control acknowledgement
PCCCH Packet common control channel
PCM Pulse coded modulation
PCU Packet control unit
PDAN Packet DL Ack/Nack

EDGE ABBREVIATIONS
PDAS Packet DL assignment
PDCH Packet data channel
PDCB Packet dummy control block
PDN Packet data network
PDP Packet data protocol
PDTCH Packet data traffic channel
PDU Packet Data Unit
PLMN Public land mobile network
PPCTA Packet power control timing advance
PPR Packet polling request
PRR Packet resource request
PTCCH Packet TA control channel
PTR Packet TS Reconfigure

EDGE ABBREVIATIONS
PSI Packet system information
PS-paging Packet Switched-paging
PUAN Packet UL Ack/Nack
PUAS Packet UL Assignment
QoS Quality of service
RA Routing area
RAC Routing area code
RAI Routing area identifier
RACH Random access channel
RBB Receive block bitmap
RLC Radio link control
RRBP Related reserved block period
RRM Radio Resource Management

EDGE ABBREVIATIONS
RSL Radio signaling link
SAPI Service access point identifier
SFH Slow frequency hopping
SI Stall indicator
SI n SysInfo n
SGSN Serving GPRS support node
SM Session management
SNDCP Sub-network dependent convergence protocol
SSN Starting sequence number
TA Timing advance
TAI Timing advance index
TBC Number of RLC data blocks to be transmitted in the TBF
TBF Temporary block flow

EDGE ABBREVIATIONS
TCP Transmission control protocol
TDMA Time division multiple access
TFI Temporary flow identity
TID Tunnel identity
TLLI Temporary logical link identifier
TRX BTS transceiver entity
TS Timeslot
UL Uplink
USF UL state flag

EDGE DEFINITIONS
Access Time Slot : TS assigned by the PCU to the BTS and containing access blocks.
Those blocks may be allocated by the BTS for Packet Resources Request transmission
(“CCCH at BTS” feature).
Block period: is the sequence of 4 TS on 4 successive TDMA used to convey 1 radio
block. (20ms)
CV: indicates in which state the countdown procedure is.
EDGE Radio data block: represents a block of the TRAU frame that is sent or received
every 20ms and that uses MCS1 to MCS9. An EDGE data block using MCS7, MCS8 or
MCS9 is composed of 2 RLC data blocks. All other MCS are composed of only 1 RLC
data block, except MCS2 and 3 if the block has been re-segmented (1/2 RLC block in that
case).
Joker DS0 : On Abis, 64 kbps timeslot used as joker for an Edge TDMA.
The total number of DS0 used for an Edge TDMA consists in 2 main DS0 plus joker(s)
DS0.
Multi-slot Class: indicates the UL and DL capabilities of the MS.

EDGE DEFINITIONS
PDP context: information set stored at MS, SGSN and GGSN, enabling data exchange
with a PDP network.
ON period: one ON period corresponds to the transfer of information (web page, e-
mail…) at the GPRS application layer (above IP/X25).
OFF period: one OFF period corresponds to the time between two ON periods.
Packet idle mode: in this mode, one MS is not allocated any radio resource on a PDCH.
Then, it listens to the BCCH and the CCCH.
Packet transfer mode: in this mode, one MS is prepared to transfer LLC PDU and then
is allocated radio resource on one or more PDCH to carry out this transfer.
PBCCH: used to broadcast the PSI. The presence of PBCCH logical channel in the cell is
indicated in the SI 13 on BCCH (providing GPRS specific information). If PBCCH is not
present in the serving cell (V15.0 case), the MS shall receive the SI n messages
broadcast on BCCH. Most of these SI are for GSM, only SI 13 and minor extensions in SI
3, SI 4, SI 7 and SI 8 are needed for GPRS. Then, all the common control channels are
the GSM CCCH logical channels and the only GPRS logical channels used on PDCH are
PDTCH for data traffic and the associated control channels PACCH and PTCCH.

EDGE DEFINITIONS
PDCH: is a physical channel dedicated to packet data traffic.

Pipe: set of resources allocated to one TBF at one time characterized by:
All parameters allocated to the TBF (USF, TFI…).
A set of UL and/or DL TS.
When a TBF is opened, a pipe is opened. In order to optimize the throughput, a TBF
can be associated to a set of subsequent pipes. One pipe in a TBF is closed, and
replaced by another one, when:
The PCU allocator modifies the UL and/or DL TS allocation.
A switch from half-duplex to full-duplex transfer is done.
QoS parameters change.
The TBF is released.
Reaction time: the GSM specifications (see [5.08]) gives 3 blocks delay (60 ms) to the
MS, in order to listen allocated TS, after reception of the allocation order.

EDGE DEFINITIONS
RLC Data Block: Block uniquely identified by its Block Sequence Number (BSN), as
defined in 04.60
RLC-MODE: indicates the acknowledged (0) or non-acknowledged (1) RLC mode of
operation.
SI: indicates whether the MS RLC transmit window is stalled (1) or not (0).
TBF: the radio resource allocations are called TBF in GPRS. One TBF is allocated to a
GPRS MS during radio transfer duration. It corresponds to a set of radio blocks on packet
switched TS (PDCH) belonging to the same TDMA.
•From the PCU allocator point of view, a TBF has been established as soon as one
block is allocated to on the Um i/f.
•From a user point of view, it can be considered that a TBF has been established
when user data is transferred on the Um i/f.
TFI: identifies the TBF.
Timeslot DS0 : On Abis, 64 kbps timeslot
Timeslot Agprs : On Agprs, 16 kbps timeslot


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EDGE RF Seminar 1

Wireless Network Engineering

1 Nortel Confidential Information

2 Nortel Confidential Information

The administration, maintenance and supervision of EDGE is based on the

3 Nortel Confidential Information

4 Nortel Confidential Information

6 Nortel Confidential Information

7 Nortel Confidential Information

GPRS is an extension of the GSM network, built on top of

8 Nortel Confidential Information

Manages packet radio resources.

BTS BSC PCUSN SGSN GGSN

9 Nortel Confidential Information

Performs IP-based packet routing

BTS BSC PCUSN SGSN GGSN

10 Nortel Confidential Information

Provides a point of interconnection between the (E)GPRS network and

GSM Counterpart: Gateway-MSC

BTS BSC PCUSN SGSN GGSN

12 Nortel Confidential Information

13 Nortel Confidential Information

MS Um BSS Gbip SGSN Gn GGSN Gi End Host

15 Nortel Confidential Information

16 Nortel Confidential Information

Source Burst Formatting Interleaving

Propagation channel 0 4 Training sequence

17 Nortel Confidential Information

PH User Data Network layer

data compr ./ decompr .

segmentation/assembly (not shown)

(LLC FH Information Field FCS

Primary Block … Following Blocks ...

Normal Normal Normal Normal Physical layer

Burst Burst Burst Burst

FH = Frame Header BH = Block Header

FCS = Frame Check Sequence BCS = Block Check Sequence

18 Nortel Confidential Information

> GMSK Modulation • 8-PSK Modulation

Maximum Throughput per TS is increased

20 Nortel Confidential Information

> Each coding scheme belong to a family which is based on MCS-3

28 octets 28 octets 28 octets 28 octets

C MCS-1 and MCS-4 22 and 2x22 22 octets 22 octets

Edge gives the possibility to retransmit a block in a different MCS belonging

Improving Retransmissions with Lower MCS

3 bits 32 bits 612 bits

Rate 1/3 convolutional coding

36 bits 96 bits 1836 bits

SB=4 36 bits 96 bits 1256 bits 1256 bits

22 Nortel Confidential Information

3 bits 45 bits 612 bits 612 bits

U SF R LC /M A C H C S FB I E D ata = 592 bits B C S TB FB I E D ata = 592 bits B C S TB

R ate 1/3 convolutional coding R ate 1/3 convolutional coding

36 bits 135 bits 1836 bits 1836 bits

IR is achieved by retransmission of different Puncturing scheme: P1, P2, P3

23 Nortel Confidential Information

0.0 23.2 46.4 69.6

Raw Bit Rate per TS (kbps)

Layer 1 RF Radio Time Slot Occupancy

5 MCS are using 8PSK : M CS7 44.8

MCS5 to MCS9 M CS6 29.6