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1. Why environmental monitoring?

Environment meaning
Environment can be defined as a sum total of all the living and non-living elements and their
effects that influence human life. While all living or biotic elements are animals, plants, forests,
fisheries, and birds, non-living or abiotic elements include water, land, sunlight, rocks, and air.

COMPONENTS OF ENVIRONMENT:

Environment mainly consists of atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere. But it can

be roughly divided into two types such as (a) Micro environment and (b) Macro environment. It

can also be divided into two other types such as (c) Physical and (d) biotic environment.

(a) Micro environment refers to the immediate local surrounding of the organism.

(b) Macro environment refers to all the physical and biotic conditions that surround the organism

externally.

(c) Physical environment refers to all abiotic factors or conditions like temperature, light,

rainfall, soil, minerals etc. It comprises of atmosphere, lithosphere and hydrosphere.

(d) Biotic environment includes all biotic factors or living forms like plants, animals, Micro-

organisms.

Environment functions
(1) Provides the supply of resources

       The environment offers resources for production.

       It includes both renewable and non-renewable resources.
       Examples: Wood for furniture, soil, land, etc.
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(2) Sustains life

       The environment includes the sun, soil, water, and air, which are essential for human
life.
       It sustains life by providing genetic and biodiversity.
(3) Assimilates waste

       Production and consumption activities generate waste.

       This occurs mostly in the form of garbage.
       The environment helps in getting rid of the garbage.
(4) Enhances the quality of life

       The environment enhances the quality of life.

       Human beings enjoy the beauty of nature that includes rivers, mountains, deserts, etc.
       These add to the quality of life.

ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING
Environmental monitoring refers to the tools and techniques designed to observe an
environment, characterize its quality and establish environmental parameters, for the purpose
of accurately quantifying the impact an activity has on an environment.
Environmental monitoring describes the processes and activities that need to take place to
characterize and monitor the quality of the environment.  Results are gathered, analyzed
statistically, and then published in a risk assessment and environmental monitoring and
impact assessment report.  
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Image from Saguaro Technology

The main objective of environmental monitoring is to manage and minimize the impact an
organization’s activities have on an environment, either to ensure compliance with laws and
regulations or to mitigate risks of harmful effects on the natural environment and protect the
health of human beings.
As human population, industrial activities, and energy consumption continues to grow, the
continued development of advanced, automated monitoring applications and devices is crucial
for enhancing the accuracy of environmental monitoring reports and the cost-effectiveness of the
environmental monitoring process.
Monitoring programs are published outlines within an organization that detail precisely which
elements are being monitored, overall objectives, specific strategies, proposed sampling
methods, projects within each strategy, and time frames.
Environmental monitoring products and environmental monitoring software, such as
Environmental Data Management Systems (EDMS), facilitate the implementation and
monitoring of environmental monitoring and assessment programs, which includes a central data
management hub, automated environmental monitoring alerts, compliance checking, validation,
quality control, and generation of reports on dataset comparisons.
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ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING TYPES

The three main types of environmental monitoring are soil, atmosphere, and water. Some
techniques of environmental scanning and monitoring include filtration, sedimentation,
electrostatic samples, impingers, absorption, condensation, grab sampling, and composite
sampling.
Data collected from these methods of environmental monitoring can be input into a DBMS,
where it can be categorized, analyzed, visualized, and create actionable insights that drive
informed decision making.

 ‍ ir Monitoring: Environmental data gathered using specialized observation tools, such as

A
sensor networks and Geographic Information System (GIS) models, from multiple
different environmental networks and institutes is integrated into air dispersion models,
which combine emissions, meteorological, and topographic data to detect and predict
concentration of air pollutants.

 Soil Monitoring: Grab sampling (individual samples) and composite sampling (multiple

samples) are used to monitor soil, set baselines, and detect threats such as acidification,
biodiversity loss, compaction, contamination, erosion, organic material loss, salinization,
and slope instability.

                          - Salinity Monitoring: Remote sensing, GIS, and electromagnetic induction are

used to monitor soil salinity, which, if imbalanced, can cause detrimental effects on water
quality, infrastructure, and plant yield.
                          - Contamination Monitoring: Chemical techniques such as chromatography and
spectrometry are used to measure toxic elements, such as nuclear waste, coal ash, microplastics,
petrochemicals, and acid rain, which can lead to the development of pollution-related diseases if
consumed by humans or animals. 
                          - Erosion Monitoring: Monitoring and modeling soil erosion is a complex
process in which accurate predictions are nearly impossible for large areas. The Universal Soil
Loss Equation (USLE) is most commonly used to try to predict soil loss due to water erosion.
Erosion may be due to factors such as rainfall, surface runoff, rivers, streams, floods, wind, mass
movement, climate, soil composition and structure, topography, and lack of vegetation
management.

 Water Monitoring: Environmental sampling techniques include judgmental, simple

random, stratified, systematic and grid, adaptive cluster, grab, and passive; semi-
continuous and continuous environmental monitoring; remote sensing and environmental
monitoring; and bio-monitoring are used to measure and monitor ranges for biological,
chemical, radiological, microbiological, and population parameters.
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Environmental condition monitoring for water is managed by federal, state, and local agencies,
universities, and volunteers, and is crucial in characterizing waters, determining the efficacy of
existing pollution control programs, identifying trends and emerging problems, redirecting
pollution control efforts as needed, and in emergency response efforts.

 EIA Techniques and Methods

 EIA methods can vary according to how it is utilized. They can range from simple to
complex depending on the type of data used and the level of expertise that is required for
the research. Various qualitative and quantitative including mixed methods are used to
analyse an EIA. The data collected is the most important asset that will determine the
impact of EIA. Manpower, community involvement, time and budget constraints should
also be taken into consideration before EIA is conducted. Because EIA is a research
based method, it will involve much time and effort from the organisation to collect the
data and implement the technique. Some methods involve: Impact Identification, Impact
Measurement, Impact Assessment and Communication. These criteria need to be
assessed further to provide an exact measurement of data for the EIA.

IMPORTANCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING

1. Environmental monitoring of water, air, noise, and biodiversity allows businesses
to identify and analyze environmental conditions and assess their impact on the
environment. Clean air and water, noise pollution reduction, and biomonitoring
are essential to life on earth.
2. Environmental monitoring helps to understand and study the complexity of the
environment in relation to polluting events like industrial activity.

3. Companies and organizations must show that they have implemented set actions
and control systems to monitor their environmental impact on the local
environment. The goal is to understand and reduce impacts, comply with
environmental regulations, and conserve environmental and human health.

4. The parameters of environmental monitoring indicate how the environment is

responding to surrounding activities.

5. Environmental monitoring allows pollution levels to be controlled and trends to

be identified

6. Environmental monitoring is essential to gather information about and assess the

effectiveness of the environment in which collections are kept.
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7. To facilitate temperature and humidity monitoring, there are continuous recording

devices (data loggers and hygrothermograph) and spot readers that display only
current conditions (thermometer, hygrometers and humidity indicator strips

8. EIA is designed to identify the potential risks of a project (e.g., infrastructure

development such as a dam) to environmental and human well-being and identify
measures to eliminate and/or mitigate these risks. 

 ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS
Our environment faces several problems, and many of these seem to be worsening with time,
bringing us into a time of a true environmental crisis. It is therefore becoming increasingly
important to raise awareness of the existence of these issues, as well as what can be done to
reduce their negative impact. Some of the key issues are:
1. Pollution
Pollution of the air, water and soil caused by toxins such as plastics, heavy metals and
nitrates, caused by factors such as toxins and gases released by factories, combustion of fossil
fuels, acid rain, oil spill and industrial waste.
2) Global warming
The emission of greenhouse gases due to human activity causes global warming, which in turn
causes an increase in temperature that then leads to rising sea levels, melting of polar ice caps,
flash floods and desertification.
3) Overpopulation
We are facing a shortage of resources such as food, water and fuel to sustain the rising global
population, particularly in developing countries. Intensive agriculture attempting to lessen the
problem actually leads to more damage through the use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides and
insecticides.
4) Waste disposal
An excessive amount of waste is produced and dumped in the oceans. Nuclear waste is
particularly dangerous, as well as plastics and electronic waste.
5) Ocean acidification
The increase in the production of carbon dioxide by humans causes the oceans’ acidity to rise,
which has a negative impact on marine life.
6) Loss of biodiversity
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Species and habitats are becoming extinct due to human activity. This causes an imbalance in
natural processes like pollination and poses a threat to ecosystems – coral reef destruction is
particularly affected
7) Deforestation
Loss of trees in order to make space for residential, industrial or commercial projects means that
less oxygen is produced, and temperature and rainfall are affected.
8) Ozone layer depletion
Pollution caused by chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in the air creates a hole in the ozone layer,
which protects the earth from harmful UV radiatio.
9) Acid rain
Pollutants in the atmosphere such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides cause acid rain, which
has negative consequences for humans, wildlife and aquatic species.
10) Public health issues
Lack of clean water is one of the leading environmental problems currently. Pollutants in the air
also cause issues such as respiratory disease and cardiovascular disease.

SOLUTIONS TO ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS

CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES
Conserving the natural resources we already have is one important environmental solution. The
strategies below help individuals and companies conserve resources:
Zero waste - Zero-waste is a way for individuals to reduce their own environmental impact by
contributing less to landfills by using reusable containers and less plastic.
Circular economy - "A circular economy is based on the principles of designing out waste and
pollution, keeping products and materials in use, and regenerating natural systems," according to
the Ellen MacArthur Foundation.
Sustainable living - Sustainable living is a general term used to describe lifestyle choices that
contribute less to environmental problems.
Recycling
Upcycling - Creating a product of higher value from a product or material that would otherwise
be thrown away. The clothes and accessories made by ZeroWasteDaniel.com is an excellent
example of upcycling.
Dematerialization - Designing products to use less materials while still creating the same value
for the customer. This reduces shipping, natural resources, waste and pollution. A good example
of dematerialization is TruEarth's eco-strips laundry detergent.
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CARBON CAPTURE AND SEQUESTRATION

Carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) removes carbon dioxide
from the atmosphere and stores it in the soil, trees, plants, or underground. CCS is considered
one way to mitigate climate change.
The simplest way to capture carbon is through photosynthesis. Trees and plants take atmospheric
carbon dioxide and store that carbon in healthy soil and plants using photosynthesis. But there
are more high-tech ways to capture and sequester carbon as well. One way is through
geoengineering.
Geoengineering is the deliberate large-scale intervention in the Earth’s natural systems to
counteract climate change

2. Within the context of environmental monitoring, What are the concepts of

sustainability?
Sustainability means meeting our own needs without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs. In addition to natural resources, we also need social and
economic resources. Sustainability is not just environmentalism. Embedded in most definitions
of sustainability we also find concerns for social equity and economic development.
Sustainability is a concept related to the development of products, goods, and services that
involves meeting our present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to
fulfill their own needs. Sustainability as a concept recognizes that the environment is an
exhaustible resource. Therefore, it is important to use the environment and its resources
rationally and protect it for the good of the Earth, our environment, humanity, & all living things.
While most people associate it with the environment, sustainability can be explored in various
other contexts, including economic development and social responsibility. These contexts
include the Earth’s carrying capacity, the sustainability of ecosystems, occupations, behavior
patterns, and so on.

In a sustainable society, humans live in harmony with the natural environment, conserving
resources for their future generations, so that everyone enjoys social justice and a high quality of
life
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Three pillars of sustainability

Environmental Sustainability
Ecological integrity is maintained, all of earth’s environmental systems are kept in balance while
natural resources within them are consumed by humans at a rate where they are able to replenish
themselves.

Economic Sustainability
Human communities across the globe are able to maintain their independence and have access to
the resources that they require, financial and other, to meet their needs. Economic systems are
intact and activities are available to everyone, such as secure sources of livelihood.

Social Sustainability

Universal human rights and basic necessities are attainable by all people, who have access to
enough resources in order to keep their families and communities healthy and secure. Healthy
communities have just leaders who ensure personal, labour and cultural rights are respected and
all people are protected from discrimination.
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ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY
Environmental sustainability is the responsibility to conserve natural resources and protect
global ecosystems to support health and wellbeing, now and in the future. Because so many
decisions that impact the environment are not felt immediately, a key element of
environmental sustainability is its forward-looking nature. In fact, the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency defines it as “meeting today’s needs without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their needs.”

Environmental sustainability is defined as responsible interaction with the environment

to avoid depletion or degradation of natural resources and allow for long-term
environmental quality. The practice of environmental sustainability helps to ensure
that the needs of today's population are met without jeopardizing the ability of future
generations to meet their needs.

When we look at the natural environment, we see that it has a rather remarkable
ability to rejuvenate itself and sustain its viability. For example, when a tree falls, it
decomposes, adding nutrients to the soil. These nutrients help sustain suitable
conditions so future saplings can grow.

When nature is left alone, it has a tremendous ability to care for itself. However, when
man enters the picture and uses many of the natural resources provided by the
environment, things change.

Human actions can deplete natural resources, and without the application of
environmental sustainability methods, long-term viability can be compromised

WHY IS SUSTAINABILITY IMPORTANT?

Sustainability improves the quality of our lives, protects our ecosystem and preserves natural
resources for future generations. In the corporate world, sustainability is associated with an
organization’s holistic approach, taking into account everything, from manufacturing to logistics
to customer service. Going green and sustainable is not only beneficial for the company; it also
maximizes the benefits from an environmental focus in the long-term.

MA JOR BEN EFI TS OF EMBR A CI N G S US TA IN A BI LI TY :

Ensures a Future for All
Regardless of who we are, where we live, and what we do, we all have a moral obligation to each
other, our future generations, and other species to sustain the planet. Our present choices and
actions have huge long-term impacts on future generations. Practicing sustainability ensures that
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we make ethical choices that bring a safe and livable future to everyone. If we deplete the
resources of the Earth, future generations will be depleted. For example, if we over fish our
oceans, we risk not only depleting the supply of fish, but also depleting the supply of every
organism in the food chain related to that fish.

Reduced Energy Usage

Sustainable business practices lead to a significant reduction in long-term energy costs. Some
quick initiatives, like switching to energy-efficient lighting, according to production schedule,
reduce long-term electrical costs. Using solar and wind energy, along with energy-efficient
equipment, reduces monthly utility bills. Reducing energy consumption is actually a positive
thing for businesses, it helps them become more efficient overall.

A Healthy Habitat For All

In the long-term, our society benefits from improved water and air quality, reduced landfills, and
increased renewable energy sources. Sustainable actions help make a real difference in society.
Being committed to sustainability will reduce the carbon footprint and the amount of toxins
released into the environment, making it safe. When we focus on sustainability, the entire world
benefits and gets to live in clean, more healthy living conditions.

Societal Impact
Encouraging the conservation of natural resources deeply penetrates not only your company
standards and brand, but also employees and their families. If you make sustainability important
in your business, you’re bridging a deeply important conversation to the forefront of
consumerism. The societal impact can reach far and wide.

HOW TO BE SU S TAI N A BLE

Choose Sustainable Billing Options
Every person and business on the planet has bills that need to be paid. This is a simple way all of
us can make a difference. Sort through our bills and try to go paperless as much as possible.
Encourage businesses we associate with to go paperless if they’re not already. Regular billing
statements can be sent to our email, making them more accessible, organized and secure. E-
billing makes our life easier and is better for the environment.

Using of Sustainable Products

It’s actually very easy to opt for sustainable products these days. Tons of companies make
sustainability a priority. From clothing, to beauty brands, to food and energy companies. There
are so many sustainable options to choose from. So we should choose brands that make
sustainability a top priority. Choose brands that use recycled plastic or materials rather than
brands that continuously add to the landfills, a business owner should carefully plan across
his/her business processes which will help to stop sending waste to landfills. Businesses can take
a lot of simple steps to achieve more sustainable practices, such as using bamboo instead of
disposable plastic cutlery, replacing fluorescent tubes with LED bulbs, and hiring waste
treatment contractors, etc
.
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Make Transportation Adjustments

Try to avoid automobiles as much as possible, at least for short distances. It will help reduce
carbon emissions, thus saving the environment. We can opt for an electric car, bike, or run or
walk if we live in a walkable city. Its a great way to get exercise and reduce how much we need
to rely on gasoline powered transportation.

Choose Sustainable Food and Beverages

Most importantly,we can vote with our money. Choose sustainable food manufacturers. we can
shop at local farmers markets to get tasty farm-fresh produce from local providers. Shopping at
farmers markets helps reduce carbon emissions from transportation. we can also just choose
brands that have committed to sustainable practices. For instance, at Blugalacier, we’re fully
committed to maintaining sustainable aquaculture. This is something we’re super proud of and
will always maintain.

Choose Reusable Products:

A little change in our habits can have a big sustainable effect. Opt for reusable bottles on the go.
Choose reusable dishrags over paper towels, reusable grocery bags over paper or plastic bags.
Also, use reusable food storage containers to pack our food safely while reducing waste.

Cut Down On Plastic

Every year, thousands of sea turtles, seabirds, and other marine mammals die because of plastic.
So we should cut down on our plastic waste by using reusable bags when and avoiding plastic-
made products. Plastic is not biodegradable, so it ends up in landfills unless reused by a brand
committed to sustainability.

Recycle
Recycling is the very least everyone should be doing at this point. It’s so easy and convenient to
recycle. A recycle bin should be in every home, business, etc. All waste companies now offer
recycling pick up with trash pick up so there is really no excuse!

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), also known as the Global Goals, were adopted by
the United Nations in 2015 as a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet, and
ensure that by 2030 all people enjoy peace and prosperity.

The 17 SDGs are integrated—they recognize that action in one area will affect outcomes in
others, and that development must balance social, economic and environmental sustainability.

Countries have committed to prioritize progress for those who're furthest behind. The SDGs are
designed to end poverty, hunger, AIDS, and discrimination against women and girls.

The cresssssativity, knowhow, technology and financial resources from all of society is
necessary to achieve the SDGs in every context

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are:

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1.Eliminatepoverty
2.Erasehunger
3.EstablishGoodHealthandWell-Being
4.ProvideQualityEducation
5.EnforceGenderEquality
6.ImproveCleanWaterandSanitation
7.GrowAffordableandCleanEnergy
8.CreateDecentWorkandEconomicGrowth
9.IncreaseIndustry,Innovation,andInfrastructure
10ReduceInequality
11.MobilizeSustainableCitiesandCommunities
12.InfluenceResponsibleConsumptionandProduction
13.OrganizeClimateAction
14.DevelopLifebelowWater
15.AdvancedLifeonLand
16.GuaranteePeace,Justice,andStrongInstitutions
17. Build Partnerships for the Goals

The four objectives of sustainable development are :

• Stable economic growth- The eradication of poverty and hunger to ensuring a healthy life.

• Conservation of natural resources - Achieve universal access to basic services such as

water, sanitation, and sustainable energy.

• Social progress and equality - Reduce inequalities in the world, especially gender
inequalities. Supporting the generation by the development of opportunities through inclusive
education and decent work. Foster innovation and resilient infrastructures by creating
communities and cities capable of producing and consuming sustainably.

• Environmental protection - Caring for the environment by combating climate change and
protecting oceans and terrestrial ecosystems.
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IMPORTANCE OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Sustainable development always encourages us to conserve and enhance our resources, by
gradually changing the manners in which we develop and use technologies.

CARRYING CAPACITY

Definition of Carrying Capacity

It consists of two words Carrying and Capacity. Carrying means to support or sustain. Capacity
means the ability or the power to contain or producing the maximum output. Thus, Carrying
Capacity means the ability to sustain up to a certain limit or scope.

Carrying capacity can be defined as a species’ average population size in a particular habitat. The
species population size is limited by environmental factors like adequate food, shelter, water, and
mates. If these needs are not met, the population will decrease until the resource rebound.

It assesses the power of the Earth to sustain the maximum number of species without causing any
damage to the ecosystem. Moreover, it is very important to assess the carrying capacity for the
purpose of achieving sustainable development.

Thus we can say that carrying capacity and sustainable development are closely related. Proper
analysis of the carrying capacity of a place assists in designing ways of maintaining proper
ecological balance. It is a great factor influencing the industrial, agricultural, tourism and
biodiversity and other factors too.
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TYPES OF CARRYING CAPACITY WITH EXAMPLES

Physical-ecological
Furthermore, the term carrying capacity can be estimated differently for various different types. It is
a term that we use in consideration of physical, ecological, social, political, economic and other
types. For example, when talking about the physical or ecological type, it means the acceptable
level of mass in places like parks, city streets, museums, etc.

When the population is at carrying capacity, there is no fluctuation in the birth or death rates. But
when there is an increase in the population size above the carrying capacity, there is an
overutilization of natural resources such as water, land, etc.

Also, there tends to be an increase in pollution-causing many environmental problems. Furthermore,

this increase leads to the spread of many diseases. These diseases cause health problems. It
increases death rates in comparison to birth rates.

Thus, the carrying capacity now becomes more as there is less consumption due to fewer births.
This causes the population to increase again. The cycle goes on and once at carrying capacity, stops
changing.

Thus, the importance of such a regulating factor in the carrying capacity can be assessed. Thus,
there should be an adequate use of natural resources, proper treatment of sewage, proper disposal of
waste.

Social
Moreover, social type of carrying capacity can be assessed by the acceptable growth in tourism in a
place. The growth should not cause loss of customs or danger to traditions of the communities
residing in that place.

Political-economic
Also, the mobility of people from one place to another in search of better job opportunities affect the
level of capacity. Such movement affects the economy of the former place. Also, the latter place
loses its importance.

For example, due growth of tourism jobs, more people migrate to places of tourism. Thus, it leads to
pollution, the spread of diseases. So, the political and economic development is affected. The loss of
revenue and also manpower at the local level take place.

NEED FOR ASSESSING CARRYING CAPACITY AND SUSTAINABILITY

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It is a situation to be thought over seriously by all of us. We must focus on the Carrying capacity.
The negative effects of the same can cause huge damages. Also, the concept of sustainability must
be kept in mind. All kinds of environmental imbalances result from the same. Global warming is
also caused due to the same.

Sustainable development also must take the form of providing equal work opportunities.
Furthermore, eradication of poverty and provision of the traditions, practices, beliefs of the residents
of host place is also included.

Carrying capacity and sustainability is a relative concept. Also, both are interrelated. Thus, the
conservation of ecology, biodiversity and other important aspects require the proper monitoring of
this concept. This must be done at respective intervals so that human beings are able to survive and
develop in an eco-friendly manner.

CONCLUSION
 EIA can be a very useful tool to understand the complexities of our environment.
Environment based tools are becoming increasingly important in 21st century and
research into environmental techniques are imperative because environment is affecting
our planet Earth and all species present in the planet to a very large extent. Concerns such
as pollution, climate, water and waste management need to be assessed in detail to
understand the complexities so that we can improve the condition of our environment.
Following the techniques of EIA will drastically improve how we management the
environmental activities. Most developed countries are already implementing EIA in their
laws and legal regulations.

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