Name: Cheryl Lou O.

Santiago Schedule: TTh 9-10am

Section: BSCE 4B Date: August 30, 2021

Course Coordinator: Engr. Irish Tambis

CE 44 PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN

(Subject/Course Name)

ASSIGNMENT NO. 1

1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of Reinforced Concrete and Structural Steel?
1. Reinforced concrete has a high compressive strength compared to
other building materials.
2. Due to the provided reinforcement, reinforced concrete can also
withstand a good amount of tensile stress.
3. Fire and weather resistance of reinforced concrete is fair.
4. The reinforced concrete building system is more durable than any
other building system.
5. Reinforced concrete, as a fluid material, in the beginning, can be
economically molded into a nearly limitless range of shapes.
Reinforced Advantages 6. The maintenance cost of reinforced concrete is very low.
Concrete 7. In structures like footings, dams, piers etc. reinforced concrete is
the most economical construction material.
8. It acts like a rigid member with minimum deflection.
9. As reinforced concrete can be molded to any shape required, it is
widely used in precast structural components. It yields rigid
members with minimum apparent deflection.
10. Compared to the use of steel in structure, reinforced concrete
requires less skilled labor for the erection of the structure.
1. The tensile strength of reinforced concrete is about one-tenth of its
compressive strength.
2. The main steps of using reinforced concrete are mixing, casting,
and curing. All of this affects the final strength.
Disadvantages 3. The cost of the forms used for casting RC is relatively higher.
4. For multi-storied building the RCC column section for is larger than
steel section as the compressive strength is lower in the case
of RCC.
5. Shrinkage causes crack development and strength loss

1. Steel is moderately cheap when compared with other structural

materials.
2. Steel structures are highly fire-resistant when contrasted to a
wooden design as wood is a combustible material and less fire-
resistant when determined with RCC structure.
3. One of the advantages of using a steel structure in development is
that steel's ability to span greater distances with steel ceiling joists.
This enables architects to grow their choices, allowing them to
make new/huge space utilizing steel items that weren't accessible
with different materials.
4. Steel can be efficiently & effectively manufactured and significantly
Structural Advantages delivered. Steel structures can be provided off-site at shop floors
Steel and after that gathered nearby. This spares time and increases the
efficiency of the general development process.
5. Steel structures can withstand outside weights, for example,
earthquakes, thunderstorms, and cyclones. A well-fabricated steel
structure can last more than30 years whenever looked after well.
6. Flexibility is the main advantages of steel structure, which means
that it tends to be planned according to the design requirements.
This plots a steel structure to withstand heavy winds or
earthquakes, especially in the bridges or tall towers.
7. Because of simple-to-make portions of a steel structure, it is hassle-
free to install and assemble them on-site, and there is no need to
estimate and cut off parts nearby.
8. Some of the common advantages of using steel buildings are
Design, Strength and Durability, Light in Weight, Easy Installation
and Speed in Construction, Versatile, Flexibility, Ductility, Easy
Fabrication in Different Sizes, Fire Resistance, Pest, and Insect
 Resistant, Moisture and Weather Resistance, Adaptability, Cost-
effective, Environment Friendly, Energy Efficiency, Improved
Construction Quality, Temporary Structures, Safe and Resistant
and Risk Index.

1. Buckling is an issue with steel structures. As the length of the steel

segment builds, the chances of buckling also increase.
2. Steel is available only at the steel plants where it is produced and
should be transported for long distances to the construction site, not
at all like concrete or different materials that might be accessible
right at the site of development.
3. Due to rust in steel, costly paints are required to reestablish from
time to time so that resistance against severe conditions
increments.
4. Even though steel is a flexible material, it is challenging to make
Disadvantages field corrections if one or more components do not fit appropriately.
A large portion of the metal structure performs adhere to strict
quality assurance procedures guarantee all pieces of a system fit
accurately. But in actual it is not possible. One can't form it or cut it
in the ideal shape on-site once it is fabricated.
5. Steel can't mold in any path you required. It must be utilized in
structures in which areas initially exist.
6. Steel is a good conductor of heat, touches off materials in contact,
and often causes fires, quickly spreading to different segments of a
structure. Hence, steel structures may require extra fireproofing
treatment.

2. Compare concrete structure and steel structure in terms of durability, earthquake resistance, load carrying
capacity, scrap value, self-weight, foundation, construction time, labor, cost, joints, etc.
Concrete Structure Steel Structure

Material The basic material used is
reinforced cement concrete to
take up the load
Cross-section of Structural In RC structures, the cross-
Element section of the structural elements
is large
Steel is the material used to take
the load
The structural elements of steel
structures have small cross-
sections.

Durability The durability of concrete is high. The steel structures are prone to
High-quality RC structure is less rust when exposed to
affected by common weather environmental conditions. Hence
and environmental conditions. steel structures have less
durability.

Resistance to RC structures are highly brittle in Steel structures are ductile in

Earthquake/Dynamic Loads
Load Carrying Capacity
nature. These types of structures
have less resistance to dynamic
loads like earthquakes and wind.
RC structures have low load-
carrying capacity compared with
steel structures.
nature thus increasing their
resistance to dynamic loads.
The steel structures have an
appreciable load-carrying
capacity.

Self-weight Construction of structures with The steel, in general, has 60

concrete consumes large
amount of raw materials. Hence
the self-weight of reinforced
concrete structures is high.
Foundation Reinforced concrete structure
possesses huge dead weight
which hence demands a strong
foundation to support.
Tensile Strength In RC structures, the tensile
strength of the concrete
elements is less compared to
steel structural elements.
Labor requirement The construction of reinforced
concrete structures is labor-
intensive.
percent less weight compared to
concrete.
Steel structures do not demand
heavy foundation.
Steel structural elements have
high tensile strength compared
to RC structures.
Construction of steel structures
requires less labor. Most of the
components are fabricated in the
 workshop and assembled at the
site.

Construction Construction of RC structure is Construction of steel structure is

simple. tough.

Cost of Construction Economical. Costly.

Construction Speed Reinforced concrete structures Steel structures are constructed

require time for concreting,
curing etc. which is a slow
process.
Quality Control It is tough to maintain quality
through concrete construction.
with high speed.
Better quality control can be
obtained in steel structures.

Fire resistance The fire resistance of the The fire resistance of steel
concrete structure is high. structure is less.

Scrap value Concrete does not have any The steel scraps have a good
scrap value. scrap value.

Corrosion A properly designed and The steel frame structure has

Repair and maintenance
constructed reinforced concrete
structure is not prone to
corrosion.
The repair and cost of
maintenance of the concrete
structure are tough and time
taking.
chances to deteriorate due to
corrosion
Steel structures can be repaired
very easily and hence their cost
of maintenance is less.

3. Solve Problems 1.5-1 to 1.5-7 of the book “Steel Design” by William Segui (2013)

Problem 1.5-1

A 20-foot-long W8 × 67 is suspended from one end. If the modulus of elasticity is 29,000 ksi, determine
the following:
a. What is the maximum tensile stress?
b. What is the maximum normal strain?
Problem 1.5-2

The strain in member AB was measured to be 8.9 × 10–4. If the member is an L3 × 21 ⁄ 2 × 1 ⁄ 4 of A36
steel, determine the following:
a. What is the change in length in inches?
b. What is the force in the member?

Problem 1.5-3

During a tensile test of a specimen of unknown material, an increase in length of 6.792 × 10–3 inches within
the gage length was recorded at a load of 5000 lb. The specimen diameter was 0.5 inch and the gage length was
8 inches. (The gage length is the distance between two marks placed along the length of the specimen.)
a. Based on this one data point, what is the modulus of elasticity?
b. If the maximum load reached before fracture was 14,700 lb, what is the ultimate tensile stress?
Problem 1.5-4

A tensile test was conducted on a specimen with a diameter of 0.5 inch. A strain gage was bonded to the
specimen so that the strain could be obtained directly. The following data were obtained:

a. Create a table of stress and strain values.

b. Plot these data points, and draw a best-fit straight line through them.
c. What is the slope of this line? What does this value represent?
Problem 1.5-5

A tension test was conducted on a specimen with a circular cross section of diameter 0.5 inch and a gage
length of 8 inches. (The gage length is the distance between two marks on the specimen. The deformation is
measured within this length.) The stress and strain were computed from the test data and plotted. Two plots are
shown here; the first one shows the entire test range, and the second shows a portion near the proportional limit.

a. Draw best-fit lines to obtain stress–strain curves.

b. Estimate the proportional limit.
c. Use the slope of the best-fit line to estimate the modulus of elasticity.
d. Estimate the 0.2% offset yield strength.
e. Estimate the ultimate stress.
f. If a load of 10 kips is applied and then removed, estimate the permanent deformation in inches.

a.)
Problem 1.5-6

The data shown in the table were obtained from a tensile test of a metal specimen with a diameter of 0.500
inch and a gage length (the length over which the elongation is measured) of 2.00 inches. The specimen was not
loaded to failure.

a. Generate a table of stress and strain values.

b. Plot these values and draw a best-fit line to obtain a stress–strain curve.
c. Use the slope of the best-fit line to estimate the modulus of elasticity.
d. Estimate the value of the proportional limit.
e. Use the 0.2% offset method to determine the yield strength.

a.)

Load (kips) Elongation (in) Stress (ksi) Strain

0 0 0 0
1.0 0.0010 5.094 0.0005
2.0 0.0014 10.19 0.0007
2.5 0.0020 12.74 0.0010
3.5 0.0024 17.83 0.0012
5.0 0.0036 25.47 0.0018
6.0 0.0044 30.57 0.0022
7.0 0.0050 35.66 0.0025
8.0 0.0060 40.75 0.0030
9.0 0.0070 45.85 0.0035
10.0 0.0080 50.94 0.0040
11.5 0.0120 58.58 0.0060
12.0 0.0180 61.13 0.0090

b.)
Problem 1.5-7

The data shown in the table were obtained from a tensile test of a metal specimen with a rectangular cross
section of 0.2 in.2 in area and a gage length (the length over which the elongation is measured) of 2.000 inches.

a. Generate a table of stress and strain values.

b. Plot these values and draw a best-fit line to obtain a stress–strain curve.
c. Determine the modulus of elasticity from the slope of the linear portion of the curve.
d. Estimate the value of the proportional limit.
e. Use the 0.2% offset method to determine the yield stress.

a.)

b.)
References:

https://theconstructor.org/building/difference-between-reinforced-concrete-rc-steel-structures/35075/

https://civiltoday.com/civil-engineering-materials/concrete/23-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-
reinforced-concrete

https://steeloncall.com/what-are-the-advantages-disadvantages-of-steel-structures