I. FLUID MECHANICS D.

Viscosity:
A. Density, Specific Weight & Specific Volume: 1. ABSOLUTE (DYNAMIC)
1. DENSITY 𝐹/𝐴 𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝝁𝒅 = =
For Liquid: 𝑑𝑉/𝑑𝑦 𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 Units of Absolute Viscosity:
𝝆=
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 English: 1 reyn = 1 lb-s/in2
For Ideal Gas: Metric/SI: 1 Poise = 1 dyne-s/cm2
𝑃
𝝆= = 0.1 Pa-s
𝑅𝑇
1 dyne = gram-cm/s2
2. SPECIFIC WEIGHT
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 2. KINEMATIC VISCOSITY
𝜸= 𝜇𝑑 𝐴𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑉𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝝁𝒌 = =
𝜌 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
3. SPECIFIC VOLUME Units of Kinematic Viscosity:
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 1 English: ft2/s
𝝊= = Metric/SI: 1 stroke = 1 cm2/s
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝜌
= 0. 0001 m2/s

B. Specific Gravity:
1. SPECIFIC GRAVITY E. Reynold’s Number & Types of Flow:
For Liquid: 1. REYNOLD’S NUMBER
𝜌𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝛾𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐼𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎 𝑉𝐷𝜌 𝑉𝐷
𝑺. 𝑮.𝒍𝒊𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒅 = = 𝑵𝑹 = = =
𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝛾𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑉𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝜇𝑘 𝜇𝑑
ρwater = 1000 kg/m3 = 62.4 lbm/ft3
2. LAMINAR FLOW – Nr < 2000.
For Gases:
𝜌𝑔𝑎𝑠 3. TURBULENT FLOW – Nr > 4000.
𝑺. 𝑮.𝒈𝒂𝒔 =
𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟
ρair = 1.2 kg/m3 at 101.325 kPa and 21.1°C
4. TRANSITIONAL FLOW – 2000 < Nr > 4000.

C. Mole Fraction:
F. Surface Tension & Capillarity Action:
1. MOLE FRACTION
𝑁𝐴 1. CAPILLARY RISE
𝒙𝑨 = 4𝜎 cos 𝜃
𝑁𝐴 + 𝑁𝐵 + 𝑁𝐶 𝒉=
𝛾𝐷
𝑵 = 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠

If expressed in Percent: G. Compressibility & Bulk Modulus:

𝑁𝐴 1. COMPRESSIBILITY
𝑴𝒐𝒍𝒆 𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕 = 𝑥 100%
𝑁𝐴 +𝑁𝐵 +𝑁𝐶 −Δ𝑉
𝑉𝑜
𝜷=
Δ𝑃

2. BULK MODULUS
1 Δ𝑃
𝑬𝑩 = =
𝛽 −Δ𝑉
𝑉𝑜
II. GENERAL EQUATIONS & FORMULAS C. Velocity Head:
A. Volume & Mass Flow Rate & Flow Through 1. TORRECELLI’S THEOREM
Nozzle: 𝑉2
𝒉=
1. VOLUME FLOW RATE (Q) 2𝑔
𝑸 = 𝐴𝑉

2. MASS FLOW RATE (m) D. Friction Head Loss in Pipes:

𝒎 = 𝜌𝐴𝑉 1. DARCY FORMULA (WEISBACH EQUATION)
𝑓𝐿𝑉 2
𝒉𝒇 =
3. FLOW THROUGH NOZZLE 2𝑔𝐷
𝑽 = √2𝑔ℎ
2. MORSE FORMULA
𝒉 = 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 f should be taken from Morse Table
2𝑓𝐿𝑉 2
𝒉𝒇 = = 4𝐷𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑦
Actual Velocity: 𝑔𝐷
𝑽𝒂 = 𝑐𝑣 √2𝑔ℎ
3. COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION FOR LAMINAR
𝑉 FLOW (NR<2000)
𝑪𝒐𝒆𝒇𝒇. 𝒐𝒇 𝑽𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 = 𝒄𝒗 = 64
𝑉𝑎 𝒇𝑳 =
𝑁𝑅
4. VENA CONTRATA (A)
𝑨 = 𝑐𝑐 × 𝐴𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑒 4. COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION FOR TURBULENT
FLOW (4000<NR>100,000)
𝑐𝑑 0.316
𝑪𝒐𝒆𝒇𝒇. 𝒐𝒇 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = 𝒄𝒄 = 𝒇=
𝑐𝑣 (𝑁𝑅 )1/4

Theoretical Flow: 5. ENERGY LOSS DUE TO FRICTION FOR

𝑸 = 𝐴𝑉 = 𝐴√2𝑔ℎ LAMINAR FLOW
𝑓𝐿𝑉 2
𝑬𝒇 =
Actual Flow: 2𝐷
𝑸𝒂 = 𝑐𝑑 𝐴√2𝑔ℎ
6. ENERGY LOSS DUE TO FRICTION FOR
TURBULENT FLOW
𝑪𝒐𝒆𝒇𝒇. 𝒐𝒇 𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆 = 𝒄𝒅 = 𝑐𝑣 𝑐𝑐
The head loss can be converted into pressure
drop:
∆𝑷 = 𝛾ℎ𝑓
B. Hydrostatic Pressure:
1. HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE (P)
𝑷 = 𝛾ℎ = 𝜌𝑔ℎ
E. Bernoulli Equation:
1. BERNOULLI THEOREM
2. PRESSURE HEAD (h)
𝑃 𝑉2 𝑃 𝑉2
𝑃 𝑃 + + 𝑧1 = + + 𝑧2
𝒉= = 𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔
𝛾 𝜌𝑔
F. Conservation of Mass:
1. CONTINUITY EQUATION
𝒎𝟏 = 𝒎𝟐

𝝆𝟏 𝑨𝟏 𝑽𝟏 = 𝝆𝟐 𝑨𝟐 𝑽𝟐

For Incompressible Fluid, ρ1 = ρ2:

𝑨𝟏 𝑽 𝟏 = 𝑨𝟐 𝑽 𝟐

G. Hydraulic Radius:
1. HYDRAULIC RADIUS
𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐴𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤
𝑹𝑯 = =
𝑊𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑃𝑤𝑒𝑡

For Circular Pipe:

1
𝑹𝑯 = 𝐷𝑒𝑞
4

H. Buoyancy:
1. BUOYANCY
𝑭𝑩 = 𝛾𝑙𝑖𝑞 𝑉𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑑 = 𝑊𝑖𝑛 𝐴𝑖𝑟 −𝑊𝑖𝑛 𝐿𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑

𝑾 = 𝛾𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 𝑉𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑

General Equation:
𝑾 = 𝑭𝑩

𝜸𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒊𝒅 𝑽𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒊𝒅 = 𝛾𝐻2 𝑂 𝑉𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑑

𝜸𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒊𝒅 𝑨𝒃 𝒉𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒊𝒅 = 𝛾𝐻2 𝑂 𝐴𝑏 ℎ𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑑

𝛾𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 ℎ𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑑
𝑺. 𝑮.𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒊𝒅 = =
𝛾𝐻2 𝑂 ℎ𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑

I. Hydrodynamics:
1. FORCE EXERTED BY A JET
𝑊
𝑭 = 𝑚𝑉𝑗𝑒𝑡 = 𝑉𝑗𝑒𝑡
𝑔

2. PERIPHERAL COEFFICIENT
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝜋𝐷𝑁
𝑭= =
𝐽𝑒𝑡 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 √2𝑔ℎ