Plane Stress Analysis

College of Engineering
civil Eng. Dept.

Subject: Strength of Materials
Second Class Lecturer: Dr. Ali Al Asadi
Plane stress analysis :
A two –dimensional stress system is one in which the stresses at any point in a
body in the same plane N
y
N , Q , P , F lies in the X- y plane
The perpendicular compounds introduce
(direct stress 𝜎) , and the tangential components Q

P
introduce (shearing stresses 𝜏 ).
Stress at a point : x
Ny
y
The stress acting at a point is represented by Nx
Qy
the stresses acting on the faces of a differential
Px Qx
element including the point . The element is usually
represented by its front view .

Py
fx
fy
𝜎𝑥 : normal stress (direct stress) acting on a plane
x
Perpendicular to the X-axis
𝜎𝑦 : normal stress (direct stress) acting on a plane
Perpendicular y-axis
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civil Eng. Dept.
𝜏𝑥𝑦 : shearing stress acting on a plane perpendicular to the x-axis and directed parallel to
the y-axis .
𝜎𝑦
y
𝜏𝑦𝑥
𝜏𝑥𝑦
𝜎𝑥
𝜎𝑥
𝜏𝑥𝑦
∑ 𝑀𝐴 = 0 ∶ 𝜏𝑥𝑦 = 𝜏𝑦𝑥 A
𝜏𝑦𝑥
𝜎𝑦
x
 Variation of stress at a point :
The stress on an element (point) vary with the orientation of the element .
𝜎𝑦
p
p
b
𝜎𝑥 = 0 𝜎𝑥 = 0
a a a a
𝑃
𝜎𝑦 =
b p 𝐴
p
p 𝜎 𝜏 𝜏 𝜎
b
N 𝜎
𝜎 𝜏 𝜏
p
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civil Eng. Dept.
 Stress on an inclined plane :
To find the stresses acting on an inclined plane tow method may be used :
1- Analytical method
2- Graphical method
𝜎𝑦
Analytical method : 𝜏𝑦𝑥
𝜏𝑥𝑦
𝜎 : direct stress acting on the inclined plane .
𝜎𝑥 𝜃 𝜎𝑥
𝜏 : shearing stress acting on the inclined plane .
𝜏𝑥𝑦
𝜏𝑥𝑦 . 𝐴 cos 𝜃 𝜎. 𝐴 𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝜏𝑦𝑥

𝜎
𝜎𝑦
𝜃 𝜃
𝜎𝑥 𝜃
𝜎𝑥 . 𝐴 cos 𝜃
𝜏. 𝐴 𝜏
𝜏𝑥𝑦 . 𝐴 sin 𝜃 𝜏𝑥𝑦
𝜎𝑦 . 𝐴 sin 𝜃 𝜎𝑦
𝜏𝑥𝑦 . 𝐴 cos 𝜃
If A is the area of the inclined plane N
𝜎. 𝐴 = 𝑁
𝜃
𝜃
𝜎𝑥 . 𝐴 cos 𝜃
𝜃 𝜏𝑥𝑦 . 𝐴 sin 𝜃
𝜃
𝜏. 𝐴 = 𝑇
∴ ∑ 𝐹𝑁 = 0 𝜎𝑦 . 𝐴 sin 𝜃
𝜎. 𝐴 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 . 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝜏𝑦𝑥 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝜎𝑥 . 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝜎𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
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civil Eng. Dept.
We have :
𝜏𝑥𝑦 = 𝜏𝑦𝑥
Then :
𝜎 = 𝜎𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝜎𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 − 2𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
This equation may be written more convenient

1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃
𝜎 = 𝜎𝑥 ( ) + 𝜎𝑦 ( ) − 𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃
2 2
𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑦
= + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 + − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 − 𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃
2 2 2 2
𝜎𝑥 +𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 −𝜎𝑦
𝜎= +( ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 − 𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃
2 2
𝜎= +( ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 − 𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 -------- (1)
2 2
∑ 𝐹𝑡 = 0 ∶ 𝜏. 𝐴 + 𝜏𝑦𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃. 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝜎𝑦 . 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

= 𝜏𝑥𝑦 . 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝜎𝑥 . 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝜏 = (𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 )𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃)

𝜎𝑥 −𝜎𝑦
∴𝜏=( ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 ------------ (2)
2
Principal Stresses :
Are the maximum and minimum normal stress the planes defining max. or min,
normal stresses are found by differentiating eq. (1) with respect to 𝜃 and :
𝜎= +( ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 − 𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 ------------- (1)
2 2
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civil Eng. Dept.
𝑑𝜎 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦
=0+( ) (−2𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃) − 2𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 = 0
𝑑𝜃 2
∴ (𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 )𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 = −2𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 −2𝜏𝑥𝑦
∴ =
𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 (𝜎𝑥 −𝜎𝑦 )
−2𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝜏𝑥𝑦
∴ 𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝜃 = → 𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝜃 = − (𝜎 ------(3)
(𝜎𝑥 −𝜎𝑦 ) 𝑥 −𝜎𝑦 )⁄
2
2𝜏𝑥𝑦
∴ 2𝜃 = tan−1 (− ) + 𝑛 ∗ 180 Where n = 0,1,2,3,……..
1 𝜏𝑥𝑦
Or 𝜃 = tan−1 (− ) + 𝑛 ∗ 90
2 𝜎𝑥 −𝜎𝑦
(𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 )⁄2
𝜏
𝜎2 𝜎1
𝜃 + 90 𝜏𝑥𝑦
First principal plant
second principal 𝜃
plant
−𝜏𝑥𝑦
−(𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 )⁄2
∴𝜎= +( ) cos 2𝜃 − 𝜏𝑥𝑦 sin 2𝜃
2 2
𝜎𝑥 +𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 −𝜎𝑦 (𝜎𝑥 −𝜎𝑦 ) −2𝜏𝑥𝑦

∴ 𝜎= +( )∗ − 𝜏𝑥𝑦
2 2 2 2 2 2
±√(𝜎𝑥 −𝜎𝑦 ) +(2𝜏𝑥𝑦 ) ±√(𝜎𝑥 −𝜎𝑦 ) +(2𝜏𝑥𝑦 )
2 2
𝜎𝑥 +𝜎𝑦 (𝜎𝑥 −𝜎𝑦 ) 2𝜏𝑥𝑦
∴ 𝜎= + +
2 2 2 2 2
±2√(𝜎𝑥 −𝜎𝑦 ) +(2𝜏𝑥𝑦 ) ±√(𝜎𝑥 −𝜎𝑦 ) +(2𝜏𝑥𝑦 )
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civil Eng. Dept.
2 2
𝜎𝑥 +𝜎𝑦 (𝜎𝑥 −𝜎𝑦 ) +4𝜏𝑥𝑦
∴𝜎= +
2 22
±2√(𝜎𝑥 −𝜎𝑦 ) +4𝜏𝑥𝑦
-2𝜏𝑥𝑦
2𝜃
𝜎𝑥 +𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 −𝜎𝑦 2 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦
∴ 𝜎 1,2 = ± √( 2 -------------- (4)
) + 𝜏𝑥𝑦
𝑚𝑎𝑥 2 2
𝑚𝑖𝑛
Where the positive sign front of the radical must be used to obtain 𝜎1 , and the negative
sign to be obtain 𝜎2 .
Maximum shearing stresses :
If 𝜎𝑥 , 𝜎𝑦 , 𝜏𝑥𝑦 , known for an element , the shear stress on any plane defined by an angle
𝜃 is given by :
𝜏=( ) sin 2𝜃 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 cos 2𝜃 from eqs. (2)
2
∴ Eq (2) must be differentiated with respect to 𝜃 and the derivative set equal to Zero .
𝑑𝜏 𝜎𝑥 −𝜎𝑦
∴ =( ) 2. cos 2𝜃 − 2𝜏𝑥𝑦 sin 2𝜃 = 0
𝑑𝜃 2
sin 2𝜃 𝜎𝑥 −𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 −𝜎𝑦

∴ = → tan 2𝜃̅ = ------------(5)
cos 2𝜃 2𝜏𝑥𝑦 2𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦
direction of
2𝜃̅
1 𝜎𝑥 −𝜎𝑦
𝜃̅ = tan−1 + 𝑛. 90 { n=0 , 1 , 2 , } 2𝜏𝑥𝑦
2 2𝜏𝑥𝑦
Sub (𝜃̅ ) in eq (2)

𝜎𝑥 −𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 −𝜎𝑦 2
2𝜏𝑥𝑦
∴ 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ∗ +
2 2 2 2 2
±√(𝜎𝑥 −𝜎𝑦 ) +4𝜏𝑥𝑦 ±√(𝜎𝑥 −𝜎𝑦 ) +4𝜏𝑥𝑦
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civil Eng. Dept.
𝜎𝑥 −𝜎𝑦 2
∴ 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ±√( 2 ------------ (6)
) + 𝜏𝑥𝑦
2
Note : Thus , the max. shearing stress differs from the min. shearing stress only in sign ,
therefore shearing regardless sign will be called (Max. shear stress) .
Note : when shearing stress equal to zero , then

𝜏=( ) sin 2𝜃 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 cos 2𝜃 = 0
2
−2𝜏𝑥𝑦
∴ {tan 2𝜃 = } this is same for the angle of max. and min. normal stress
Therefore no shearing stress on planes of max. , min. normal stress .

−2𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝜎𝑥 −𝜎𝑦
∴ tan 2𝜃 = and tan 2𝜃̅ =
𝜎𝑥 −𝜎𝑦 2𝜏𝑥𝑦
∴ tan 2𝜃 = − cot 2𝜃̅
∴ tan(2𝜃̅ + 90) = − cot 2𝜃̅
tan 2𝜃 = tan(2𝜃̅ + 90) → 2𝜃 = 2𝜃̅ + 90
∴ 𝜃 = 𝜃̅ + 45 ---------- (7)
∴ The max . shearing stress locate with angles is 45𝑜 with the planes of the principle
stresses .
Note : for sign :
1- 𝜏 : +ve if its moment about the center of the element is clockwise .
2- 𝜃 : +ve anti-clockwise (+)

(+)
3- Tension : +ve 𝜎𝑥
(+)
(+)
Compression –ve (-)
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civil Eng. Dept.
Example 1 : For the state of stress as shown below ,

1𝑜
(a) find normal stresses and shearing stress on the plane at (-22 )with y-axis.
2
(b) find principal stresses
(c) Max. shearing stresses . Show the result on a properly oriented element .
y 1 MPa
1𝑜
Sol. 22
2 2 MPa
2.12 MPa
x 1𝑜
𝑜
1
𝑜
1
3 MPa 22
22
2
22
2
2
2.12 MPa x- 𝜎𝑥 = 3
𝜎𝑦 = 1
{ }
𝜏𝑥𝑦 = −2
3+1 3−1
𝜎̅𝑥 = + cos(−45) + 2 sin(−45)
2 2
𝜎̅𝑥 = 2 + 1(0.707) − 2(0.707) = +1.29 MPa

𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦
𝜏𝑥̅ 𝑦̅ = sin 2𝜃 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 cos 2𝜃
2
3−1
𝜏𝑥̅ 𝑦̅ = + sin(−45) − 2 cos(−45)
2
=1(0.707)+2(0.707)=2.12 MPa
𝜎𝑥 +𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 −𝜎𝑦 2
(b) 𝜎1,2 = ± √( 2
) + 𝜏𝑥𝑦
2 2
3+1 3−1 2
∴ 𝜎1,2 = ± √( ) + (−2)2 = 2 ± 2.24
2 2
∴ 𝜎1 = +4.24 MPa (tension )

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civil Eng. Dept.
𝜎2 = −0.24 MPa (compression )

𝜏𝑥𝑦 −(−2)
tan 2𝜃 = − = =2
(𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 )⁄ (3 − 1)⁄
2 2
∴ 2𝜃 = 63.26𝑜 → 𝜃 = 31.43𝑜 or 63.26𝑜 + 180𝑜 = 243.26𝑜

y- 0.24 MPa 4.24 MPa
x-
31.43𝑜
121.43𝑜
x
0.24 MPa
For check
3+1 3−1
𝜎̅𝑥 = + cos 63.26𝑜 − + 2 sin 63.26𝑜 = 4.24 MPa (ok)
2 2
(c) for max shearing stress :
2
2
(𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 )⁄ (3 − 1)⁄
√ 2 2
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = { 2} + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 = √( 2) + (2) = √5
∴ 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2.24 MPa

(𝜎𝑥 −𝜎𝑦 )⁄2 −(3−1)⁄2
tan 2𝜃̅ = − → tan 2𝜃̅ = = −0.5
𝜏𝑥𝑦 2
∴ 2𝜃̅ = 153.26𝑜 → 𝜃̅ = 76.43𝑜 − or 153.26𝑜 + 180𝑜 = 333.26𝑜 − 2.24 MPa

- 2.24 MPa x- 2.24 MPa
y
90𝑜
y-
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civil Eng. Dept.
For check :
∴ 𝜏𝑥𝑦
̅̅̅̅ = sin 2𝜃̅ + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 cos 2𝜃̅
2
3−1
∴ 𝜏𝑥𝑦
̅̅̅̅ = sin 253.26𝑜 + 2 cos 253.26𝑜 = +2.24 MPa (ok)
2
Ex2: for 𝜎1 = 50 MPa and 𝜎2 = 40 MPa as shown , Find 𝜎𝑛 and 𝜏𝑛𝑡
Solution :
N
𝜎𝑥 = 𝜎1 = 50 MPa 20
𝜎𝑥= 𝜎1
𝜎𝑦 = 𝜎2 = 40 MPa 𝜎𝑦 =𝜎2
𝜏𝑥𝑦 = 0
T
𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦
∴ 𝜎𝑛 = + cos 2𝜃 − 𝜏𝑥𝑦 sin 2𝜃
2 2
50 + 40 50 − 40
= + cos(2 ∗ 20) − 0
2 2
=48.83 MPa
𝜏𝑛𝑡 = ( ) sin 2𝜃 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 cos 2𝜃
2
50−40
=( ) sin(2 ∗ 20) + 0 = 3.21 MPa
2
Ex3: for 𝜎𝑥 = 60 MPa , 𝜎𝑦 = 60 MPa , 𝜏𝑥𝑦 = 40 MPa as shown , Find 𝜎𝑛 and 𝜏𝑛𝑡N
𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝜎
Sol:
60+60 60−60 𝜎𝑥
𝜎= + cos 2(30) − 40 sin(2 ∗ 30) = 25.4 MPa
2 2
60 𝜏
60−60
𝜏= sin 2 ∗ 30 + 40 cos(2 ∗ 30) = 20 MPa
2
𝜎𝑦
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civil Eng. Dept.
Example4 :For fig. show P=100 kN find 𝜎 and 𝜏 on the inclined plane as shown (AB)
A
Sol :
P=100 kN 60𝑜 P=100 kN
𝑃 100∗103 B
𝜎𝑥 = = = 20 𝑀𝑁/𝑚2
𝐴 0.1∗0.05
𝜎𝑦 = 0 ;
100 mm
𝑜
𝜃 = −30 (into clockwise)
50 mm
𝜏𝑥𝑦 = 0
∴ 𝜎𝑛 = +( ) cos 2𝜃 − 𝜏𝑥𝑦 sin 2𝜃
2 2
20+0 20−0 𝜎𝑥
= + cos(2 ∗ (−30)) − 0
2 2
30o
𝜎𝑛 = 15 MPa
2
20−0
=( ) sin(2 ∗ (−30)) + 0 = −8.66 MPa
2
𝜎𝑦
Ex5 For the state of stress shown find 𝜎1 , 𝜎2 , 𝜃, 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥
Sol:
𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑥 = 20 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝜎1 , 𝜎2 = ± √( 2
) + 𝜏𝑥𝑦
2 2
20+15 20−15 2 𝜏𝑥𝑦= 10 𝑀𝑃𝐴

= ± √( ) + (10)2
2 2
𝜎𝑦 = 15
𝜎1 , 𝜎2 = 17.5 ± 10.3 → 𝜎1 = 27.8 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝜎2 = 7.2 𝑀𝑃𝑎
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civil Eng. Dept.
−2𝜏𝑥𝑦 −2 ∗ 10
tan 2𝜃 = = = −4
𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 20 − 15
∴ 𝜃 = −37.98𝑜 + 𝑛90 { n=0,1,2,…..}
∴ 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ±√( 2
) + 𝜏𝑥𝑦
2
20−15 2
= ±√( ) + 102 = +10.3 MPa
2
Ex6: for thin walled cylinder as shown below , if P = 1.4 MPa , 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 =-30 MPa , Find
(𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥 ) t=10 mm
y
Sol:
𝑃𝐷 1.4∗𝑑
𝜎𝑥 = 𝜎𝑛 = = = 70 𝑑
2𝑡 2∗0.01 x
𝑃𝐷 1.4 ∗ 𝑑
𝜎𝑦 = = = 35 𝑑
4𝑡 4𝑡
∴ 𝜏=( ) sin 2𝜃 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 cos 2𝜃 𝜎𝐿
2 n
70𝑑−35𝑑 135o
−30 = sin(2 ∗ 135) + 0
2 45o 𝜎ℎ
∴ 𝑑 = 1.71𝑚
EX7: For fig shown , a torsional loading (T) applied to the bar , it produce a state pure
shear Determine ; the max. shear stress and principle stress .
Sol : T
T
𝜎𝑥 = 0 , 𝜎𝑦 = 0 , 𝜏𝑥𝑦 = 𝜏
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civil Eng. Dept.
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ±√( ) + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 2 = √02 + 𝜏 2
2 𝜏
∴ 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ±𝜏
For principle stresses : y

-
y
−𝜏𝑥𝑦
tan 2𝜃 = → tan 2𝜃 = ∞ x-
(𝜎𝑥 −𝜎𝑦 )⁄2
𝜎1,2 = ± √( 2 = 0 ± √02 + 𝜏 2 = ±𝜏
) + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝜏
2 2
𝜎2 = 𝜏
𝜎1 = 𝜏
Ex8 for fig. shown , if 𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙 in the weld = 30 MPa find 𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥
T
Sol :
30o
𝜋 𝐷 4 𝑑 2 150 mm 130 mm
𝐽 = [( ) − ( ) ]
2 2 2
𝜋 0.15 4 0.13 4 T
𝐽 = [( ) −( ) ] = 21.66 ∗ 106 𝑚4 y
2 2 2
𝑇.𝑟 0.15𝑇
𝜏𝑥𝑦 = = = 3.462 ∗ 103 𝑇 𝑁/𝑚2
𝐽 2∗21.66∗106
∴ 𝜏=( ) sin 2𝜃 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 cos 2𝜃
2
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civil Eng. Dept.
Can be use 𝜏 = 𝜏𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑑 in section

∴ 𝜏𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑑 = ( ) sin 2𝜃 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 cos 2𝜃
2
30o
= 0 − 3.46 ∗ 103 ∗ 𝑇 cos(2 ∗ (−60))
30 = −3.46 ∗ 103 cos(−120)𝑇
∴ 𝑇 = 17.33 ∗ 103 𝑁. 𝑚 → 𝑇 = 17.33 𝑁. 𝑚𝑚
Ex9: For fig . shown and load applied find 𝜎𝑛 and 𝜏𝑡𝑛 on weld .D=100 mm
T=3 kN
Sol : weld
𝑃 160∗103 6 2
30o
𝜎𝑥 = = 𝜋 = 20.37 ∗ 10 𝑁/𝑚
𝐴 (100)2 P=160
4
𝜎𝑥 = 20.37 MPa
y 𝑥
From torque can estimate 𝜏𝑥𝑦 z
𝑇.𝑟 𝜋 𝑃
∴ 𝜏= , 𝐽= (0.1)4 = 9.817 ∗ 10−6 𝑚4 30 o 𝜎𝑥 =
𝐽 32 x 𝐴
3∗103 ∗0.05
∴ 𝜏= = 15.28 ∗ 106 𝑁/𝑚2
9.817∗10−6
𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦
𝜎𝑛 = + cos 2𝜃 − 𝜏𝑥𝑦 sin 2𝜃
2 2
20.37+0 20.37−0
= + cos(2 ∗ 120) − 15.28 sin(2 ∗ 120)
2 2
𝜎𝑛 = 18.33 MPa
2
20.37
=( ) sin 240 + 15.28 cos 240 = −16.46 𝑀𝑁/𝑚
2
64
civil Eng. Dept.
Ex10: For fig . shown if d=50 mm 𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 80 𝑀𝑃𝑎 ; 𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 30 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Find 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 . (on plane the normal make 45𝑜 with x-axis )
Sol :
P d P
∴ 𝜃 = 45
𝜏= sin 2𝜃 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 cos 2𝜃
2
30 = sin 2𝜃 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 cos 2𝜃
2
45o
𝜎𝑥
∴ 30 = sin(90) → 𝜎𝑥 = 60 𝑀𝑃𝑎
2 𝜎𝑥
∴ 𝜎𝑥 < 𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙 (i.e. 60 𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 80 𝑀𝑃𝑎)

𝜋(0.05)2
∴ 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜎𝑥 . 𝐴 = 60 ∗ =117.8 kN
4
65
civil Eng. Dept.
Graphical method in plane stress (mohr’s circle)
 From analytical method we obtain eq. (1) and (2) that used to estime direct stress
and shear stress by first rewriting them as :
𝜎− =( ) cos 2𝜃 − 𝜏𝑥𝑦 sin 2𝜃 --------(1-)
2 2
And
𝜏=( ) sin 2𝜃 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 cos 2𝜃 ------------- (2-)
2
Then by squaring both these equatiions , adding simplifying :

𝜎𝑥 +𝜎𝑦 2 𝜎𝑥 −𝜎𝑦 2
(𝜎 − ) +𝜏 =(2 2
) + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 ----------- (3-)
2 2
In every given problem 𝜎𝑥 , 𝜎𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜏𝑥𝑦 are the three known constants , and 𝜎 ; 𝜏 are the
variable
The eq. above may be written as
(𝜎 − 𝑐 )2 + 𝜏 2 = 𝑟 2 ---------- (4-)
Where :
𝜎𝑥 +𝜎𝑦 2
𝑐=( ) and 𝑟 2 = {(𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 )⁄2} + 𝜏𝑥𝑦
2
{ are const.}
2
The eq (4-) is the familir expression of analytical geometry (x-c)2+y2=r2 for a circle of
radius r with this center at (c,0) { i.e. (x1 , ) for particular orientation of ainclined plan the
ordinate of point on the circle a (𝜏 , 𝜎) .
The circle so constructed is called a circle of stress or Mohr’s circle of stress .
 Construction of Mohr’s circle of stress .

1- sketch an element for which normal and the shearing stresses are known .
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civil Eng. Dept.
2- set up a rectangular coordinate system as shown .

𝜏 (+)
3- locate the center of the circle with (𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 )⁄2 a distance from the origin
(tensile stress is the ; como stress - ve)
4- from the right face of the element , plot the 𝜎𝑥 , 𝜎𝑦 as the controlling point A on
the circle and connect this point with center of circle by dis such as (r) , then
draw the circle using the radius fou . If only magnitudes and sign of stresses are
of interest the coordinates of points on the circle provide the required in
formation .
5- To find direction of stresses acting on any inclined plane draw through point A a
line parallel to the inclined plane and locate point B on the circle from B draw
vertical line to gate a now point such as d (𝜎̅, 𝜏̅)
And
 Important conclusion :
1- 𝜎1 , 𝜎2 { with no shearing stresses }
2- 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 numerically equal to the radius of the circle also ((𝜎1 − 𝜎2 )⁄2) A normal
stress equal (𝜎1 + 𝜎2 )⁄2 act on each of the planes of (𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 )
3- If 𝜎1 = 𝜎2 , Mohr’s circle degenerates in to a and no shearing stresses at all
develop in the x y plane .
4- If 𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 = 0 , the center of mohr’s circle conici with the origin of the
𝜎 − 𝜏 coordinate , and the state of pure shear exists .
5- The sum of normal stresses on any two perpendicular planes is in variant .
𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 = 𝜎1 + 𝜎2 = 𝜎𝑥 − + 𝜎𝑦
− Can be explain by the fig shown below :
67
civil Eng. Dept.
𝜎𝑦
𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝜏 𝜎𝑥
a
𝜎𝑥 A
r 𝜎𝑦
o 𝜎
a F c E
𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦
2
𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 2
𝑟 = √( 2
) + 𝜏𝑥𝑦
2
15
Example11 : for given the state of stress in fig. below find 𝜎1 , 𝜎2 , 𝜃 , 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥
Sol :
20
 Center of circle on the 𝜎 axis :
(15 + 20)⁄2 = 17.5 𝑀𝑃𝑎 10
 Point A on a circle from desten on the right face of element is (20,10)
𝜏 𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦
20−15 2
 Radius of circle =√(
−
) + 102 = 10.3 2 (20,10)
2
Then drawing the circle 𝜎2 𝜎1

∴ 𝜎1 = 𝑅 + 17.5
𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦
= 10.3 + 17.5 = 27.8 2
𝜎2 = 17.5 − 𝑅 = 17.5 − 10.3 = 7.2 𝑀𝑃𝑎

10
tan 2𝜃 =
2.5
∴ 𝜃 = −37.98𝑜 { clockwise –ve }
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑅 = ±10 𝑀𝑃𝑎 → 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 10.3 𝑀𝑃𝑎
37.98o
𝜎2
68 𝜎1
civil Eng. Dept.
 Notes : the angle between the radii to selected points on mohr’s circle is twice the
angle between the normal to the actual planes represented by these points .
y
x- 20o x
Therefore can by estimate any stresses

y-
y
on any inclined plane by draw line with
angle (2𝜃) to obtain a point with (𝜎 , 𝜏) { 𝜎 , 𝜏 is a normal stress and shear stress }
Ex12: for the data given , 𝜎𝑥 = 32 𝑀𝑃𝑎 , 𝜎𝑦 = −10 𝑀𝑃𝑎 , 𝜏𝑥𝑦 = −20 𝑀𝑃𝑎 find
𝜎1 , 𝜎2 , 𝜃 , 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 , 𝜎𝑥̅ , 𝜎𝑦̅ , 𝜏𝑥𝑦
̅̅̅̅ with 𝜃 = 36.8
𝜏𝑥𝑦 = −20
Sol : 𝜎𝑥 = 32
𝜎𝑥 −𝜎𝑦 2 32+10 2
𝑅 = √( 2 = √(
) + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 ) + (−20)2
2 2
𝜎𝑥 +𝜎𝑦 32−10
∴ 𝑅 = 29 ; center c= = = 11 −10
2 2 𝜏
(-10,20) x-
Can draw a circle
𝜎𝑥 +𝜎𝑦 30 73.6
o
o
∴ 𝜎1 = 𝑅 +
2 𝜎2 𝜎1
11
=29+11 = 40 MPa
𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 y-
𝜎2 = 𝑅 − = 29 − 11 = 18 𝑀𝑃𝑎
2
𝜏𝑥𝑦 20
tan 2𝜃 = =
(𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 )⁄2 21
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civil Eng. Dept.
𝜃 =21.8 (+ve) anti clockwise
∴ 𝜏𝑥𝑦 = 𝑅 = 29 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝜎1 = 20
And
𝜎2=18 21.8o
𝜎𝑥̅ = 𝑅 cos 30 + 11 = 36.11 𝑀𝑃𝑎 (+ tens )
𝜎𝑦̅ = 𝑅 cos 30 − 11 = 14.11 𝑀𝑃𝑎 (comp)
𝜏𝑥𝑦
̅̅̅̅ = 𝑅 sin 30 = 29 sin 30 = 14.5 𝑀𝑃𝑎
∴ 𝜏𝑥𝑦
̅̅̅̅ = −14.5 𝑀𝑃𝑎
70
civil Eng. Dept.
Shear and Moment Diagram:
Beams are long straight members that carry loads perpendicular to their longitudinal
axis. They are classified according to the way they are supported, e.g. simply supported,
cantilevered, or overhanging.
P P
Simply supported beam overhanging beam
Cantilevered beam
Types of Loading:
Loads commonly applied to a beam may consist of concentrated forces(applied at a

point), uniformly distributed loads, in which case the magnitude is expressed as a certain
number of newtons per meter of length of the beam, or uniformly varying loads. A beam may
also be loaded by an applied couple.
100 N
(point load)
(concentrated force)
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civil Eng. Dept.
10 N / m 5N /m
4m 5m
Uniformly distributed load Uniformly varying load
Shearing force and bending moment diagrams show the variation of these quantities
along the length of a beam for any fixed loading condition. At every section in a beam carrying
transverse loads there will be resultant forces on either side of the section which, for
equilibrium, must be equal and opposite.
Shearing force at the section is defined as the algebraic sum of the forces taken on one
side of the section. The bending moment is defined as the algebraic sum of the moments of
the forces about the section, taken on either side of the section.
Sign Convention:
Forces upwards to the left of a section or downwards to the right of a section are
positive. Clockwise moments to the left and counter clockwise to the right are positive.
M M M M
V V
  - V V -
Procedure of Analysis:
The shear and moment diagrams for a beam can be constructed using the following
procedure:-
1. Determine all the reactive forces and couple moments acting on the beam, and resolve
all the forces into components acting perpendicular and parallel to the beam's axis.
2. Specify separate coordinates x having an origin at the beam's left end extending to
regions of the beam between concentrated forces and/or couple moments, or where
there is no discontinuity of distributed loading.
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civil Eng. Dept.
3. Section the beam perpendicular to its axis at each distance x, and draw the free body
diagram of one of the segments. Be sure V and M are shown acting in their positive
sense, in accordance with the sign convention given as above.
4. The shear is obtained by summing forces perpendicular to the beam's axis.
5. The moment is obtained by summing moment about the sectioned end of the segment.
6. Plot the shear diagram(V versus x) and the moment diagram(M versus x). If numerical
values of the functions describing V and M are positive, the values are plotted above the
x-axis, whereas negative values are plotted below the axis.
Example 1: Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam shown below.
P P
B Ax B
A C
Ay Cy
L/2 L/2
F x 0
Ax=0
M C 0
P×L/2-Ay×L=0
Ay=P/2
F y 0
Cy+Ay-P=0
Cy=P/2
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civil Eng. Dept.
 Segment AB
F V M
y 0
P
P 2
-V=0 x
2
V= P
2
M  0
M- P ×x=0
2
M= P x
2
 Segment BC
P
F y 0 V M
P
-P-V=0 P
2
2 x
P
V=-
2
M  0
P L
M- ×x+P(x- )=0
2 2
P
M= (L-x)
2
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civil Eng. Dept.
P
P P
2 2
P
2
S.F. diagram
P

PL 2
M max 
4
B.M. diagram
75
civil Eng. Dept.
10 KN 20 KN 30 KN
2m 4m 2m
A B C D E F
4m 8m
20 KN
F x 0
10 KN 20 KN 30 KN
Fx=0
2m 4m 2m
M F 0
A B C D E F
Fx
-Ay×12+10×10-20×8+20×6
+30×2=0 8m
Fy
Ay 4m
20 KN
Ay=10 KN
F y 0
10-10+20-20-30+Fy=0
Fy=30 KN
 Segment AB 0 x2
F y 0
10-V=0
V=10 KN
M  0
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civil Eng. Dept.
M-10×x=0
M=10x
10 KN
 Segment BC 2 x4
V M
F y 0
x
10-10-V=0 10 KN
V=0
M  0
M-10x+10(x-2)=0
M=20 KN.m 10 KN
 Segment CD 4 x6
F y 0
V M
10-10+20-V=0
20 KN
x
V=20 KN
10 KN
M  0
M-10x+10(x-2)-20(x-4)=0
M=20(x-3)
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civil Eng. Dept.
 Segment DE 6  x  10
F y 0 10 KN 20 KN
10-10+20-20-V=0
V M
V=0
20 KN
M  0 x
10 KN
M-10x+10(x-2)-20(x-4)+20(x-6)=0
M=60 KN.m
 Segment EF 10  x  12
F y 0
10 KN
10-10+20-20-30-V=0 20 KN 30 KN
V=-30 KN
M  0 V
M
M-10x+10(x-2)-20(x-4)+20(x-6) 20 KN
+30(x-10)=0 x
10 KN
M=30(12-x)
78
civil Eng. Dept.
10 KN 20 KN 30 KN
2m 4m 2m
A B C D E F
Fx
10 KN 4m 8m 30 KN
20 KN
20 KN
10 KN
S.F Diagram
 30 KN
60 KN.m
20 KN.m
B.M. Diagram
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civil Eng. Dept.
w
A B
F x 0 wL
Ax=0
A B
M B 0 Ax
wL L -AyL=0 Ay
L
By
2
Ay= wL
2
F y 0
wL
+By-wL=0
2
wx
By= wL x/2
2 w
V
 Fy  0 M
wL x
-wx-V=0
2 wL
L
2
V=-w(x- )
2
M  0
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civil Eng. Dept.
M- wL x+wx( x )=0 dM
0
2 2 Maximum moment occur when dx
M= w (xL-x2) dM w
 ( L  2 x)  0
2 dx 2
L  2x  0
L
x
2
Location of maximum moment

w
wLA B
2
wL
L 2
wL
2
S.F Diagram
L/2
wL2
M max 
8
B .M Diagram
L/2
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civil Eng. Dept.
example 4: Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam shown below.
wo
A B
wo L
2
F x 0
MA
Ax=0
Ax
F y 0
Ay 2 1
wo L L L
A y= 3 3
2
M A 0
wo L 2
MA- L =0
wo x 2
2 3
x
2L w  wo
L
wo L2
MA=
3
wo L2
V M
3
x/3
F y 0 wo L x
2
wo L wo x 2
- -V=0 dV
2 2L 0
Maximum shear force occur at dx
wo x2
V= (L- ) dV wx
2 L  o 0
dx L
wo L
Vmax= x=0
2
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civil Eng. Dept.
M  0
wo L2 wo L w x2
M+ - x+ o 1 x =0
3 2 2L 3
wo
M= (3L2x-x3-2L3)
6L
wo L2
Mmax= 
3
wo
2
wo L
3
L
wo L
2
wo L
2
S.F Diagram
B .M Diagram
wo L2

3
83
civil Eng. Dept.
Example 5: The horizontal beam AD is loaded by a uniform distributed load of 5 KN per meter
of length and is also subjected to the concentrated force of 10 KN applied as shown below.
Determine the shearing force and bending moment diagrams.
F x 0 10 KN
B 5 KN / m
Ax=0 A
D
M A 0 C
Cy×3-30×2=0 2m 1m 1m
Cy=20 KN
F y 0
Ay+20-30=0
Ay=10 KN 20 KN 10 KN
Ax
Ay Cy
 Segment AB 0 x2
F y 0 5 KN / m
5x
x/2
10-5x-V=0 V M
V=10-5x
x
M  0 10 KN
M-10x+5x x =0
2
x
M=5x(2- )
2
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civil Eng. Dept.
 Segment BC 2 x3 10 KN
5x
x/2
F
5 KN / m
y 0
V M
10-5x-10-V=0
x
V=-5x 10 KN
M  0
M-10x+5x x +10(x-2)=0
2
M=20- 5 x2
2
 Segment CD 3 x  4 10 KN
5x
x/2
F
5 KN / m
y 0
V M
10-5x-10+20-V=0
x
V=20-5x 20 KN
10 KN
M  0
M-10x+5x x +10(x-2)-20(x-3)=0
2
M=-40+20x- 5 x2
2
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civil Eng. Dept.
10 KN
B 5 KN / m
A
D
C
2m 1m 1m
10 KN 20 KN
10 KN
5 KN
S.F Diagram
 10 KN
 15 KN
10 KN.m
B.M Diagram
 2.5KN.m
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civil Eng. Dept.
Example 6: A beam ABC is simply supported at A and B and has an overhang BC. The beam is
loaded by two forces P and a clockwise couple of moment Pa that act through the
arrangement shown. Draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams for beam ABC.
P P
Pa
A C
B
a a a a
M D 0
P P
Pa
-Pa+RC(2a)-Pa=0
RC=P
F y 0
RD RC
RD+P-P-P=0
RD=P P P
M A 0
RB(2a)-Pa-P(3a)=0
RB=2P
RA RB
F y 0
RA+2P-P-P=0
RA=0
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civil Eng. Dept.
 Segment AD 0 xa
F y 0
V=0
V M
M  0
x
M=0
 Segment DB a  x  2a P
F y 0
V
-V-P=0
x
V=-P
M  0
M+P(x-a)=0
M=P(a-x)
 Segment DB 2a  x  3a P
F y 0
V
2P-P-V=0
x
V=P 2P
M  0
M+P(x-a)-2P(x-2a)=0
M=P(x-3a)
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civil Eng. Dept.
P P
2P
S.F. Diagram
P
B.M. Diagram
 Pa
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civil Eng. Dept.
Graphical Method for Constructing Shear and Moment Diagram:
w(x)
dV
  w(x)
dx
Slope of shear diagram at each point=-distributed load intensity at each point.

dM
V
dx
Slope of moment diagram at each point=shear at each point.
 When the force acts downward on the beam, V is negative so the shear will jump
downward. Likewise, if the force acts upward, the jump will be upward.
 If moment Mo is applied clockwise on the beam, M is positive so the moment diagram
will jump upward. Likewise, when Mo acts counterclockwise, the jump will be
downward.
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civil Eng. Dept.
P
F x 0
Ax=0 A
F y 0
Ay-P=0 L
Ay=P M
Ax
M A 0 P
M-PL=0 Ay
M=PL
At x=0 V=P
P
At x=L V=P
At x=0 M=-PL
At x=L M=0
 PL
91
civil Eng. Dept.
15 KN / m
M A 0 10 KN.m
By×5.5-10-60×2=0 A B
By=23.63 KN
F y 0 4m 0 .5 m 1m
15 KN / m
23.63+Ay-60=0 10 KN.m
Ax
Ay=36.37 Kn
Ay By
 Fx  0
Ax=0 4m 0 .5 m 1m
15 KN / m
10 KN.m
36.37 KN 23.63 KN
36.37 KN
4m 0 .5 m 1m
x 4 x

36.37 23.63 4 x
x
23.63x=36.37×4-36.37x
 23.63 KN  23.63 KN
x=2.4246 m
Maximum bending moment occur 25.48 KN.m

23.665 KN.m
when V=0, at x=2.4246 m 44.092 KN.m
13.665 KN.m
92
civil Eng. Dept.
M C 0 48 KN / m
10 KN / m
80-RB×6+30×7.5+144×4=0
C
A B 80 KN.m
RB=146.83 KN
3m 6m
 Fy  0 30 KN 144 KN
RC+146.83-30-144=0
2m
RC=27.17 KN 1. 5 m
80 KN.m
RB RC
48 KN / m
10 KN / m
C
A B 80 KN.m
146.83 KN 27.17 KN
3m 6m
116.83 KN
For segment 3  x  6
V=116.83+4(x-3)2-48(x-3)
3.39375m
Maximum bending moment occur when V=0
0=116.83+4(x-3)2-48(x-3)
47.187 KN.m  27.17 KN
2
 30 KN
x -18x+74.2075=0
x=6.39375 m from left end
 45 KN.m
93
 125 KN.m
civil Eng. Dept.
F x 0
3 KN / m
Ax=0
C
A B
M A 0
3m 3m 3m
By×6-9×7=0
By=10.5 KN 9 KN
2m
F
3 KN / m
y 0
Ax
Ay+10.5-9=0
By
Ay=-1.5 KN Ay
3 KN / m
1.5 KN
10.5 KN
6.75 KN
 1.5 KN
 3.75 KN
 4.5 KN.m
 11.25 KN.m
94
civil Eng. Dept.
Stresses in Beams:
Pure bending refers to flexure of a beam under a constant bending moment.

Therefore, pure bending occurs only in regions of a beam where the shear force is zero.
Nonuniform bending refers to flexure in the presence of shear forces, which means that the
bending moment changes as we move along the axis of the beam.
P P
a a
P
S.F. Diagram
P
Pa
B.M. Diagram
Nonuniform bending Pure bending
Assumptions:
1. The beam is initially straight and unstressed.
2. The material of the beam is perfectly homogeneous.
3. The elastic limit is nowhere exceeded.
4. Young's modulus for the material is the same in tension and compression.
5. Plane cross-sections remain plane before and after bending.
95
civil Eng. Dept.
6. Every cross-section of the beam is symmetrical about the plane of bending i.e. about an
axis perpendicular to the N.A.
7. There is no resultant force perpendicular to any cross-section.
If we now considered a beam initially unstressed and subjected to a constant bending moment
along its length, i.e. pure bending as would be obtained by applying equal couples at each end,
it will bend to a radius  as shown below.
As a result of this bending the top fibers of the beam will be subjected to compression
and the bottom to tension. Its reasonable to suppose, that somewhere between the two there
are points at which the stress is zero, these points is termed the neutral axis. The neutral axis
will always pass through the centre of area or centroid.
The length L1 of the line ef after bending takes place is:
L1=(-y)d
dx
d=

y
L1=(1- )dx

The original length of line ef is dx
y
(1  )dx  dx
L  originallength  y
Strain(εx)= 1 = =-
originallength dx 
εx=-ky
96
civil Eng. Dept.
where k is the curvature.
The longitudinal normal strain will vary linearly with y from the neutral axis. A
contraction (-εx) will occur in fibers located above the neutral axis (+y), whereas elongation
(+εx) will occur in fibers located below the neutral axis (-y).
 max
εx
N.A
y
εx=-( ) εmax
c1
By using Hook's law x=Eεx

E
x=-Eky=- y

 max
N.A
y
x=-( ) max
c1
Normal stress will vary linearly with y from the neutral axis. Stress will vary from zero
at the neutral axis to a maximum value max a distance c1 farthest from neutral axis.
N.A.
97
civil Eng. Dept.
dF=xdA
M=  ydF =  ( x dA) y
A A
y
=  (  max ) ydA
A
c1
 max
M= y
2
dA
c1 A
y dA =I moment of inertia
2
Mc1
 max 
I
max: The maximum normal stress in the member, which occurs at a point on the cross
sectional area farthest away from the neutral axis.
M: The resultant internal moment.
I: The moment of inertia of the cross sectional area computed about the neutral axis.
c1: The perpendicular distance from the neutral axis to a point farthest away from the neutral
axis, where max acts.
Mc1 Mc 2
1=- , 2=
I I
98
civil Eng. Dept.
M M
1=- , 2=
S1 S2
I I
S1= , S2=
c1 c2
The quantities S1 and S2 are known as the section moduli of the cross sectional area.
99
civil Eng. Dept.
Example 1: A simple beam AB of span length L=22 ft supports a uniform load of intensity q=1.5
k/ft and a concentrated load P=12 k. The uniform load includes an allowance for the weight of
the beam. The concentrated load acts at a point 9 ft from the left hand end of the beam. The
beam is constructed of glued laminated wood and has a cross section of width b=8.75 in and
height h=27 in. Determine the maximum tensile and compressive stresses in the beam due to
bending.
P  12 k
9 ft
q  1.5 k / ft
A B
22 ft
12 k 33 k
Ay By
M A 0
By×22-12×9-33×11=0
By=21.409 k
F y 0
Ay+21.409-12-33=0
Ay=23.591 k
100
civil Eng. Dept.
P  12 k
9 ft
q  1.5 k / ft
23.591k 21.409 k
23.591k
10.091k
S.F. Diagram
 1.909 k
Maximum bending moment
 21.409 k
Mmax=151.569 k.ft 151.569 k. ft
=151.569×12
=1818.828 ksi
B.M. Diagram
c1=c2=13.5 in
Mc1

1= I
bh3 8.75  ( 27) 3

 14352.1875in 4
I= 12 = 12
1818.828  103  13.5 c1

 27 in
1= 14352.1875
=-1710.8317 psi c2
1818.828 103  13.5

1= 14352.1875
8.75 in
=1710.8317 psi
101
civil Eng. Dept.
Example 2: The simply supported beam has the cross sectional area shown below. Determine
the absolute maximum bending stress in the beam and draw the stress distribution over the
cross section at this location.
20 mm
5 KN / m
A B
300 mm
20 mm
20 mm
6m
30 KN
250 mm
M A 0
Ay By
5 KN / m
By×6-30×3=0
By=15 KN
F y 0
15 KN 15 KN
Ay+15-30=0
Ay=15 KN
15 KN
 15 KN
Maximum bending moment
Mmax=22.5 KN.m 22.5 KN.m
102
civil Eng. Dept.
20 mm
1
2
N.A 300 mm
20 mm
c1=c2=170 mm 20 mm
3
bh3
I1=  Ad 2
12
250 mm
3 3 3
250  10  (20  10 )
I1=  (250  103  20  103 )  (160  103 ) 2
12
I1=128.16667×10-6 m4
I3=I1=128.16667×10-6 m4
bh 3 (20  10 3 )  (300  10 3 ) 3
I2= = =45×10-6 m4
12 12
I= I1+ I2+ I3=128.16667×10-6+128.16667×10-6+45×10-6
I=301.333×10-6 m4
Mc1 22.5  103  170  103

max= =
I 301.333 106
=12.693598 MPa.
My B
 B=
I B
22.5  103  150  103

=
301.333 106
=11.200233 MPa.
103
civil Eng. Dept.
Example 3: The beam shown below has a cross section of channel shape with width b=300 mm
and height h=80 mm, the web thickness is t=12 mm. Determine the maximum tensile and
compressive stresses in the beam due to uniform load.
300 mm
3.2 KN / m
80 mm
A
12 mm B
3m 1. 5 m
14.4 KN
M A 0
By×3-14.4×2.25=0
Ax
By=10.8 KN
By
F y 0 Ay
Ay+10.8-14.4=0
Ay=3.6 KN
F x 0
Ax=0
104
civil Eng. Dept.
3.6 KN 10.8 KN
3.6 KN 4.8 KN
M1=2.025 KN.m
2.025 KN.m
M2=3.6 KN.m  6 KN
 3.6 KN.m
300 mm
yc 
 yA
A 2
1 3 80 mm
12 mm
3
No. of Area A(m2) y (m) y A (m )
1 960×10-6 40×10-3 38400×10-9
2 3312×10-6 74×10-3 245088×10-9
3 960×10-6 40×10-3 38400×10-9
 A =5232×10  yA =321888×10
-6 -9
105
civil Eng. Dept.
321888 10 9
yc  6
=61.52×10-3 m
5232 10
yc=61.52 mm 300 mm
c2  18.48 mm
80 mm
c1  61.52 mm 12 mm
bh3
I1=  Ad 2
12
12  103 (80  103 ) 3

I1= +960×10-6×(21.52×10-3)2=0.95658×10-6 m4
12
I3= I1=0.95658×10-6 m4
bh3
I2=  Ad 2
12
276  10 3 (12  10 3 ) 3
I2= +3312×10-6×(12.48×10-3)2=0.55558×10-6 m4
12
I= I1+ I2+ I3=2.46874×10-6 m4
M 1c 2 2.025 103  61.52  103

( t )1    50.462179 MPa
I 2.46874 106
M 2 c1 3.6  103  18.48  103

( t ) 2    26.94815 MPa
I 2.46874 106
(t)max=50.462179 MPa
M 1c1 2.025  103  18.48  103

( c )1     15.158339 MPa
I 2.46874 106
M 2 c2 3.6  103  61.52  103

( c ) 2     89.71054 MPa
I 2.46874 106
(c)max=-89.71054 MPa
106
civil Eng. Dept.
Composite Beams:
Composite beams are made from different materials in order to efficiently carry a
load.
Normal stress in material 1 is determined from =E1ε
Normal stress in material 2 is determined from =E2ε
dA=dydz
The force dF acting on the area dA of the beam is
dF=dA=( E1ε)dydz
If the material 1 is being transformed into material 2
b2=nb
dF   dA =( E2ε)ndydz
dF= dF
( E1ε)dydz=( E2ε)ndydz
E1
n=
E2
n: transformation factor (modular ratio).
107
civil Eng. Dept.
If the material 2 is being transformed into material 1
E2
b1= n b where n =
E1
For the transformed material
=n 
108
civil Eng. Dept.
Example 1: A composite beam is made of wood and reinforced with a steel strap located on its
bottom side. It has the cross sectional area shown below. If the beam is subjected to a bending
moment of M=2 KN.m determine the normal stress at point B and C. Take Ew=12 GPa and
Est=200 GPa.
Ew
n
E st
150 mm
12
n  0.06
200
bst  n  bw 20 mm
bst  0.06  150  9 mm
C
150 mm
9 mm
9 mm
B
2
150 mm
150 mm
20 mm
1 20 mm
150 mm C
150 mm
109
civil Eng. Dept.
3
1 3000×10-6 10×10-3 30000×10-9
2 1350×10-6 95×10-3 128250×10-9
 A =4350×10  yA =158250×10
-6 -9
9 mm
yc 
 y A
A
158250 109
yc  3
 36.379  103 m c1  133.621 mm 150 mm
4350 10
 36.379 mm N. A
I=I1+I2 c2  36.379 mm
20 mm
3
bh
I1   Ad 2
12
150 mm
150  103  (20  103 ) 3
I1   3000 106  (26.379  103 ) 2
12
I1=2.187554×10-6 m4
bh3
I2   Ad 2
12
9  103  (150  103 ) 3

I2   1350 106  (58.621 103 ) 2
12
I2=7.170419×10-6 m4
I=9.35797×10-6 m4
110
civil Eng. Dept.
My
 B  
I
2  103  133.621 103

 B   28.557689 MPa
9.35797 106
 B  n   B
 B  0.06  (28.557689)  1.71346134 MPa
My
B 
I
2  103  36.379  10 3
B   7.774976 MPa
9.35797 10 6
111
civil Eng. Dept.
Shear Stresses in Beams
V

It  ydA
A
 ydA  y A = Q
A
VQ
 
It
 :- the shear stress in the member at the point located a distance y  from the neutral axis.
V:-the internal resultant shear force.
I:-the moment of inertia of the entire cross sectional area computed about the neutral axis.
t:-the width of the members cross sectional area, measured at the point where  is to be
determined.
Q  y A , where A
is the top (or bottom) portion of the members cross sectional area, defined
from the section where t is measured, and y  is the distance to the centroid of A , measured
from the neutral axis.
112
civil Eng. Dept.
Example 1: A metal beam with span L=3 ft is simply supported at points A and B. The uniform
load on the beam is q=160 lb/in. The cross section of the beam is rectangular with width b=1
in and height h=4 in. Determine the normal stress and shear stress at point C, which is located
1 in below the top of the beam and 8 in from the right hand support. q  160 lb / in
M A 0 A C B
By×3×12-5760×1.5×12=0
By=2880 lb
3 ft
F y 0
Ay+2880-5760=0 5760 lb
Ay=2880 lb
q  160 lb / in
C
Ay
By
2880 lb 2880 lb
2880 lb
8 in
18 in
V
 2880 lb
M max  25.92 k .in
113
18 in
civil Eng. Dept.
At point C x=28 in from left end
from shear force diagram
V 2880

10 18 A 1 in
V=1600 lb y
N.A
4 in
1 1
M   2880 18   1600 10
2 2
M=17.92 k.in
1 in
bh3 1  (4) 3
I   5.3333 in 4
12 12
2
A =1×1=1 in
y  =1.5 in
Q  y A =1.5×1=1.5 in3
My 17920 1
C     3.36 ksi
I 5.3333
VQ
 
It
1600 1.5
  450 psi
5.3333 1
114
civil Eng. Dept.
Example 2: Consider the cantilever beam subjected to the concentrated load shown below.
The cross section of the beam is of T-shape. Determine the maximum shearing stress in the
beam and also determine the shearing stress 25 mm from the top surface of the beam of a
section adjacent to the supporting wall.
50 mm
50 KN
2m
M A 0
A B 125 mm
M-50×2=0
M=100 KN.m 50 mm
F y 0
50 KN
200 mm
2m
Ay-50=0
B
Ay=50 KN M
Ay
50 KN
2m
B
100 KN.m
50 KN
S.F. Diagram 50 KN
B.M. Diagram
100 KN.m
115
civil Eng. Dept.
50 mm
From shear and bending moment diagrams
V=50 KN
M=100 KN.m 125 mm 2
50 mm 1
200 mm
3
1 10000×10-6 25×10-3 250000×10-9
2 6250×10-6 112.5×10-3 703125×10-9
 A =16250×10  yA =953125×10
-6 -9
yc 
 y A
A
50 mm
953125 10 9
yc  3
 58.65  10 3 m
16250 10 125 mm 2
c1  116.35 mm
 58.65 mm N. A
c2  58.65 mm
I=I1+I2 50 mm 1
bh 3
I1   Ad 2 200 mm
12
200  103  (50  103 ) 3

I1   10000 106  (33.65  103 ) 2
12
I1=13.40655833×10-6 m4
bh3
I2   Ad 2
12
116
civil Eng. Dept.
50  103  (125  103 ) 3

I2   6250 106  (53.85  103 ) 2
12
I2=26.26191146×10-6 m4
I=39.6684×10-6 m4
Q  y A 50 mm
-3
A =50×10 ×116.35×10-3
A
=0.0058175 m2 125 mm 2
c1  116.35 mm
y
-3 N. A
y  =58.175×10 m
1 c2  58.65 mm
50 mm
3
Q=0.000338433 m
VQ 200 mm
 max 
It
50  103  0.000338433
 max   8.5315553 MPa
39.6684 106  50  103
Q  y A 50 mm
-3 -3
A =50×10 ×25×10 A
25 mm
c1  116.35 mm
=0.00125 m2 125 mm
y
N. A
-3
y  =103.85×10 m
1 c2  58.65 mm
50 mm
Q=0.000129812 m3
200 mm
VQ
 
It
50  103  0.000129812
   3.272441 MPa
39.6684 106  50  103
117
civil Eng. Dept.
Slop and Deflection in Beams
The elastic curve :-the deflection diagram of the longitudinal axis that passes through
the centroid of each cross sectional area of the beam.
118
civil Eng. Dept.
x-axis extends positive to the right.
v-axis extends positive upward from the x-axis.

1 

 y


E
My
 
I
1 M

 EI
When M is positive,  extends above the beam, i.e.  in the positive v direction. When M
is negative,  extends below the beam, or in the negative v direction.
Integration Method
The elastic curve for a beam can be expressed mathematically as v=f(x)

1 d 2 v / dx 2

 [1  (dv / dx) 2 ]3 / 2
119
civil Eng. Dept.
M d 2 v / dx 2

EI [1  (dv / dx) 2 ]3 / 2
The slop of the elastic curve which is determined from dv/dx will be very small, and its
square will be negligible compared with unity.
120

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Plane Stress Analysis

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College of Engineering

civil Eng. Dept.

Plane stress analysis :

The perpendicular compounds introduce

(direct stress 𝜎) , and the tangential components Q

introduce (shearing stresses 𝜏 ).

represented by its front view .

Perpendicular to the X-axis

𝜎𝑦 : normal stress (direct stress) acting on a plane

 Variation of stress at a point :

 Stress on an inclined plane :

𝜏𝑥𝑦 . 𝐴 cos 𝜃 𝜎. 𝐴 𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝜏𝑦𝑥

𝜎. 𝐴 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 . 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝜏𝑦𝑥 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝜎𝑥 . 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝜎𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

𝜎 = 𝜎𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝜎𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 − 2𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

This equation may be written more convenient

∑ 𝐹𝑡 = 0 ∶ 𝜏. 𝐴 + 𝜏𝑦𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃. 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝜎𝑦 . 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

𝜏 = (𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 )𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃)

𝜎𝑥 +𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 −𝜎𝑦 (𝜎𝑥 −𝜎𝑦 ) −2𝜏𝑥𝑦

Maximum shearing stresses :

sin 2𝜃 𝜎𝑥 −𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 −𝜎𝑦

Sub (𝜃̅ ) in eq (2)

Note : when shearing stress equal to zero , then

Therefore no shearing stress on planes of max. , min. normal stress .

∴ tan 2𝜃 = − cot 2𝜃̅

∴ tan(2𝜃̅ + 90) = − cot 2𝜃̅

tan 2𝜃 = tan(2𝜃̅ + 90) → 2𝜃 = 2𝜃̅ + 90

Note : for sign :

1- 𝜏 : +ve if its moment about the center of the element is clockwise .

2- 𝜃 : +ve anti-clockwise (+)

Example 1 : For the state of stress as shown below ,

(b) find principal stresses

𝜎̅𝑥 = 2 + 1(0.707) − 2(0.707) = +1.29 MPa

∴ 𝜎1 = +4.24 MPa (tension )

𝜎2 = −0.24 MPa (compression )

∴ 2𝜃 = 63.26𝑜 → 𝜃 = 31.43𝑜 or 63.26𝑜 + 180𝑜 = 243.26𝑜

(c) for max shearing stress :

∴ 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2.24 MPa

∴ 2𝜃̅ = 153.26𝑜 → 𝜃̅ = 76.43𝑜 − or 153.26𝑜 + 180𝑜 = 333.26𝑜 − 2.24 MPa

Ex2: for 𝜎1 = 50 MPa and 𝜎2 = 40 MPa as shown , Find 𝜎𝑛 and 𝜏𝑛𝑡

20+15 20−15 2 𝜏𝑥𝑦= 10 𝑀𝑃𝐴

∴ 𝜃 = −37.98𝑜 + 𝑛90 { n=0,1,2,…..}

For principle stresses : y

Can be use 𝜏 = 𝜏𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑑 in section

30 = −3.46 ∗ 103 cos(−120)𝑇

∴ 𝑇 = 17.33 ∗ 103 𝑁. 𝑚 → 𝑇 = 17.33 𝑁. 𝑚𝑚

From torque can estimate 𝜏𝑥𝑦 z

Ex10: For fig . shown if d=50 mm 𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 80 𝑀𝑃𝑎 ; 𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 30 𝑀𝑃𝑎

∴ 𝜎𝑥 < 𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙 (i.e. 60 𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 80 𝑀𝑃𝑎)

Graphical method in plane stress (mohr’s circle)

Then by squaring both these equatiions , adding simplifying :

The eq. above may be written as

The circle so constructed is called a circle of stress or Mohr’s circle of stress .

 Construction of Mohr’s circle of stress .

2- set up a rectangular coordinate system as shown .

Then drawing the circle 𝜎2 𝜎1

𝜎2 = 17.5 − 𝑅 = 17.5 − 10.3 = 7.2 𝑀𝑃𝑎

Therefore can by estimate any stresses