ISSN 1519-6984 (Print)

ISSN 1678-4375 (Online)

THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ON NEOTROPICAL BIOLOGY

THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ON GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY AND ENVIRONMENT

Original Article

Impact of a large dam on reproduction of a non-migratory

teleost species, Acestrorhynchus lacustris (Characiformes:
Acestrorhynchidae)
Impacto de uma grande barragem na reprodução de uma espécie de teleósteo não
migradora, Acestrorhynchus lacustris (Characiformes: Acestrorhynchidae).

R. Z. Gomesa , A. L. Paschoalinia , A. A. Weberb , K. B. Santiagoc , E. Rizzod  and N. Bazzolia* 

a
Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais – PUC Minas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia
de Vertebrados, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
b
University of California, Department of Pharmacology, Robert Tukey Lab, San Diego, CA, United States
c
Centro Integrado de Recursos Pesqueiros e Aquicultura de Três Marias – CODEVASF, Três Marias, MG, Brasil
d
Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais – UFMG, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Morfologia, Laboratório de Ictiohistologia, Belo
Horizonte, MG, Brasil

Abstract
The release of water from the reservoir hypolimnion, lower concentration of oxygen and the anthropogenic
regulation of the river flow, could affect the reproduction of fish, especially migratory species. However, little is
known about the effects of these changes in water on non-migratory species. In this sense, the reproduction of
Acestrohynchus lacustris was evaluated in two sections of São Francisco River, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Section 1, located
immediately downstream from Três Marias Dam (18°09’31.65”S and 45°13’36.00”W) and section 2, located at the
confluence of the São Francisco and the Abaeté Rivers (18°02’47.78”S and 45°10’57.95”W). For this, we obtained the
physico-chemical parameters of water of each study section. Additionally, biometric data and biological indices of
all specimens were measured. Fecundity and follicles diameters were measured in females. Temperature, dissolved
oxygen and flow showed lower values in section 1. Fish captured in this section, had lower values of GSI in both
sexes, and females presented decreased values of fecundity and follicles diameter. This species showed reproductive
activity in the two sections analyzed, however, in section 1 where the temperature and dissolved oxygen presented
significant lower values, the reproductive capacity of A. lacustris, was negatively affected.
Keywords: hypolimnion, fecundity, dogfish, neotropical fish, Três Marias Dam.

Resumo
A liberação de água do hipolímnio do reservatório, baixa concentração de oxigênio e a regulação antropogênica
do fluxo do rio podem afetar a reprodução de peixes, principalmente espécies migradoras. No entanto, pouco
se sabe sobre os efeitos dessas mudanças nas condições da água em espécies não migradoras. A reprodução de
Acestrohynchus lacustris foi avaliada em duas seções do rio São Francisco. Seção 1, localizada imediatamente a jusante
da barragem de Três Marias e seção 2, localizada na confluência dos rios São Francisco e Abaeté. Para isso, foram
obtidos os parâmetros físico-químicos da água de cada seção do estudo. Além disso, dados biométricos e índices
biológicos de todos os peixes capturados foram obtidos. Adicionalmente, nas fêmeas foram medidos os diâmetros
dos folículos vitelogênicos e a fecundidade. Temperatura, oxigênio dissolvido e fluxo apresentaram valores mais
baixos na seção 1. Os peixes capturados nesta seção apresentaram menores valores de IGS em ambos os sexos, e as
fêmeas apresentaram menores valores de fecundidade e diâmetro dos folículos. Essa espécie apresentou atividade
reprodutiva nas duas seções analisadas, porém, na seção 1, onde os parâmetros da água apresentam piores condições
para o processo reprodutivo de peixes, a capacidade reprodutiva de A. lacustris foi afetada negativamente.
Palavras-chave: hipolímnio, fecundidade, peixe-cachorro, peixes neotropicais, Barragem de Três Marias.

1. Introduction

River damming is considered one of the main impacts anthropogenic regulation of the natural flow of the river,
on riverine ecosystems due to the alteration in physical thus influencing the reproduction and behaviour of fishes
and chemical parameters of the water, as well the (Cetra and Petrere Junior, 2006; Agostinho et al., 2008;

*e-mail: bazzoli@pucminas.br
Received: July 13, 2020 – Accepted: November 4, 2020
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use,
distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Brazilian Journal of Biology, 2022, vol. 82, e240894  |  https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.240894 1/9

Gomes, R.Z. et al.
Abujanra et al., 2009; Olden and Naiman, 2010;
Paschoalini et al., 2013; Perini et al., 2013). It is known that
alterations in the temperature and hydrological dynamics
of rivers can negatively affect the reproductive activity and
other biological processes of several freshwater fish with
long-term deleterious effects in the aquatic community
(Arenzon et al., 2002). For example, the colder temperature
of the water downstream from reservoirs may affect the
gonadal development, ovarian follicle diameter, fecundity
and gonads growth in fish (Armstrong and Witthames,
2012; Kolm and Ahnesjö, 2005).
This type of impact on fish has already been reported
in rivers in others regions of the world, for example
China (Yi et al., 2014) and French Guiana (Ponton, 1998).
Recent studies in Brazil have shown that the reproduction
of migratory and non-migratory small forage fishes was
negatively impacted in the first kilometers downstream
from the Três Marias Dam, where the temperature and
dissolved oxygen of the water are lower in the summer
due to thermal stratification of the reservoir in this
period (Arantes et al., 2010; Domingos et al., 2012;
Normando et al., 2014; Thomé et al., 2012). However, these
studies also showed that approximately 24 km downstream
from Três Marias Dam, after the confluence with Abaeté
River, the biotic and abiotic conditions of the water
become favourable to the reproduction of migratory and
non-migratory species.
Despite the fact that most studies are conducted with
migratory fish, there are few studies on Neotropical rivers
that have assessed the effects of dams on the reproduction
of resident or non-migratory fish (Bazzoli et al., 2019;
Donaldson et al., 2008). The Acestrorhynchus lacustris
(Lütken, 1875), popularly known as dogfish, is a non-
migratory species, inhabiting the Paraná and São Francisco
Rivers basins, two important South American basins.
This species can reach 27 cm (Menezes, 2003) and has
an important ecological role in the food chain, serving as
prey for large piscivorous fish and controlling small fish
populations (Hahn et al., 2000). Additionally, A. lacustris
presents a long reproductive period and batch fecundity,
reproducing throughout the year (Godinho et al., 2009).
Given the ecological importance of this species and the
lack of studies focusing in reproductive biology of non-
migratory species influenced by dams, the present study
aimed to assess the seasonal variation in reproductive
activity and how the alterations in water parameters
downstream Três Marias Dam influence the reproduction
of A. lacustris from São Francisco River, a very important
river in Neotropical region.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sampling
The specimens were captured, bimonthly, between May
2011 and June 2012 in two sections of the São Francisco
River: section 1, immediately downstream of Três Marias
Dam (18°09’31.65”S and 45°13’36.00”W) and section 2,
downstream of confluence of São Francisco and Abaeté
River (18°02’47.78”S and 45°10’57.95”W) (see Figure 1).
2/9
A total of 521 specimens were captured. 127 females and
116 males from section 1, and 134 females and 144 males
from section 2.
The fish were captured using gillnets with 3-6 cm
between opposite knots and were immediately
transported to the Integrated Center for Fisheries
Resources and Aquaculture of Três Marias – CODEVASF.
The specimen, if alive, were anesthetized with Eugenol
(Fernandes et al., 2016) and then euthanized by transversal
section of the cervical medulla, following the ethical
principles of animal handling established by the Brazilian
College for Animal Experimentation (COBEA). For each
specimen, the following parameters were recorded: total
length (TL; accuracy: 1cm), body weight (BW; accuracy:
0.01g) and gonadal weight (GW; accuracy: 0.01g). Ten
voucher specimens were sent to Natural Sciences Museum
of Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais, Brazil
(MCNIP-0624, 0653, 0743).
2.2. Biological indices
To determine the gonadal volume for mature males and
females, the gonadosomatic index (GSI) was calculated
(Gonadosomatic index – GSI = Gonadal weight /Body
weight x 100). Fulton’s condition factor (Fulton’s condition
factor – K = Body weight/Total length3 x 100) (Lizama and
Ambrosio, 2002) was also calculated to compare the health
status of the males and females between sampling sections.
2.3. Physical-chemical parameters of the water
The physical and chemical parameters of the water from
the two sections of the São Francisco River were recorded
bimonthly (n=7), on the same day and same sections as
fish sampling occurred. The following parameters were
measured, at 1.5 m depth, with a Horiba U-10 probe: pH,
temperature (°C), dissolved oxygen (mg/L) and electrical
conductivity (µS/cm). The water flow (m3/s) values were
supplied by Companhia Energética de Minas Gerais (CEMIG).
2.4. Gonadal maturation stages and follicular diameter
To assess de seasonal variation in reproductive activity,
the gonadal maturation stages of males and females
were determined bimonthly through the macro and
microscopic features of gonads and the changes in the
gonadosomatic index according to Carvalho et al. (2009).
For microscopic analyses, gonad fragments of all specimens
captured were previously fixed in Bouin’s solution and
subsequently submitted to histological routine, embedding
in paraffin, 5 µm thick microtome sections and staining
in haematoxylin-eosin (HE).
The diameters of 50 vitellogenic follicles (DVF) were
obtained from mature ovaries of 10 specimens from each
sampling section, using an ocular micrometer attached
to a light microscope. Only intact vitellogenic follicles,
with little shrinkage and with the nucleus visible were
measured (Arantes et al., 2010).
2.5. Fecundity
In order to determine the batch fecundity, samples from
the middle region of 20 mature females from each section
Brazilian Journal of Biology, 2022, vol. 82, e240894

Figure 1. Sampling sections of the São Francisco River, downstream from Três Marias Dam. Section 1: immediately downstream the
Dam; Section 2: immediately after the confluence with Abaeté River. UTM coordinates.
were fixed in modified Gilson’s solution (100 ml of 60%
ethanol, 880 ml ​​distilled water, 15 ml of 80% nitric acid,
18 ml of glacial acetic acid and 20g of mercury chloride)
until the complete dissociation of the follicles. With the
aid of a stereoscopic microscope, the vitellogenic follicles
were separated from the others by their opaque colour
and counted. The batch fecundity (BF) was determined
by the expression: BF= VF×GW, in which VF = number of
vitellogenic follicles per ovary gram and GW= gonadal
weight (Melo et al., 2011). Relative fecundity with body
weight was estimated by the expression: RF= BF/BW, where
BF= batch fecundity, BW= body weight.
2.6. Statistical analyses
We conducted the Lilliefors test for all studied
parameters in order to determine the normality of
data. Then, to analyse the variables between sections,
we used the T-student test for physical and chemical
Brazilian Journal of Biology, 2022, vol. 82, e240894
Dam affecting non-migratory fish
water parameters and the Mann-Whitney to compare
biological data. For the comparison between sizes classes
of vitellogenic follicles, we used the Kruskal-Wallis test
followed by the post hoc Dunn test.
Biometric data, GSI, fecundity, vitellogenic follicle
diameters, maturation stages and abiotic factors are
expressed in tables and graphs with mean ± standard
deviation (SD). A significance level of p <0.05 was used
for all analysed tests. Statistical analyses and graphs were
done by software GraphPad Prism 7.0 for windows.
3. Results
3.1. Physical and chemical parameters of the water
The physical and chemical parameters analysed
showed that the temperature, dissolved oxygen and
3/9
Gomes, R.Z. et al.

flow presented higher mean values ​​in section 2, with 3.3. Gonadal maturation stages
significant statistical differences in relation to the values ​​of The following macro and microscopic features of each
section 1. However, electrical conductivity and pH showed maturation stages were identified for females: resting –
no statistical difference between sections (see Table 1). F1= thin, translucent and less vascularised ovaries with

3.2. Biometry, biological indices and fecundity

Regarding to total length and body weight, females
and males did not show statistical variations between
sections 1 and 2. The GSI (mean ± SD) of mature females
and males presented statistical differences between
sections. On the other hand, Fulton’s condition factor
did not show significant difference between sampling
sections for both sexes (as shown in Tables 2 and 3). The
batch fecundity (BF) also presented significant statistical
differences between sampling sections, showing high
values in female fish from section 2 (as shown in Table 2).
The vitellogenic follicles of A. lacustris collected had
an average diameter of 733.6 ± 52.7 µm in section 1 and
786.1 ± 65.9 µm in section 2, with statistical difference
between them (as shown in Table 2). It was determined Figure 2. Frequency (%) and size classes of vitelogenic follicles (µm)
four size classes of vitellogenic follicles of this species of A. lacustris from fully grown ovaries of A. lacustris. Different bar
and size class with the highest number of follicles was colours indicate statistically significant differences between the
700-860 µm (see Figure 2). diameter classes (p< 0.05).

Table 1. Physical and chemical parameters of two sampled sections downstream Três Marias Dam, São Francisco River.

Section 1 Section 2
Mean ± SD Range Mean ± SD Range
Temperature (oC) 23.21 ± 0.57a 22.68-24.00 24.31 ± 0.71b 23.58-25.40
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L) 5.55 ± 1.67a 4.13-8.12 7.97 ± 0.55b 7.33-8.65
pH (Sorensen) 5.83 ± 0.46a 5.12-6.24 6.35 ± 0.51a 5.62-7.02
Electrical conductivity (µS/cm) 68.6 ± 1.5a 67.00-71.00 64.2 ± 7.19a 56.00-74.00
Flow (m3/s) 693.22 ± 100.58a 584.93-798.22 815.13 ±52.71b 724.57-854.51
Different letters indicate statistical difference between sections (p<0.05). SD= standard deviation.

Table 2. Biological and reproductive data of A. lacustris females in two sections of São Francisco River.

Females Section 1 Section 2

N 127 134
Mean ± SD Range Mean ± SD Range
TL (cm) 20.69 ± 1.76a 14.2-24.8 21.01 ± 2.4a 14.4-25.9
BW (g) 80.24 ± 27.9a 25.8-158 86.65 ± 28.9a 24.4-135.0
GSI (%) 2.92 ± 0.76a 0.98-3.89 4.37 ± 1.12b 3.0-7.1
FD (µm) 733.6 ± 52.75a 622.6-822.4 786.1 ± 65.96b 702.2-925.2
BF 2,587 ± 911a 996-4,809 4,179 ± 1,889b 2,156-7,854
K 0.96 ± 0.20a 0.63-2.9 0.93 ± 0.11a 0.65-1.25
Different letters indicate statistical difference between sections (p<0.05). N= number of individuals; SD= standard deviation; TL= total length;
BW= body weight; GSI= gonadosomatic index; FD= Follicular diameter; BF= Batch fecundity; K= Fulton’s condition factor.

Table 3. Biological and reproductive data of A. lacustris males in two sections of São Francisco River.

Males Section 1 Section 2

N 116 144
Mean ± SD Range Mean ± SD Range
TL (cm) 16.6 ± 1.4a 14.0-21.0 16.9 ± 1.5a 13.8-20.8
BW (g) 39.5 ± 14.4a 15.0-85 40.8 ± 12.7a 20.0-90.0
GSI (%) 0.64 ± 0.29a 0.03-1.0 1.01 ± 0.48b 0.43-2.37
K 0.86 ± 0.10a 0.51-1.1 0.84 ± 0.09a 0.69-1.20
Different letters indicate statistical difference between sections (p<0.05). N= number of individuals; SD= standard deviation; TL= total length;
BW= body weight; GSI= gonadosomatic index; K= Fulton’s condition factor.

4/9 Brazilian Journal of Biology, 2022, vol. 82, e240894

 Dam affecting non-migratory fish

Figure 3. Ovaries in different maturation stages and the respective transversal sections stained by HE. (A) resting, (B) initial maturation,
(C) advanced maturation/mature, (D) partially spawned, (E) totally spawned ovaries, (F) post-ovulatory follicle, (G) yellow body. O1= early
perinucleolar follicles; O2= late perinucleolar follicles; O3= pre-vitellogenic follicles; O4= vitellogenic follicles; POF= post-ovulatory
follicle; YB= yellow body. Scales bars represent 100 µm.

initial follicles (O1) and advanced (O2) perinucleolar (see
Figure 3A); initial maturation - F2= voluminous, orange
ovaries, and histologically containing initial perinucleolar
follicles (O1), advanced perinucleolar follicles (O2) and
pre-vitellogenic follicles (O3) (see Figure 3B); advanced
maturation/mature - F3= ovaries of maximum volume, with
numerous vitellogenic follicles (O4) visible to the naked
eye, dark brown in colour, besides having follicles at all
developmental stages (see Figure 3C); partially spawned
- F4A= flaccid, haemorrhagic ovaries with follicles at all
developmental stages, besides post-ovulatory follicles
(see Figure 3D-F) and totally spawned ovaries - F4B= very
flaccid and haemorrhagic, histologically containing O1, O2,
and final atretic follicles (see Figure 3E-G).
For males, the following macro and microscopic features
of each maturation stages were identified: initial maturation
- M2= whitish testicles, containing a small amount of
spermatozoa and seminiferous tubules wall with cysts
of spermatogenic cells in all developmental stages (see
Figure 4A); advanced maturation/mature - M3= testicles
reach the maximum volume, are milky-white in colour
and presenting the lumen of seminiferous tubules filled
with spermatozoa (see Figure 4B); partially spent - M4A=
testicles are flaccid, haemorrhagic, with translucent and
milky-white areas, seminiferous tubules’ lumen partially
empty, containing few spermatozoa (see Figure 4C). Resting -
M1 and totally spent males -M4B were not captured in
present study.
3.4. Reproductive activity
Females and males in reproductive activity, stages 2,
3, and 4A, were recorded throughout the year in both
sampling sections. The long reproductive period and the
presence of partially spawned females with post-ovulatory
follicles and follicles in all developmental stages indicate
that the species present batch spawning of the multiple
type. In section 1, 66% of females and 29% of males were
in advanced maturation stage. In section 2, 49% of females
and 24% of males were in advanced maturation. In general,
this species presented reproductive activity in both sampled
sections (as shown in Figure 5).

Brazilian Journal of Biology, 2022, vol. 82, e240894 5/9

Gomes, R.Z. et al.
Figure 4. Testis in different maturation stages and respective
transversal sections stained by HE. (A) early maturation, (B)
advanced maturation/mature, (C) partially spent; Z= spermatozoa;
C2= secondary spermatocytes T= spermatids; ST= seminiferous
tubules. Scale bars represent A= 100 µm, B= 200 µm and C= 500 µm.
4. Discussion
The results of this study suggest that the alterations
in water parameter immediately downstream of Três
Marias Dam influence the reproductive potential of
a non-migratory fish A. lacustris. This influence has
already been shown by other authors studying migratory
species (Sato et al., 2005; Thomé et al., 2012) and small
forage fish (Normando et al., 2014). However, unlike
migratory and forage fishes, A. lacustris maintained the
reproductive activity, even with different performance, in
both sections analysed in São Francisco River. Similar to
our results, the impacts in aquatic organisms due to
the release of colder water, with low concentration of
dissolved oxygen, were also detected in others dammed
rivers, such as: Serrasalmus brandtii from São Francisco
River, Brazil (Bazzoli et al., 2019); aquatic invertebrate
community from South African Rivers (Mantel et al., 2010);
and other several fish species in USA rivers (Graf, 2006;
Donaldson et al., 2008).
Regarding to biometry results, no significant differences
in weight and length of the specimens was observed
6/9
between the two sections. The standardization of the
sample in the same size class, generates greater reliability
of the data in the comparative studies, since in fish several
reproductive parameters can be influenced by weight
and length, such as fecundity, follicle diameter, gonadal
volume and sperm production (Benejam et al., 2010;
Muchlisin et al., 2011; Paschoalini et al., 2019).
Acestrorhynchus lacustris from both sections presented
reproductive activity concentrated in the spring and
summer, however the presence of mature specimens in all
seasons was detected, a common feature for non-migratory
fish from tropical environments (Lowe-McConnell, 1987).
This species showed reproductive activity during almost the
whole year as observed by Bazzoli and Godinho (1991) who
studied the reproductive biology of the same species in a
lentic environment, i.e. Três Marias reservoir. Similar to our
data, the absence of the resting and fully spent males was
also noted in a lentic environment (Bazzoli and Godinho,
1991), which may be indicative of a fast gonad recovery
(recrudescence period) in dogfish males (Rinchard and
Kestemont, 1996). In females of A. lacustris, four diameter
classes of vitellogenic follicle were observed, indicating
an asynchronous folliculogenesis and corroborating with
observations in other non-migratory teleost (Armstrong
and Witthames, 2012; Bazzoli et al., 2019; Melo et al., 2011).
Fish with these characteristics generally have greater
biological plasticity, greater tolerance to variations in the
environmental conditions when compared to fish with
seasonal reproductive activity, such as the migratory species
(Campos-Mendoza et al., 2004; Godinho et al., 2009;
Sato et al., 2005; Thomé et al., 2012). However, in present
study we detected some alterations in reproductive
parameters of A. lacustris in both sexes from section 1.
The Fulton’s condition factor and GSI are frequently
used to asses environmental quality, since the body
growth and gonads development can be influenced by the
environmental conditions (Thomé et al., 2012; Yoda and
Yoneda, 2009). Fulton’s condition factor is derived from
the consideration that for a group of individuals of the
same size, those weighing more are in better condition
(Abujanra et al., 2009). However, in the present study no
significant differences was observed in the weight and
size of males and females from both sections, a fact that
may explain the absence of significant difference in the
condition factor. On the other hand, we observed statistical
differences in mean values of GSI between fish from the two
sections analysed. The highest growth of the ovaries and
testicles of fish from section 2 is similar to that observed for
migratory species in the same study area (Sato et al., 2005;
Arantes et al., 2010; Weber et al., 2013). Furthermore, in
females was observed lower size in the vitellogenic follicle
diameter of fish caught in section 1, corroborating that
observed by Sato et al. (2005) and Arantes et al. (2010) in a
total spawning Neotropical species; Normando et al. (2014)
in non-migratory forage species; and Bazzoli et al. (2019)
in others non-migratory species. The vitellogenic follicle
diameter is reported as an important parameter related
to reproductive fitness because larger follicles produce
offspring with more energy reserves (Kinnison et al., 1998;
Kolm and Ahnesjö, 2005; Lubzens et al., 2010).
Brazilian Journal of Biology, 2022, vol. 82, e240894
 Dam affecting non-migratory fish

Figure 5. Frequency of the maturation stages of the A. lacustris collected in two sections on the São Francisco River downstream from
the Três Marias Dam. Gonadal maturation stages of females: F1= resting, F2= initial maturation, F3= advanced maturation/mature,
F4A= partially sapawned and F4B= totally sapawned; and males: M2= initial maturation, M3= advanced maturation/mature and
M4A= partially spent.

Fecundity is reported as a parameter which is strongly
linked to the environmental conditions (Armstrong and
Witthames, 2012). Food availability and water temperature
are reported as major factors capable of influencing the
reproductive potential through the number and diameter
of vitellogenic follicles (Armstrong and Witthames, 2012;
Kinnison et al., 1998; Yoda and Yoneda, 2009). In the present
study, batch fecundity showed statistically differences
between fish collected from the two sampling sections,
indicating that the number of vitellogenic follicles in ovaries
was negatively affected by the water conditions in section 1.
In an integrated analysis of the results, our data showed that
unlike migratory species (Arantes et al., 2010; Perini et al., 2013),
the non-migratory species A. lacustris, maintain their
reproductive activity even in environments with lower
temperature, dissolved oxygen and flow, suggesting a greater
tolerance for environmental changes than migratory fish.
However, even though it is considered a more resistant species,
these alterations in the physical and chemical parameters of
water reflected the decrease in the reproductive fitness of
this species, fact that may influence in a worse health status
of the offspring and affect the maintenance and conservation
of this species in the São Francisco River.
5. Conclusions
The results of this study showed that a non-migratory
species A. lacustris, with a multiple spawner/spermiation
reproductive strategy, presented reproductive parameters
altered in the section 1 downstream from the Três Marias
Dam, where the physical and chemical conditions of the
water are unfavourable to fish reproduction. In both sexes
was noted a decrease in gonadal volume, and females
showed lower values of follicle diameter and fecundity,
when compared to section 2, confirming that the impact
of dams also occurs on non-migratory fish.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank the partnership of CEMIG-GT/
CODEVASF. This work had the financial support of the
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível
Superior (CAPES) under grant (Finance code-001); Conselho
Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
(CNPq) under grant (306946/2016-5 and 407719/2016-4);
and Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas
Gerais (FAPEMIG) under grant (APQ03232-15).
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